Re: [Vo]:Zirconia?
http://www.pnl.gov/science/highlights/highlight.asp?id=803 Zirconium oxide is isoelectronic with palladium. Dr. Will Castleman and his team have discovered clusters of atoms that mimic some of the properties of other elements. Called superatoms, these clusters of atoms behave like a single superatom of a different species, and they may have implications as significant as the alchemists' search for gold. Superatom clusters could serve as building blocks for new materials that are cheaper and more effective than materials currently being used as catalysts in chemical processing, and in the catalytic converters of automobiles. They may even have potential as new sources of energy. On Mon, Oct 6, 2014 at 9:54 PM, Jones Beene jone...@pacbell.net wrote: You may remember this story from last year. http://www.21stcentech.com/energy-update-lenr-no-commercial-product/ Miley's zirconia reactor came to mind since Bob mentioned zirconia at the same time I was writing a piece on perovskites. Zirconia can be found in the perovskite structure, even by accident. The perovskite crystal structure is found in many exotic materials in modern technology, including high temperature superconductors, magnetic data components with colossal magnetoresistance, ferroelectrics, catalysts, solar cells, ferrite magnets, lasers, ultracapacitors, piezoelectrics, remarkably fluorescent materials, and more. Wow - these are all perovskites. The fact that these properties can range from extreme conductivity (superconductor) to extreme dielectric (barium titanate) make this material most unusual - and most challenging to utilize since small changes make large differences. The reason that perovskites may be an ideal structure for LENR relates to extreme fluorescence and photon coherence. The intersection of those with SPP is probably the key to the HotCat. Jones
Re: [Vo]:X-rays, IR, RF the Rossi effect
On Sun, Oct 5, 2014 at 2:08 PM, Jones Beene jone...@pacbell.net wrote: http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/RossiECat/docs/20121204Kullander-Ni-Isotopes-LIG1204121.pdf It is not the one from Kullander that I am looking for but it mentions some of the same details. I see that this analysis was carried out in 2012. If you find one that is for the first TRP, that would be nice. The analysis is interesting. It took a little bit of squinting and thinking to see what the charts mean. The analysis was done by two people at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, using two nickel isotopic standards, one from NIST and one from Alfa Aesar. They looked at the isotopic composition of nickel used in a 2012 version of Rossi's E-Cat, for samples before and after use. They made significant adjustments to their numbers to compensate for various sources of possible error. Thankfully they included error bars, so that you can get a sense of the strength of any potential correlations in the isotopic ratios. They conclude that the ratios of the isotopes found in the samples are consistent with the natural ones from the nickel isotope standards. We are not told anything about the circumstances of the nickel that was provided by Rossi; we do not even know if excess heat was seen. In light of Rossi's demonstrated desire to keep the ingredients a secret, it is as plausible that no excess was seen as it is that the nickel was accompanied by excess heat, or even that the nickel is just some from some stock that he had on hand. For different ratios of nickel isotopes, the charts show the ratio of a given sample with that of the NIST standard, with the NIST standard at the y=0 line (i.e., the charts show a ratio of two ratios). The authors have taken a value that is close to 1, subtracted 1 from it and multiplied by 1000, presumably to magnify the difference. A value of 0 means the sample isotope ratio is identical to the NIST standard (e.g., 61Ni/58Ni). A value of 0.4 means that the isotope in the denominator of the non-NIST sample ratio was slightly higher than that in the NIST sample. The charts show no discernable patterns for 60Ni/58Ni and 62/58Ni. The 64Ni/62Ni chart and the 61Ni/58Ni chart show a systematic difference both between the NIST and the Alfa Aesar standards and between the Alfa Aesar standard and the ratio from Rossi's samples. The Alfa Aesar samples in these two instances are linear in the NIST ratio, but above it by a factor. This suggests to me that there was an overcompensation by the authors that ended up differentiating the NIST and Alfa Aesar samples more than it should have. This gives me a little more hope than the authors that these two charts might be showing something. If they show anything, they show that there is more 61Ni and 64Ni in the Alfa Aesar and NIST standards than in Rossi's mixture at the time of the analysis. Apart from noise in measurements, such a discrepancy might be due to natural variation in the isotopic composition of nickel; to a reaction eating away some of the 61Ni and 64Ni; or to Rossi's using a preparation that is somehow depleted in these specific isotopes. One thought here is that 64Ni, in particular, has a beta- decay after neutron capture as well as an excited state after inelastic collision that leads to a 63 keV photon that would pass through even lead shielding. Given that the ratios for Rossi's before and after samples are not greatly different, if there is some kind of reacting away of these two isotopes, it would be very minor, leading one to suppose that the pattern being seen goes back back to the original preparation rather than a reaction of some kind. Eric
