Curious observation - funny in a sardonic way, but not completely humorous - and it can be called the "new normal". To cut to the chase, the new normal is 1>COP<2 but non-nuclear (supra-chemical). To be explained.
What do Ni-H experiments with potassium (or another spillover catalyst like constantan), from all of these researchers have in common: 1) Thermacore 2) Mills 3) Niedra 4) Noninski 5) Haldeman (MIT) 6) Focardi 7) Celani 8) Piantelli 9) Ahern 10) Kitamura 11) Takahashi 12) And approximately 2 dozen others Answer: gain, but LOW gain - and remarkably consistent long -term low-gain. In other words, the new normal. To wit: NASA paper worth a re-read, despite its age: lenr-canr.org/acrobat/NiedraJMreplicatio.pdf Essentially - what we suspect with pretty good certainty is that K2CO3 and nickel work for reliable gain in an electrolytic or gas-phase system, but it is always 1>COP<2. There are documented systems running for over a year at this level. Recent results with zeolites are turning up something similar. Everything anomalous in energy needs to be compared with "chemical energy" to see if there is a mundane explanation. But the subject is more complex than it may seem if one is basing expectations on the "heat of combustion." We went through many versions of this with the original Rossi experiment 22 months ago. It is easier to eliminate chemical contributions when a reactor is sealed, since we have a maximum volume or reactants which cannot change. However, reality is seldom that simple. In the case of a sealed reactor, we have what is similar to a battery, in that only electrical energy goes in, but heat -instead of electricity- comes out, and there could be relativistic effects from reversible redox reactions - turning "chemistry" into "supra-chemistry". No one could ever completely eliminate the suprachemisty possibility from Rossi's original "percolator" since it was clearly gainful, but not even close to what he was claiming due to the dry steam fiasco. Bottom line: it is looking like the new normal for "chemistry" is what was formerly 1>COP<2 and is not nuclear and not chemical - thus it can be called suprachemical. But no one is sure what how far you can go with rock solid COP of 1.5 ... in terms of a commercial item... Essentially that is Gibbs' point, no? Jones
<<attachment: winmail.dat>>
