Post 3 The design priority for the LENR+ developer of the micro-particle based LENR+ system is to pack as many electrons into the volume of the reactor as is conceivably possible.
The best way that this objective can be met is by using the photoelectric production of electrons to its best effect. Photo-electrically active additives can be added to the hydrogen envelope to produce electrons from the radiation that the NAE on the surface of the micro-particles generate. In the photoelectric effect, electrons are emitted from electropositive matter (metals, compounds, non-metallic solids, vapors or gases) as a consequence of their absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelengths and high frequency, such as ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma radiation. Electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons. These additives generally have a low work function to favor the production of electrons. The energy of the emitted photoelectrons does not depend on the intensity of the incoming light, but only on the energy or frequency of the individual photons. It is an interaction between the incident photon and the outermost electron of the electron emitting elements. The activity of these electron emitting elements is greatly enhanced if they form multi-atom clusters in which ion explosion can occur. Radio frequency stimulation activates this cluster formation process. Being a coherent source of radiation, the RF cools the photoactive elements into cluster formation. Such clusters provide great high energy stopping power in which inner electrons of the cluster are displaced from the ion core of the cluster and moved to the loosely coupled electron cloud orbiting the outer boundaries of the cluster The more a cluster is ionized, the easier it gets for x-ray photons to further ionize additional electrons in that cluster. Energy levels in bulk materials are significantly different from materials in the nanoscale. Let’s, put it this way: Adding energy to a confined system such as a cluster is like putting a tiger in a cage. A tiger in a big zoo with open fields will act more relaxed, because he has a lot of room to wander around. If you now confine him in smaller and smaller areas, he gets nervous and agitated. It's a lot that way with electrons. If they're free to move all around through a metal, they have low energy. Put them together in a cluster and beam x-rays on them, they get very excited and try to get out of the structure. In getting to the breaking point, when the ionized cluster eventually reaches an ionization limit where the remaining electrons cannot sustain the structural integrity of the cluster any longer, an explosive disintegration of the cluster and subsequent plasma expansion of the positive ions and electrons which once formed the cluster occurs. Multi-electron ionization of molecules and clusters can be realized by photoionization of strong x-ray photons. The multi-electron ionization leads to an explosive disintegration of the cluster together with the production of multi-charged atomic ion fragments. This photoelectric positive feedback process produces large numbers of high energy electrons injected into the hydrogen envelope that surrounds the micro-powder that is producing the x-rays. What causes this accelerating weakening of the structure under the onslaught of x-ray photons radiation is “barrier suppression ionization”. The initial arrival of x-ray photons begin the formation of plasma that is localized within the cluster itself. The electrons initially dislodged by the x-ray photons orbit around the outside of the cluster. These electrons lower the coulomb barrier holding the electrons that remain orbiting the cluster’s inner atoms. These remaining electrons reside in the inner orbits closer in to the nuclei of their atoms. Excess electric negative charge in the gas carrying the clusters will also add to the suppression of the coulomb barrier further supporting cascading cluster ionization. The LENR+ designer must use every trick in the book to pack as many electrons in the hydrogen envelope as he possibly can. When enough electrons are removed, the structure of the cluster cannot sustain itself any longer and the cluster explodes. In order to take advantage of the energy produced by “barrier suppression ionization”, the designers of the LENR+ reaction must satisfy two main engineering goals: first, large photoactive clusters must be formulated, and two, copious amounts of high energy x-ray photons must be produced. The negative charge that this additional ionization supports reduces the tunneling losses suffered by the electrons confined inside the NAE volumes thus allowing this confined negative charge to increase. The more equalized negative charge on either side of the walls of the NAE will tend to keep electrons inside the NAE. In addition as an added bonus, these all pervasive high energy electrons will form a collection of fermion particles that collect into artificial atoms in the NAE volumes with will provide a first line gamma ray frequency down shifting when these electrons also absorb high energy photons from the nearby LENR reactions. I am saying that two kinds of electrons accumulate in the cavities of the NAE: fermions and bosons. These particle types are defined by the origin of where these electrons are created, either from dipoles or from photoelectrons. An added advantage to x-ray to electron photoelectric conversion is the reduction of the high energy radiation loading generated by the reactor. Because we now have all these high energy electrons in the hydrogen envelope and within the NAE, we can now take advantage of the Compton Effect. When a beam of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation passes through a material or a volume containing free electrons, an interaction takes place between the incident photons and the free electrons. In this interaction, inelastic photon-electron scattering, energy and momentum are transferred from the photons in the