I think it would be best to discard fusion as a minor reaction in LENR and concentrate on improving fission.
Cheers: Axil On Sat, Mar 30, 2013 at 12:18 PM, Jones Beene <jone...@pacbell.net> wrote: > This paper confirms more than ever that D+D fusion is a fundamentally > different phenomenon than proton-only reactions (DGT, Rossi, Mills etc), > which leave no ash and emit no significant gamma radiation. To understand > LENR, we need two completely different theories. Ockham be damned. > > There is an excellent model for proton-only reactions which leave no ash - > P+P reversible fusion (RPF) and the model is our Sun. Almost all solar > fusion is P+P RPF. Wiki has an entry, so this is (almost) mainstream > physics > so far. > > It is also standard physics that reversible fusion is real fusion (not an > elastic collision) and that it involves quantum color changes in the 6 > quarks involved and that there is no net gain on our sun. > > However, the two protons coming into RPF are NOT the same two coming out, > and there will always be slight mass changes between the two fusing protons > - which tend to be net neutral (no gain) and tend to equalize proton mass > to > within a within very tight range. > > The only thing missing from the solar model – for us to learn something WRT > nickel-hydrogen reactions on earth, is to understand how one can engineer a > slight bit of asymmetry into the RPF reaction, in order to provide net gain > of energy. > > This is why Rossi’s recent announcement was slightly intriguing to me, > despite his theatrical antics and penchant for half-truths. > > In analyzing how one could use RPF for net gain, the best solution which I > could come up with, on paper, is to have two adjoining reactors, one of > which gives anomalous heat and the other anomalous cooling. In order to > have > net gain, the twin reactions would require mass to be converted to energy > on > the hot side, and the opposite on the cold-side. But one would likely need > to convert a different kind of energy than electric input, to pump up > depleted mass (on the cold-side). > > Thus protons can thus be seen as energy transfer carriers using slight mass > enhancement via magnons. This “pumping up” or cold-side could be via > accelerated nuclear decay energy, for instance. Potassium-40 stands out as > the likely source but it could be another isotope or several. > > However, as we know in Rossi’s case – he claims that both devices are > gainful, but one is hotter than the other – which may NOT be the same thing > as RPF … unless the colder side is merely colder than the power input used > to accelerate decay, but still slightly warm - and is not necessarily > gainful. However, there can be net gain in the combined units, since > protons > pick up slight mass on the cold side and deposit it on the hot side. > > As for now, I would like to think the theory is more or less correct, and > Rossi is more or less exaggerating on this claims. Time will tell. > > > From: Kevin O'Malley > > Nuclear processes in solids: basic 2nd-order processes > <http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/2994525/posts> > Institute of Physics, Budafoki ´ut 8. F., H-1521 Budapest, > Hungary ^ > <http://www.freerepublic.com/%5Ehttp://arxiv.org/pdf/1303.1078v1.pdf> | > P´eter K´alm´an∗ and Tam´as Keszthelyi > http://arxiv.org/pdf/1303.1078v1.pdf > > Abstract > > Nuclear processes in solid environment are investigated. It > is shown that if a slow, quasi-free > heavy particle of positive charge interacts with a ”free” > electron of a metallic host, it can obtain > such a great magnitude of momentum in its intermediate > state > that the probability of its nuclear > reaction with another positively charged, slow, heavy > particle can significantly increase. It is also > shown that if a quasi-free heavy particle of positive > charge > of intermediately low energy interacts > with a heavy particle of positive charge of the solid host, > it can obtain much greater momentum > relative to the former case in the intermediate state and > consequently, the probability of a nuclear > reaction with a positively charged, heavy particle can even > more increase. This mechanism opens > the door to a great variety of nuclear processes which up > till know are thought to have negligible > rate at low energies. Low energy nuclear reactions allowed > by the Coulomb assistance of heavy > charged particles is partly overviewed. Nuclear pd and dd > reactions are investigated numerically. > It was found that the leading channel in all the discussed > charged particle assisted dd reactions is > the electron assisted d + d → 4He process. > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- > --------------------------------------- > > VI. SUMMARY > It is found that, contrary to the commonly accepted > opinion, > in a solid metal surrounding > nuclear reactions can happen between heavy, charged > particles of like (positive) charge of > low initial energy. It is recognized, that one of the > participant particles of a nuclear reaction > > of low initial energy may pick up great momentum in a > Coulomb scattering process on a > free, third particle of the surroundings. The virtually > acquired great momentum, that is > determined by the energy of the reaction, can help to > overcome the hindering Coulomb > barrier and can highly increase the rate of the nuclear > reaction even in cases when the rate > would be otherwise negligible. It is found that the > electron > assisted d + d → 4He process > has the leading rate. In the reactions discussed energetic > charged particles are created, that > can become (directly or after Coulomb collisions) the > source > of heavy charged particles of > intermediately low (of about a few keV ) energy. These > heavy > particles can assist nuclear > reactions too. It is worth mentioning that the shielding of > the Coulomb potential has no > effect on the mechanisms discussed. > Our thoughts were motivated by our former theoretical > findings [9] according to which > the leading channel of the p + d → 3He reaction in solid > environment is the so called solid > state internal conversion process, an adapted version of > ordinary internal conversion process > [10]. In the process formerly discussed [9] if the reaction > takes place in solid material, in > which instead of the emission of a photon, the nuclear > energy is taken away by an electron > of the environment (the metal), the Coulomb interaction > induces a p + d → 3He nuclear > transition. The processes discussed here can be considered > as an alternative version of the > solid state internal conversion process since it is thought > that one party of the initial particles > of the nuclear process takes part in Coulomb interaction > with a charged particle of the solid > material (e.g. of a metal). > There may be many fields of physics where the traces of the > proposed mechanism may have > been previously appeared. It is not the aim of this work to > give a systematic overview these > fields. We only mention here two of them that are thought > to > be partly related or explained > by the processes proposed. The first is the so called > anomalous screening effect observed in > low energy accelerator physics investigating astrophysical > factors of nuclear reactions of low > atomic numbers [11]. The other one is the family of low > energy nuclear fusion processes. > The physical background, discussed in the Introduction and > in the first part of Section V., > was questioned by the two decade old announcement [12] on > excess heat generation due to > nuclear fusion reaction of deuterons at deuterized Pd > cathodes during electrolysis at near > room temperature. The paper [12] initiated continuous > experimental work whose results > were summarized recently [13]. The mechanisms discussed > here > can explain some of the > main problems raised in [13]. (a) The mechanisms proposed > here make low energy fusion > > reactions and nuclear transmutations possible. (b) The > processes discussed explain the lack > of the normally expected reaction products. > > On Fri, Mar 29, 2013 at 3:23 AM, Kevin O'Malley > <kevmol...@gmail.com> wrote: > > I remember there being a paper about something like alpha > bombardment of a metal matrix generating a million times more fusion events > than the same level of plasma. But I can't find it. > > > > On Thu, Mar 28, 2013 at 8:20 PM, David Roberson > <dlrober...@aol.com> wrote: > > > So, I have a question that seeks an answer. Is anyone > aware > of proof that hot fusion types of reactions have been observed within the > confines of a metal matrix that is not subject to very massive energy > inputs? > > > >
