Hi Severin,

Which version of Mail are you using?

"White" mailboxes are mailboxes that don't contain messages. This type
of mailbox can exist after importing messages from another mail
client. I am surprised if you can drop messages into such mailboxes!

If you do a "search" for one of the vanished messages, does it appear?
Mail stores messages in individual files so that Spotlight can index
them.

Anyway, to help you on your way to rectifying this problem...

1. Open a new window in the Finder, and go to your home directory
(which is usually the default location for a new window anyway).
2. Then, go into the Library folder and then the Mail folder. You
should see lots of extra folders corresopnding to your accounts.
3. If your white mailxboes were creates as "Folders On My Mac", then
find the Mailboxes folder and open it.
4. You should see a few things. One is that there will be a folder for
every white and blue mailbox. The next is that there is a ".mbox"
folder for every blue mailbox. This distinguishes white mailboxes from
blue mailboxes. (You can freely create or delete these ".mbox"
directories to convert between white and blue. However, don't delete
them because they contain all your mail!)
5. Can you report whether your white mailbox has an ".mbox" folder,
and if so whether there are files within it. Within the .mbox folder
there will be an Info.plist file and a Messages folder. Within the
Messages folder there will bea  file for every individual message.

Have you found anything, or can you tell us "what you see"?