incident beam to the electrons. X-ray and gamma-ray energies are rather large compared to the binding energies of the electron gas that permeate the volume of the reactor, such that these electrons can be treated as essentially free. As a result of energy transfer to the electrons in the absorbing material (hydrogen), both intensity and energy of the high energy EMF beam from the NAE is reduced. The resonant count continues to increase. It now stands at 12 and we are not done yet. Added to the resonance list is as follows: Photoelectric conversions of x-rays to high electrons. Increase negative charge suppressing electron tunneling of electrons out of the NAE cavities. RF creation of photoactive clusters with high x-ray stopping power, high energy electron production through kinetic energy transfer. Electron energy and quantity gain using “barrier suppression ionization” during cluster based photoelectric ionization. Formation of artificial atoms within the NAE volume which down shifts gamma radiation. Cheers: Axil On Mon, Feb 25, 2013 at 5:59 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > Post 2 (corrected) > > Micro-particles provide another means for the amplification of the LENR > effect through resonances. > > In a bulk material, there are hot spots and thermally dead areas in the > lattice that result in an uneven distribution of heat and associated phonon > choppiness. Breaking up the lattice into equal size pieces mitigates this > issue. > > In addition, micro-particles provide a regular structure that can ring > like a bell when the proper resonance EMF frequency is applied to them. > > The large number of micro-particles provides a large surface area > multiplication factor which greatly increases the surface area on which the > LENR reaction can take place > > Just like crystal glass broken by an opera singer, the micro-particle will > respond with pronounced resonant gain when it feels the proper EMF > frequency applied to it. > > This EMF is heat or infrared black body radiation. There is a specific > black body infrared frequency that each micro-particle will respond to when > it is exposed to it. > > The response of the particle will be relatively week if the frequency is > above or below the resonant frequency. > > The resonant frequency provides a set point temperature that is > proportional to the size of the micro-particle. > > The applied EMF will give the vibrations inside the particle ever > increasing constructive gain that can achieve a very high phonon intensity > limit. > > The micro-particle system will tend to settle on the resonant temperature > because when the temperature is high the temperature of the system will > drop until the system hits the resonant frequency. > > The system will fail to startup if the resonant temperature is not reached > or exceeded. > > The micro-particle system will be the most productive when a large > fraction of the particles are the same size. I consider this behavior as > another resonant mechanism that amplifies electron photoelectric production. > > To make the system start up more easily, however, as a compromise to > practicality, some deviation from the particle sizing rule should be > allowed. The larger particles size distribution arrays will gradually > ratchet up the startup temperature in steps proportional to the sizes of > the startup particles until the temperature of the system corresponds to > the set point temperature. > > The set point temperature provides the minimum size that the > micro-particle should be configured to. This disciplined particle sizing > practice will avoid runaway burn up. > > A small sized particle will result in a higher set point temperature. A > large particle will produce a lower temperature. > > Photoelectric resonance. > > When the temperature of the particle is optimum, the phonon vibrations > will couple to the electron gas most strongly. > > The key to LENR is to get that electron gas as dense as possible to > support coulomb screening through charge screening. This is another example > of how resonance supports the LENR+ intensity difference over the random > LENR process. > > Resonance count in the micro-particle based LENR reaction is up to seven > with the addition of micro-particle usage, lattice surface area increase, > equal particle sizing, blackbody temperature resonance, and optimum > photoelectric/EMF coupling. > > I will next cover how a positive feedback loop with the clusters in the > hydrogen envelope will increase the electron gas density. > > > Cheers: axil > On Mon, Feb 25, 2013 at 5:49 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > >> Post 2 >> >> Micro-particles provide another means for the amplification of the LENR >> effect through resonances. >> >> In a bulk material, there are hot spots and thermally dead areas in the >> lattice that result in an uneven distribution of heat and associated phonon >> choppiness. Breaking up the lattice into equal size pieces mitigates this >> issue. >> >> In addition, micro-particles provide a regular structure that can ring >> like a bell when the proper resonance EMF frequency is applied to them. >> >> Just like crystal glass broken by an opera singer, the micro-particle >> will respond with pronounced resonant gain when it feels the proper EMF >> frequency applied to it. >> >> This EMF is heat or infrared black body radiation. There is a specific >> black body infrared frequency that each micro-particle will respond to when >> it is exposed to it. >> >> The response of the particle will be relatively week if the frequency is >> above or below the resonant frequency. >> >> The resonant frequency provides a set point temperature that is >> proportional to the size of the micro-particle. >> >> The applied EMF will give the vibrations inside the particle ever >> increasing constructive gain that can achieve a very high phonon intensity >> limit. >> >> The micro-particle system will tend to settle on the resonant temperature >> because when the temperature is high the temperature