Dave--Bob Cook here Pd has one of the highest magnetic susceptibility of any metal. The electrons line up in an applied field to establish a very large B field in the Pd matrix. The susceptibility determines the relative intensity of the internal and external magnetic fields. I am not sure how the susceptibity changes with temperature. It may also decrease as with Ni. Nuclei with high nuclear magnetic moments would respond to this B field and line up their spin vector parallel or anti-parallel to the local B field. Thus, impurities may make for local variations in the B field or magnetic traps for particles which have a magnetic moment and are free to move through the matrix. Ni is a ferro magnetic metal which can retain an alignment of the electrons so as to create a permanent magnet and B field after the elimination of an external field. Pd which is paramagnetic* loses its internal B field when an external magnetic field is removed.
Some compounds, for example rare earth oxides, magnetic susceptibilities 20 to 30 times the susceptibility of Pd. They might be the catalyst that Rossi talks about. The following link identifies magnetic susceptibities for various compounds and metals. http://www.reade.com/Particle_Briefings/magnetic_susceptibilities.html *Diamagnetic atoms have only paired electrons, whereas paramagnetic atoms, which can be made magnetic, have at least one unpaired electron. Bob ----- Original Message ----- From: Axil Axil To: vortex-l Sent: Saturday, February 08, 2014 9:31 PM Subject: Re: [Vo]:More Magnetic Coupling Thoughts There is no limit on the strength of a magnetic field. From the inverse square law, how strong can a magnetic field be at one nanometer on the walls of a nano-cavity, when it is detected at 18cm to be 1.6 tesla? It is at least atomic level (10^5 tesla) or on the high end about 10^12 to 10^16 tesla. On Thu, Feb 6, 2014 at 12:19 PM, David Roberson <dlrober...@aol.com> wrote: Looking deeper into the magnetic coupled positive feedback LENR reaction, I have a few ideas to pass along. I understand that a magnetic field has essentially unlimited access to the atomic structure. By this I mean that a large, static external field can penetrate through the electron cloud surrounding atoms as well as proceed directly throughout the region of the nucleus. The same is certainly not true for an electric field since movement of charged particles takes place to eliminate any internal field outside the atoms themselves. This freedom of magnetic field movement enables coupling to exist among electrons and protons that make up the atomic structures of all connected, and particularly nearby, atoms. i suspect that any magnetic coupling path which transports a significant quantity of energy away from a reaction site would exhibit rapid variations in its magnitude and direction. This rapid flux change would likely be attenuated as it passes through the conductive metal lattice and tends to limit the distance of the effective coupling. The expected attenuation is proportional to the rate of fluxuation. Another interesting feature of the magnetic field behavior is that nickel has magnetic domains that modify the local field pattern within the metal at low to moderate temperatures. At above the Curie temperature(355C) this effect goes away and that also happens to be in the range of temperatures at which LENR activity begins to become important. This may be a coincidence, but I suspect not. I believe that a positive feedback mechanism is in play because of the large magnitude of the measured external magnetic field reported by DGT. Any random process that results in charge movement must tend to cancel out the field when integrated over a significant volume of material. So, if the magnetic coupling among the active sites enhances the reaction rate and those induced reactions increase the initial field in phase, then both build to a large level as I have mentioned previously. A characteristic of this type of system would be for it to exhibit a threshold effect. Until adequate coupling between sites exists, very little LENR activity would be expected to occur. Too few of what we typically refer to as NAE and you only see weak nuclear activity. Perhaps the normal magnetic domains of moderate temperature nickel disrupt the process which again might attenuate the coupling. Impurities within the metal could be a factor to contend with in some instances. The list of problems which prevent the positive feedback from reaching the required threshold may be extensive and has done a significant job of obscuring LENR. DGT apparently has discovered the recipe that enables the magnetic coupling to occur. The same likely is true of Rossi, although he has not publicly described any magnetic field effects except in coded terms. The recent revelation that P&F used a large external magnetic field supports the present concept. If their system had adequate natural internal magnetic coupling and the associated feedback, then the external field may not have been necessary. Is anyone aware of how a strong magnetic field from an external source effects the structure of atoms? Do the electrons adjust their orbits in such a manner as to eliminate the external field that extends into the nucleus in a manner similar to the behavior of a super conductor? This is important to understand if we are to determine how the nearby nuclei couple via the field. Also, movement of the charges associated with the metal atoms as well as the hydrogen might reveal the hidden mechanism responsible for the fusion. The exact cause is still lacking explanation. The question remains as to how a strong guiding magnetic field can enhance a fusion reaction that then makes a significant contribution to the driving field. Axil has one general proposal to consider, but there may be a more specific one. Dave
