From: Eric Walker
Kevin O'Malley wrote:
***I do not understand why this isn't being investigated
more thoroughly. It's not as if you've proposed some "new physics".
I think it is new physics, and that Jones will agree with
this statement. He's proposing that the mass of the proton is not
quantized, and that in certain circumstances such as H+H -> [2H]* -> H+H,
there is a magnetic effect that causes the proton to shed some of its mass,
possibly as low-energy photons or as kinetic energy (I'm speculating here on
the output).
Eric,
That’s almost it – but the output of the “reversible proton
fusion” reaction is seen to initiate with “magnons” instead of photons.
Magnons can be converted to photons or kinetic energy in a secondary
interaction.
Also, in your equation above – the [2H]* should be [2He]*
since the reaction does actually fuse to a transitory helium-2 nucleus,
which has a very short lifetime (Pauli exclusion is not absolute). That is
standard “old physics,” at least in cosmology. But in old physics (prior to
QCD) the RPF reaction was deemed to be neutral (non-energetic) and on stars
and on our Sun, it probably is net neutral.
Magnons (Wiki has an entry) can interact with a
ferromagnetic host like nickel. That’s how excess energy gets transferred.
The nickel host heats up, in an effect which is almost the same as is seen
in a transformer coil, when it is heating up from applied AC. Local hot
spots can then create secondary reactions, but most of the gain is coming
from spin interaction.
Thus, the hypothesis at this point is similar to Ahern’s
“nanomagnetism” where the gain comes from spin energy – not from photons per
se (and not from fused nuclei – even though those can show up on rare
occasions).
In fact, any fusion, beta-decay or transmutation, is
incidental. Typical beta reactions can occur at very low rates, which are
orders of magnitude too low for the heat, due to enhanced QM probability.
That is why Piantelli can see evidence of transmutation.
The underlying source of the magnons is QCD “color change”
in the quarks of the two fusing protons (which is the strong force). Wiki
has an entry for that as well. The energy, at a deeper level, comes from a
conversion of non-quark proton mass to energy without change to the identity
of the two protons when they reverse from He2. There can be either a slight
mass depletion (or slight mass gain) on color change, which explains why the
statistical deviation of mass in protons is low. The mechanism works both
ways.
The “extra” proton mass, in the statistical fraction of
hydrogen atoms (which are over the average-mass) is itself less than seen in
beta decay. In most cases, where hydrogen comes from a pressure tank (and
prior to that from natural gas) the average mass of the gas is very close to
a standard mass, with a known deviation. However, hydrogen from other
sources has been measured which is slightly heavier (or lighter) than what
can be obtained from methane by steam reforming.
BTW - the currently accepted standard Atomic Mass is 1.00794
± 0.00007 but that has changed over time due to measuring techniques, and is
not rock-solid today. This number, as an average mass for an atom of
hydrogen represents about the equivalent of ~1 billion eV, if it were all
converted to energy. Thus, the 70 parts per million deviation from average
is where the "action" is. On the high end, if the hydrogen being used is
more active (heavier on average) - it can provide up to 40,000 times more
energy than chemical reactions, in those circumstance which reduce it to the
average mass level, or slightly below average.
In some cases the RPF reaction can be endothermic, however.
This complicated hypothesis – has matured rapidly in recent
weeks, but is not easy to follow because it involves several overlapping
layers that are each part of “old physics”. It is only in the completed
picture for LENR gain - that the “new physics” emerges.
Jones
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