From: David Roberson
Jones, do you assume that the RPF is not an elastic
collision because the strong force dominates?
Yes. The strong force is well-named… by far the strongest force in nature.
It is not too difficult to imagine that the two protons are
bound together by the strong force for a short period of time as the new
nucleus seeks a way to emit the excitation energy that it contains.
This energy transfer between two protons is not always “emitted” per se –
but it can be coupled to other particles as spin waves. The quanta are
related to bosons from the quark mass and governed by QCD. These are a
Goldstone bosons (pseudo or Nambu Goldstone bosons) which correspond to the
spontaneously broken internal symmetry generators, following a strong force
reaction; and are characterized by the quantum numbers of these bosons. The
magnon is the prime example of the emitted energy – but it is a “spin wave”
pseudo particle, and not a photon.
We know of the beta plus decay leading to deuterium
production, but this is rare.
Extraordinarily rare. In LENR, the experimenter would not see a single
deuteron in a thousand years.
It is not clear why the excited pair of protons is not
capable of emitting a gamma to lower their energy state,
QCD color charge is not high energy. See
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge
but if this happens the next item on the agenda would be to
emit a positron and neutrino as this unstable nucleus changes to D which
always would occur given time.
There is simply not enough energy to play with to even suggest substantial
deuterium. Essentially, D never happens (unless that is one of your
hypothetical LENR “miracles”).
The excess (or deficit) energy per proton over the average mass is a
fraction of the maximum of 70 parts per million (of the total mass-energy of
the proton) and only the Boltzmann tail of that distribution is “useable”
maybe 4-5%. It can show up as anomalous gain or as anomalous loss (internal
heat sink). As gain, it can materialize as “thermal energy” due to magnetic
induction (in ferromagnetic metals like nickel) since the magnon spin wave
is the prime example of bosonic mass/energy transfer. As loss it can
materialize as a magneto-caloric effect.
-----Original Message-----
This paper confirms more than ever that D+D fusion is a
fundamentally
different phenomenon than proton-only reactions (DGT, Rossi,
Mills etc),
which leave no ash and emit no significant gamma radiation.
To understand
LENR, we need two completely different theories. Ockham be
damned.
There is an excellent model for proton-only reactions which
leave no ash -
P+P reversible fusion (RPF) and the model is our Sun. Almost
all solar
fusion is P+P RPF. Wiki has an entry, so this is (almost)
mainstream physics
so far.
It is also standard physics that reversible fusion is real
fusion (not an
elastic collision) and that it involves quantum color
changes in the 6
quarks involved and that there is no net gain on our sun.
However, the two protons coming into RPF are NOT the same
two coming out,
and there will always be slight mass changes between the two
fusing protons
- which tend to be net neutral (no gain) and tend to
equalize proton mass to
within a within very tight range.
The only thing missing from the solar model – for us to
learn something WRT
nickel-hydrogen reactions on earth, is to understand how one
can engineer a
slight bit of asymmetry into the RPF reaction, in order to
provide net gain
of energy.
This is why Rossi’s recent announcement was slightly
intriguing to me,
despite his theatrical antics and penchant for half-truths.
In analyzing how one could use RPF for net gain, the best
solution which I
could come up with, on paper, is to have two adjoining
reactors, one of
which gives anomalous heat and the other anomalous cooling.
In order to have
net gain, the twin reactions would require mass to be
converted to energy on
the hot side, and the opposite on the cold-side. But one
would likely need
to convert a different kind of energy than electric input,
to pump up
depleted mass (on the cold-side).
Thus protons can thus be seen as energy transfer carriers
using slight mass
enhancement via magnons. This “pumping up” or cold-side
could be via
accelerated nuclear decay energy, for instance. Potassium-40
stands out as
the likely source but it could be another isotope or
several.
However, as we know in Rossi’s case – he claims that both
devices are
gainful, but one is hotter than the other – which may NOT be
the same thing
as RPF … unless the colder side is merely colder than the
power input used
to accelerate decay, but still slightly warm - and is not
necessarily
gainful. However, there can be net gain in the combined
units, since protons
pick up slight mass on the cold side and deposit it on the
hot side.
As for now, I would like to think the theory is more or
less correct, and
Rossi is more or less exaggerating on this claims. Time will
tell.
