In reply to Axil Axil's message of Wed, 18 Dec 2013 23:19:03 -0500: Hi, [snip] >The alpha particle fission is endothermic. I accept your premise that >fission is endothermic. But fission to lighter elements does occur. Where >does the required energy for fission come from? > >The alternative is that there is a huge amount of hydrogen fusion going on.
You might get fission to lighter elements, if you initially add enough energy in the form of excess mass to more than make up for the energy deficit. Yes that means Hydrogen fusion with the Ni. However there is only one 62Ni fission reaction that is exothermic if only one proton is added, and that is the reaction:- 1H+62Ni => 59Co + 4He + 0.346 MeV However, if 2 protons are added simultaneously, there are many more possible exothermic reactions, e.g. :- 1H+1H+62Ni => 63Zn + n + 1.974 MeV 1H+1H+62Ni => 64Zn + 13.835 MeV 1H+1H+62Ni => 63Cu + 1H + 6.122 MeV 1H+1H+62Ni => 60Ni + 4He + 9.879 MeV 1H+1H+62Ni => 4He + 4He + 56Fe + 3.495 MeV <==== this one produces iron. 1H+1H+62Ni => 52Cr + 12C + 3.249 MeV 1H+1H+62Ni => 48Ti + 16O + 1.057 MeV 1H+1H+62Ni => 34S + 30Si + 2.197 MeV The last 4 produce lighter elements. There are also similar reactions for the other Ni isotopes, and also for the daughter products of the initial reactions, e.g. :- 1H+1H+64Zn => 66Ge + 10.202 MeV 1H+1H+64Zn => 65Ga + 1H + 3.942 MeV 1H+1H+64Zn => 62Zn + 4He + 7.321 MeV 1H+1H+64Zn => 4He + 4He + 58Ni + 3.860 MeV 1H+1H+64Zn => 54Fe + 12C + 4.827 MeV 1H+1H+64Zn => 50Cr + 16O + 3.571 MeV 1H+1H+64Zn => 42Ca + 24Mg + 1.055 MeV 1H+1H+64Zn => 36Ar + 30Si + 3.239 MeV 1H+1H+64Zn => 37Ar + 29Si + 1.417 MeV 1H+1H+64Zn => 38Ar + 28Si + 4.782 MeV 1H+1H+64Zn => 35Cl + 31P + 2.029 MeV 1H+1H+64Zn => 33S + 33S + 1.746 MeV 1H+1H+64Zn => 34S + 32S + 4.522 MeV Note the many light elements/isotopes. Generally speaking by the time one gets to the mid-range elements, fission becomes much less likely when only a single nucleon is added (one can see this by checking neutron absorption cross sections). However concurrent addition of *two* protons could be a whole different kettle of fish. Why do I even consider two proton additions? Because a severely shrunken Hydrino molecule is electrically neutral and even more massive than a neutron, so I think it may be possible for it to pass through the electron shells of other atoms and approach the nucleus, just as neutrons do. And they bring two protons to the party *at the same time*. Note that just because a reaction is exothermic, that doesn't necessarily mean that it will happen frequently/easily or even at all for that matter. Furthermore, the more energy/mass that is initially added, the more likely fission becomes. Since it is also possible for two Hydrino molecules to be magnetically bound together, reactions involving the addition of 4 protons may also be possible, e.g. :- 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 65Ge + n + 10.750 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 66Ge + 24.037 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 63Ga + 3H + 4.007 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 64Ga + 2H + 8.108 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 65Ga + 1H + 17.778 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 61Zn + 5He + 7.372 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 62Zn + 4He + 21.156 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 63Zn + 3He + 9.692 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 59Cu + 7Li + 3.859 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 60Cu + 6Li + 6.667 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 61Cu + 5Li + 12.713 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 56Ni + 10Be + 3.707 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 57Ni + 9Be + 7.144 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 4He + 4He + 58Ni + 17.696 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 59Ni + 7Be + 7.795 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 60Ni + 6Be + 8.507 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 55Co + 11B + 7.769 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 56Co + 10B + 6.398 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 57Co + 9B + 9.338 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 52Fe + 14C + 7.721 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 53Fe + 13C + 10.230 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 54Fe + 12C + 18.662 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 55Fe + 11C + 9.239 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 56Fe + 10C + 7.316 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 51Mn + 15N + 10.550 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 52Mn + 14N + 10.252 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 53Mn + 13N + 11.752 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 54Mn + 12N + 0.627 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 48Cr + 18O + 6.010 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 49Cr + 17O + 8.549 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 50Cr + 16O + 17.406 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 51Cr + 15O + 11.003 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 52Cr + 14O + 9.819 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 47V + 19F + 5.899 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 48V + 18F + 6.011 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 49V + 17F + 8.415 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 50V + 16F + 0.951 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 44Ti + 22Ne + 7.983 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 45Ti + 21Ne + 7.147 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 46Ti + 20Ne + 13.575 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 47Ti + 19Ne + 5.591 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 48Ti + 18Ne + 5.580 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 41Sc + 25Na + 0.410 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 42Sc + 24Na + 2.949 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 43Sc + 23Na + 8.128 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 44Sc + 22Na + 5.408 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 45Sc + 21Na + 5.662 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 39Ca + 27Mg + 4.271 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 40Ca + 26Mg + 13.471 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 41Ca + 25Mg + 10.740 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 42Ca + 24Mg + 14.890 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 43Ca + 23Mg + 6.292 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 44Ca + 22Mg + 4.275 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 37K + 29Al + 5.425 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 38K + 28Al + 8.061 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 39K + 27Al + 13.413 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 40K + 26Al + 8.155 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 41K + 25Al + 6.885 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 34Ar + 32Si + 4.868 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 35Ar + 31Si + 8.406 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 36Ar + 30Si + 17.074 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 37Ar + 29Si + 15.252 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 38Ar + 28Si + 18.617 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 39Ar + 27Si + 8.036 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 40Ar + 26Si + 4.594 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 32Cl + 34P + 0.297 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 33Cl + 33P + 9.751 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 34Cl + 32P + 11.155 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 35Cl + 31P + 15.864 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 36Cl + 30P + 12.132 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 37Cl + 29P + 11.124 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 33S + 33S + 15.582 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 34S + 32S + 18.357 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 35S + 31S + 10.301 MeV 1H+1H+1H+1H+62Ni => 36S + 30S + 7.137 MeV As you can see, this may produce masses of light elements. Regards, Robin van Spaandonk http://rvanspaa.freehostia.com/project.html
