There is a researcher by the name of Alexander Karabut who has studied glow discharge in PdD systems for many years. Here is a brief discussion by Ludwik Kowalski of some of Karabut's work:
http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/223karabut.html In one kind of experiment, Karabut has carried out glow discharge with a palladium cathode and deuterium in the chamber. He has seen some interesting things doing this type of experiment. He has used photographic plates to capture strong evidence of both collimated and multidirectional x-rays being emitted from the palladium cathode in the course of trial runs. For the energy of the x-rays, Kowalski mentions photons in the range of 1.2 to 3 keV. If we set aside for the moment the possibility of exotic states of matter that might produce the x-rays, they might otherwise be due to the high energy excitation of L-level electrons in the palladium lattice atoms (see "Electron binding energies," down the page): http://www.webelements.com/palladium/orbital_properties.html The L-shell electrons might be excited through different means, but the collimation of some of the x-rays is suggestive of a beam of protons or deuterons travelling through layers of the target. If this is what is causing the collimation, there would be nothing specific to the palladium system in the phenomenon (except for the energy levels), and one could expect a similar phenomenon to arise with a nickel target. Another point worth drawing attention to is Kowalski's calculation of the rate of transmutations suggested in one of Karabut's papers, at 1E13 transmutations per second, which is well into Watt-level production. In light of this calculation, one might be nervous taking too much to heart the claim that is sometimes heard that transmutations are not seen on the order needed to explain excess heat. That this is LENR and not something else is suggested by the levels of excess heat reported by Karabut and the lack of gammas (if my memory serves me). Eric
