Replace In explanation, the binding energy of the nucleus is when there are pairs of protons and neutrons.
with In explanation, the binding energy of the nucleus is *greater* when there are pairs of protons and neutrons. On Wed, Mar 27, 2013 at 10:21 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote: > DGT has found that “Ni58, Ni60, Ni62 and Ni64 stable isotopes where > “willing” to participate in a LENR reaction, whilst Ni61 was not. So there > was no need for any costly enrichment method.” > > The number of nucleons (Z) is a known parameter in the fission of heavy > metal isotopes U233, U235, Pu239, Np237, Am241 and so on. > > According to the fissile rule, for a heavy element with 90 ≤ Z ≤ 100, its > isotopes with 2 × Z − N = 43 ± 2, with few exceptions, are fissile (where N > = number of neutrons and Z = number of protons). > > This fission occurs when a neutron is added to these nuclei making them > even. > > So it is these even nuclei that fission. > > Nuclear fission involves a delicate balance within the nucleus between > nuclear attraction and the electrical repulsion between protons. In all > known nuclei the nuclear forces dominate. In hot fission of uranium, > however, this domination is tenuous. If the uranium nucleus is stretched > into an elongated shape, the electrical forces may push it into an even > more elongated shape. If the elongation passes a critical point, nuclear > forces yield to electrical ones, and the nucleus separates. This is > fission. The absorption of a neutron by a uranium nucleus supplies enough > energy to cause such an elongation. The resultant fission process may > produce many different combinations of smaller nuclei. > > In explanation, the binding energy of the nucleus is when there are pairs > of protons and neutrons. > > When a neutron is absorbed in an odd-A, its drop in energy is relatively > large (= to the binding energy of the last nucleons in the even A nucleus) > > The energy released by this “drop” of the absorbed neutrons energy (even > is the neutron had no kinetic energy) is now available to change the > configuration of the nucleus. The nucleus can now deform until it surmounts > the fission barrier. > > On the other hand, if a neutron is absorbed in an even-A, its binding > energy in the odd-A (fissionable) nucleus is smaller and not sufficient for > the nucleus to surmount the fission barrier. In order to induce fission, > the absorbed neutron needs to bring in some minimum amount of kinetic > energy. > > "Fissile" is distinct from "fissionable." A nuclide capable of undergoing > fission (even with a low probability) after capturing a high energy neutron > is referred to as "fissionable” e.g. U238. A fissionable nuclide that can > be induced to fission with low-energy thermal neutrons with a high > probability is referred to as "fissile." > > To summarize, most actinide isotopes with an odd neutron number are > fissile. Most nuclear fuels have an odd atomic mass number (A = Z + N = the > total number of nucleons), and an even atomic number Z. This implies an odd > number of neutrons. Isotopes with an odd number of neutrons gain an extra 1 > to 2 MeV of energy from absorbing an extra neutron, from the pairing effect > which favors even numbers of both neutrons and protons. This energy is > enough to supply the needed extra energy for fission by slower neutrons, > which is important for making fissionable isotopes also fissile. > > In LENR, the delicate balance within the nucleus between nuclear > attraction and the electrical repulsion between protons is disturbed in the > opposite fashion. > In the light of LENR fusion, a nucleus with many unbalanced neutrons like > Ni64 will be elongated and energetic due to asymmetry neutron energy. > > When a proton or two is absorbed in an unbalanced nucleus, there is an > reduction of a 1 to 2 MeV or 2 to 4MeV respectively of Asymmetry energy (an > energy associated with the Pauli exclusion principle), because one or two > of the unbalanced neutrons will now be in balanced with the new proton(s) > thus reducing the total energy level needed to make the nucleus more > sphere-shaped. > > > cheers: axil >
