99% of the proton mass comes from the gluon binding energy. I just want to add more detail about why the proton is heavier than the three "constituent" quarks that make up the proton,
if you start with the three quarks bound into the proton and if you try to pull one of the quarks out of the proton, it will take more and more force and thus more and more energy as you pull the quark out. As energy is added more gluons appear. So as you try to separate the quark out of the proton, the proton actually gets heavier as gluons are created. In fact at some point when enough energy has been added to the system it becomes energetically favorable to create a new pair in the region between the quark the residual "proton". Now the the newly created will be attracted to the quark that is being pulled out of the proton whereas the other newly created will be pulled back into the proton which will then constitute a normal proton again with 3 quarks. Meanwhile the that is being pulled out and the newly created will become bound together as a meson - therefore the attempt to pull a quark out of a proton will result in a final state that has a meson and a proton. So the weird thing about the strong color force is that due to the fact the force increases with distance instead of decreasing with distance, it is impossible to separate the bound state of quarks into individual quarks and thus it is impossible to compare the constituent masses to the mass of the bound state. When energy is added to a proton, the space between the quarks increases in quantum increments. When enough magnetic energy is added to the proton, you will end up creating new kinds of particles and these new particles will be heavier than the original bound state of quarks. Mesons decay into pions which controls the attraction of protons and neutrons. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion <skip> In particle physics <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics>, a *pion* (short for *pi meson*, denoted with π) is any of three subatomic particles <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particle>: π0, π+, and π−. Each pion consists of a quark <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark> and an antiquark <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquark> and is therefore a meson <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson>. Pions are the lightest mesons and they play an important role in explaining the low-energy properties of the strong nuclear force <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_nuclear_force>. Pions are unstable, with the charged pions π+ and π− decaying with a mean life time of 26 nanoseconds and the neutral pion π0 decaying with an even shorter lifetime. Charged pions tend to decay into muons <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon> and muon neutrinos, and neutral pions into gamma rays <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray>. Applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field to protons may result in muon catalyzed fusion. On Sat, Aug 9, 2014 at 6:59 PM, David Roberson <[email protected]> wrote: > Jones, you describe the proton in a manner that reminds me of different > types of coal reserves. If what you say is correct then the proton > internal energy storage mechanism must have a half life measured in the > billions of years. Perhaps that is true, but it sounds like a > revolutionary idea. Extraction of this potential energy must be extremely > difficult in nature since otherwise most of it would have been depleted > over the lifetime of the universe. > > A thought just occurred to me concerning the half life of the stored > proton energy. A similar concept could be applied to the existence of > normal hydrogen in the universe. All of it could eventually be converted > into heaver elements in which case it ceases to exist, but a reaction > threshold and the physical dimensions of the universe have slowed down the > process to an extent that much of the original amount remains to this day, > billions of years later. Do protons that were created in the first > moments contain varying amounts of internal energy that can remain trapped > until somehow triggered? I assume that this is what you are thinking. > This is an interesting concept. > > Mills considers natural hydrogen as the potential source of energy as the > electron is induced to move closer to the proton. You go a step further, > all the way to the construction of the proton itself. Maybe both processes > are available for us to tap. Both processes require that the original > source somehow maintains its stored potential energy over eons. > > Dave > > > > -----Original Message----- > From: Jones Beene <[email protected]> > To: vortex-l <[email protected]> > Sent: Sat, Aug 9, 2014 6:04 pm > Subject: RE: [Vo]:A good analogy for nanomagnetism > > *From:* Eric Walker > > >> … How can it be when quarks have variable mass? > > > Variability in the mass of the quark does not prevent an accurate > proton mass from being specified. What it does is places a bound on the > numerical precision that an accurate proton mass value can have > > You still may not have an accurate understanding. These are real > differences - not a function of numerical precision. Of course, quark > variability places a bound but that bound is comparatively huge. > > Hydrogen extracted from deep old methane can have different average mass > than hydrogen split from rain water. Interstellar hydrogen or solar-wind > hydrogen can vary markedly from either. The source is important. There is > no other way to accurately explain the history of variation in > measurements. > > This is not about numerical precision of an instrument so much as it is > about unknown variables and the past 13 billion year history of the sample. >