From: Kevin O'Malley
Nuclear processes in solids: basic 2nd-order
processes
<http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/2994525/posts>
Institute of Physics, Budafoki ´ut 8. F.,
H-1521 Budapest,
Hungary ^
<http://www.freerepublic.com/%5Ehttp://arxiv.org/pdf/1303.1078v1.pdf> |
P´eter K´alm´an∗ and Tam´as Keszthelyi
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1303.1078v1.pdf
Abstract
Nuclear processes in solid environment are
investigated. It
is shown that if a slow, quasi-free
heavy particle of positive charge interacts
with a ”free”
electron of a metallic host, it can obtain
such a great magnitude of momentum in its
intermediate state
that the probability of its nuclear
reaction with another positively charged,
slow, heavy
particle can significantly increase. It is also
shown that if a quasi-free heavy particle of
positive charge
of intermediately low energy interacts
with a heavy particle of positive charge of
the solid host,
it can obtain much greater momentum
relative to the former case in the
intermediate state and
consequently, the probability of a nuclear
reaction with a positively charged, heavy
particle can even
more increase. This mechanism opens
the door to a great variety of nuclear
processes which up
till know are thought to have negligible
rate at low energies. Low energy nuclear
reactions allowed
by the Coulomb assistance of heavy
charged particles is partly overviewed.
Nuclear pd and dd
reactions are investigated numerically.
It was found that the leading channel in all
the discussed
charged particle assisted dd reactions is
the electron assisted d + d → 4He process.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------
VI. SUMMARY
It is found that, contrary to the commonly
accepted opinion,
in a solid metal surrounding
nuclear reactions can happen between heavy,
charged
particles of like (positive) charge of
low initial energy. It is recognized, that
one of the
participant particles of a nuclear reaction
of low initial energy may pick up great
momentum in a
Coulomb scattering process on a
free, third particle of the surroundings.
The virtually
acquired great momentum, that is
determined by the energy of the reaction,
can help to
overcome the hindering Coulomb
barrier and can highly increase the rate of
the nuclear
reaction even in cases when the rate
would be otherwise negligible. It is found
that the electron
assisted d + d → 4He process
has the leading rate. In the reactions
discussed energetic
charged particles are created, that
can become (directly or after Coulomb
collisions) the source
of heavy charged particles of
intermediately low (of about a few keV )
energy. These heavy
particles can assist nuclear
reactions too. It is worth mentioning that
the shielding of
the Coulomb potential has no
effect on the mechanisms discussed.
Our thoughts were motivated by our former
theoretical
findings [9] according to which
the leading channel of the p + d → 3He
reaction in solid
environment is the so called solid
state internal conversion process, an
adapted version of
ordinary internal conversion process
[10]. In the process formerly discussed [9]
if the reaction
takes place in solid material, in
which instead of the emission of a photon,
the nuclear
energy is taken away by an electron
of the environment (the metal), the Coulomb
interaction
induces a p + d → 3He nuclear
transition. The processes discussed here can
be considered
as an alternative version of the
solid state internal conversion process
since it is thought
that one party of the initial particles
of the nuclear process takes part in Coulomb
interaction
with a charged particle of the solid
material (e.g. of a metal).
There may be many fields of physics where
the traces of the
proposed mechanism may have
been previously appeared. It is not the aim
of this work to
give a systematic overview these
fields. We only mention here two of them
that are thought to
be partly related or explained
by the processes proposed. The first is the
so called
anomalous screening effect observed in
low energy accelerator physics investigating
astrophysical
factors of nuclear reactions of low
atomic numbers [11]. The other one is the
family of low
energy nuclear fusion processes.
The physical background, discussed in the
Introduction and
in the first part of Section V.,
was questioned by the two decade old
announcement [12] on
excess heat generation due to
nuclear fusion reaction of deuterons at
deuterized Pd
cathodes during electrolysis at near
room temperature. The paper [12] initiated
continuous
experimental work whose results
were summarized recently [13]. The
mechanisms discussed here
can explain some of the
main problems raised in [13]. (a) The
mechanisms proposed
here make low energy fusion
reactions and nuclear transmutations
possible. (b) The
processes discussed explain the lack
of the normally expected reaction products.
On Fri, Mar 29, 2013 at 3:23 AM, Kevin
O'Malley
<[email protected]> wrote:
I remember there being a paper about
something like alpha
bombardment of a metal matrix generating a million times
more fusion events
than the same level of plasma. But I can't find it.
On Thu, Mar 28, 2013 at 8:20 PM, David
Roberson
<[email protected]> wrote:
So, I have a question that seeks an answer.
Is anyone aware
of proof that hot fusion types of reactions have been
observed within the
confines of a metal matrix that is not subject to very
massive energy
inputs?
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