Regarding ultra dense deuterium, George Miley and Leif Holmlid: In Rydberg matter: - the electrons and protons are inverted in terms of a metal (though not clear what this means) - the distance between nuclei in the planar Rydberg matter made from deuterium is on the order of 150 picometers. This is the non-inverted Rydberg matter termed D(1) by Holmlid. - there is a planar nature to the outer electron orbits
But I can't figure out how they calculate the 2.3 picometer spacing distance in the D(-1) inverted Rydberg matter. Apparently they irradiate the surface with just enough energy to create deuterium atoms that have a kinetic energy of 630 eV. Then they conclude that the deuterium spacing of the inverted Rydberg matter D(-1) being irradiated is 2.3 picometers. They also create either protons or neutrons with kinetic energies of 1.8 MeV which has to be nuclear in origin - though I suppose it's possible there is some sort of Mills hydrino process that can lead to some nuclear process. I have a website that describes Mills's theory. It can be seen here www.zhydrogen.com =========================================== >From Holmlid's website: My main research interest is Rydberg Matter, which is a state of matter of the same status as liquid or solid, since it can be formed by a large number of atoms and small molecules. For a more complete description, see Wikipedia. The lowest state of Rydberg Matter in excitation state n = 1 can only be formed from hydrogen (protium and deuterium) atoms and is designated H(1) or D(1). This is dense or metallic hydrogen, which we have studied for a few years. The bond distance is 153 pm, or 2.9 times the Bohr radius. It is a quantum fluid, with a density of approximately 0.6 kg / dm3. See for example Ref. 167 below! A much denser state exists for deuterium, named D(-1). We call it ultra-dense deuterium. This is the inverse of D(1), and the bond distance is very small, equal to 2.3 pm. Its density is extremely large, >130 kg / cm3, if it can exist as a dense phase. Due to the short bond distance, D-D fusion is expected to take place easily in this material. See Refs. 179 and 183 below and Wikipedia! See also a press release and listen to a radio interview in Swedish (10.50 min into the program). ============================================== here is one paper: http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/244/3/032036/pdf/1742-6596_244_3_032036 also: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=7807228&jid=LPB&volumeId=28&issueId=02&aid=7807226 Holmlid writes: Further studies of the dense hydrogen materials have shown that an even denser material exists, called ultra-dense deuterium or D(-1) (Badiei et al., 2009a, 2009b). The bond distance is 2.3 pm, which is found directly from the experiments, corresponding to a density of 8 x 10^28 cm^3. The possible use of this material as a target material in ICF was recently discussed further (Holmlid et al., 2009; Andersson & Holmlid, 2009). This material is proposed to be an inverted metal relative to D(1) (thus the -1), where the electrons and ions have exchanged their roles relative to an ordinary metal (Ashcroft, 2005; Militzer & Graham, 2006). ================================================= Also: http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/STAFF/VISITING_FELLOWS&PROFESSORS/pdf/MileyClusterRydbLPBsing.pdf While these clusters were measured in metals at the interface against covering oxides (Lipson et al 2005), the generation of these states within the whole volume of a metal (palladium, lithium etc.) at crystal defects, Fig. 1, (Miley et al 2007, 2008) is important. For surface states on metal oxides, the measurement of the ultra high ion densities of 10^29 cm^3 was directly evident from the ion and neutral emission by laser probing. These surface states were produced involving catalytic techniques (Badiei et al 2009). The distance d between the deuterons was measured to be d = 2.3 ±.1 pm (1) compared with the theoretical value of 2.5 pm derived from the properties of inverted Rydberg matter. The energy release of the deuterons from the surface layer was measured as 630±30 eV. The difference between protons and deuterons was directly observed and the deuteron state called D(-1) is well indicating the bosonic property against the fermionic protons. The material used in the experiments (Badiei et al 2009) as a catalyst for producing the ultradense deuterium is a highly porous iron oxide material similar to Fe2O3 doped with K, Ca and other atoms. Thus, the number of defects or adsorption sites is very high relative to a metal and the open pore volume in the material is large, of course varying with the method used to measure it. Initially the D(1) phase is formed in the pores, and it is then inverted to the ultra-dense deuterium D(-1). When probing the porous surface with the grazing incidence laser beam, fragments of the D(1) and D(-1) materials are removed from the sample surface. Rydberg Matter is a long-lived form of matter, and the lowest possible excitation level D(1) or H(1) exists more or less permanently in the experiments (Badiei et al 2009). The clusters are not formed transiently. There is no indication that the phase D(-1) is not formed almost permanently. In the experiments both forms D(1) and D(-1) were observed simultaneously. The experiments indicate that the material changes rapidly with almost no energy difference states D(1) and D(-1).
