Roy Stogner writes:
 > 
 > On Thu, 24 Jan 2008, li pan wrote:
 > 
 > > I've worked with Newton type flow equation. To make it
 > > sure, I would like to know the exact expression of
 > > equation in ex13. Can you tell me?
 > 
 > The system of equations with variables (u,p) is :
 > (partial u)/(partial t) = - (u * grad)u - div(sigma)
 > div(u) = 0
 > 
 > Where sigma is the stress tensor (normalized to have unit viscosity)
 > sigma = ((grad(u) + transpose(grad(u)))/2 - pI)

I don't think it should have a 1/2.  The stress tensor is typically defined as
(see e.g. Panton's fluid mechanics book,
http://www.cs.otago.ac.nz/postgrads/alexis/FluidMech/node10.html,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_fluid
):

sigma = -pI + 2*mu*epsilon(u)

where

epsilon(u) = (1/2)*(grad(u) + grad(u)^t)

is known as the "symmetric part" of the velocity gradient.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SymmetricMatrix.html

Now I think this is confusing because the 2 and the 1/2 always
cancel, but whatever, this is how people define things.

I agree that this email should be in the introductory comments of
ex13, a lot of people have asked the same question.

-J




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