of the system will >> drop until the system hits the resonant frequency. >> >> The system will fail to startup if the resonant temperature is not >> reached or exceeded. >> >> The micro-particle system will be the most productive when a large >> fraction of the particles are the same size. I consider this behavior as >> another resonant mechanism that amplifies electron photoelectric production. >> >> To make the system start up more easily, however, as a compromise to >> practicality, some deviation from the particle sizing rule should be >> allowed. The larger particles size distribution arrays will gradually >> ratchet up the startup temperature in steps proportional to the sizes of >> the startup particles until the temperature of the system corresponds to >> the set point temperature. >> >> The set point temperature provides the minimum size that the >> micro-particle should be configured to. This disciplined particle sizing >> practice will avoid runaway burn up. >> >> A small sized particle will result in a higher set point temperature. A >> large particle will produce a lower temperature. >> >> Photoelectric resonance. >> >> When the temperature of the particle is optimum, the phonon vibrations >> will couple to the electron gas most strongly. >> >> The key to LENR is to get that electron gas as dense as possible to >> support coulomb screening through charge screening. This is another example >> of how resonance supports the LENR+ intensity difference over the random >> LENR process. >> >> Resonance count in the micro-particle based LENR reaction is up to six >> with the addition of particle usage, equal particle sizing, blackbody >> temperature resonance, and optimum photoelectric/EMF coupling. >> >> I will next cover how a positive feedback loop with the clusters in the >> hydrogen envelope will increase the electron gas density. >> >> >> Cheers: axil >> >> >> >> On Mon, Feb 25, 2013 at 4:20 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: >> >>> Post 1 >>> >>> The key to understanding how to control the Rosssi type Ni/H reaction is >>> to grasp how heat, radiation and electrons affect each other in the lattice >>> and in the surrounding gas envelope and how to control this interaction. >>> There is a half dozen reinforcing processes that increase both heat and >>> electron density on the surface of the lattice. >>> >>> This description of the LENR reaction assumes that the Plexciton is the >>> lattice structure that is the active agent of Micro-particle LENR. >>> >>> Defining terms and laying out the basics of the LENR reaction: >>> >>> Heat interacts with the lattice at the sites of lattice imperfections to >>> activate NAE. This is the exciton: a bound state of an electron and hole >>> which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force. It is >>> an electrically neutral quasiparticle. The lattice must be excited so that >>> these dipoles are formed. Heat, the first important LENR parameter is >>> applied to the lattice to produce excitons. Excitons are bosions with spin >>> one. >>> >>> Next, A plasmon is a quantum of plasma oscillation. Plasmons are >>> collective oscillations of the free electron gas density. In explanation, >>> at optical frequencies of heat through the photoelectric effect, heat >>> (infrared light) coupes with free electrons and causes them to oscillate on >>> the surface of the lattice forming plasmons. >>> >>> The photoelectric effect aggregates negatively charged plasma of the >>> free electron gas and a positively charged background of atomic cores. The >>> background is the rather stiff and massive background of atomic nuclei and >>> core electrons which we will consider being infinitely massive and fixed in >>> space. >>> >>> The negatively charged plasma is formed by the valence electrons of >>> nickel hydride that are uniformly distributed over the surface of the >>> lattice. >>> >>> If an oscillating electric field is applied to this solid, the >>> negatively charged plasma tends to move some distance apart from the >>> positively charged background. As a result the lattice surface is >>> negatively polarized and there will be an excess positive charge on a base >>> upon which the see of electrons float. >>> >>> When these waves of electrons (plasmons) interact with excitons, >>> coherently coupled plasmons and excitons give rise to new optical >>> excitations--plexcitons--due to the strong coupling of these two oscillator >>> systems. These quantum coherent Plexcitons fill the Nuclear active >>> environments (NAEs) and form the intense electromagnetic fields greatly >>> amplified through Fano resonance that produce fusion in the NAEs; but more >>> on that latter. >>> >>> I will describe in detail what the NAE looks like in detail, but at this >>> juncture it can be described as a nano-sized volume that store electrons >>> separated from their atoms on the surface walls of the cavity. >>> >>> The walls are positively charged and the dielectric gas that fills the >>> void (hydrogen) is negatively charged with a coherent alternating current >>> of electron gas. >>> >>> Because the Plexcitons are bosons, there is no limit to the number of >>> these quasiparticles (the electron half of the dipole) that can be packed >>> into the NAE. The other positive hole part of the dipole resides on the >>> walls of the NAE. >>> >>> This coherence of the electron gas with the IR EMF is the first level >>> and most basic level of resonance in the Ni/H reaction. >>> >>> One way to increase the strength of the LENR reaction is to increase the >>> density of the electrons gas that floats around on the surface of the >>> lattice. >>> >>> I am interested in the system that uses micro-particles for the lattice >>> because that type of system provides additional resonances to increase >>> reaction intensity. >>> >>> This amplification process through the use of micro-particles is the >>> subject of my next post. >>> >>> Resonance count in the micro-particle based LENR reaction so far is one. >>> >>> >>> >> >> >