Re: [Vo]:Rossi Report will come, old paradigm will depart
I would try a ceramic spong--maybe a Cerium oxide-- then use a solgel Ni compound and sinter at a temp higher than whar you want to operate the reactor. The heavy metal ceramic may help damp the thermal degradation of the Ni structure. Bob Cook Sent from my Verizon Wireless 4G LTE smartphonemix...@bigpond.com wrote: In reply to Bob Higgins's message of Mon, 6 Oct 2014 16:13:39 -0600: Hi, Even if 300C were the limit, would that really be a problem? IIRC Jed has mentioned that 300-350C is the usual working temperature of fission reactors, so it appears to be a usable temperature range. Furthermore, Rossi's Hot-cat is already operating at temperatures well above 600C. This is frequently done with noble metal catalysts. They are mixed with a thin oxide wash coat and applied either to a metal or a ceramic base. The Ni is tougher to keep from sintering. You want the nano-Ni exposed, but the nano-features melt at about 600C and will begin sintering at 300C. One of the ways that nano materials are fabricated is by successive oxidation and reduction. The oxidation causes the material to grow (think how a rusty nail grows as it oxidizes). Then when reduced you are left with an elemental metal skeleton having features smaller than you began with. My process uses this technique to expose nano features after partial sintering by oxidation/reduction with a final step of reduction. I start with larger particles, add nano-Fe2O3, and then go through stages of thermal oxidation and reduction. Bob Higgins [snip] Regards, Robin van Spaandonk http://rvanspaa.freehostia.com/project.html
Re: [Vo]:Rossi Report will come, old paradigm will depart
You have too worry about Zr water reaction above 950 degrees F. Bob Cook Sent from my Verizon Wireless 4G LTE SmartphoneBob Higgins rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com wrote: Robin, My understanding is that the temperature of the exchanger heating the water is at 300C. If this were the case in a LENR reactor, then the reaction core would probably have to be substantially hotter to overcome the thermal resistance and have that operating point. The concern is the temperature of the Ni. With good design, the Ni could be only 30-50C hotter than the water contact point in the heat exchanger. This means having a very close thermal contact of the Ni with the reactor vessel - the Ni must be like a thick film coating on the vessel wall. It is not clear what Rossi used as his nano-catalyst with the Ni in his hotCat - it may be nano-zirconium which has a much higher melting temperature. Rossi once said he had explored other catalysts and found them to work, but not with as high of a COP as the one he originally used. I suspect he went back to one of these other catalysts for the hotCat as part of getting it up to higher temperature. Then he added his mouse to improve the COP. I think the mouse was a first stage using his original recipe (likening Rossi to Colonel Sanders :) ). Bob Higgins On Mon, Oct 6, 2014 at 4:59 PM, mix...@bigpond.com wrote: In reply to Bob Higgins's message of Mon, 6 Oct 2014 16:13:39 -0600: Hi, Even if 300C were the limit, would that really be a problem? IIRC Jed has mentioned that 300-350C is the usual working temperature of fission reactors, so it appears to be a usable temperature range. Furthermore, Rossi's Hot-cat is already operating at temperatures well above 600C. This is frequently done with noble metal catalysts. They are mixed with a thin oxide wash coat and applied either to a metal or a ceramic base. The Ni is tougher to keep from sintering. You want the nano-Ni exposed, but the nano-features melt at about 600C and will begin sintering at 300C. One of the ways that nano materials are fabricated is by successive oxidation and reduction. The oxidation causes the material to grow (think how a rusty nail grows as it oxidizes). Then when reduced you are left with an elemental metal skeleton having features smaller than you began with. My process uses this technique to expose nano features after partial sintering by oxidation/reduction with a final step of reduction. I start with larger particles, add nano-Fe2O3, and then go through stages of thermal oxidation and reduction. Bob Higgins [snip] Regards, Robin van Spaandonk http://rvanspaa.freehostia.com/project.html
Re: [Vo]:Rossi Report will come, old paradigm will depart
The high temp. reactor would be good with a thermo-electric system. NASA likes that idea to get rid of Pu-238. Sent from my Verizon Wireless 4G LTE SmartphoneJed Rothwell jedrothw...@gmail.com wrote: mix...@bigpond.com wrote: Even if 300C were the limit, would that really be a problem? IIRC Jed has mentioned that 300-350C is the usual working temperature of fission reactors, so it appears to be a usable temperature range. Yup. See: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/reactor.html QUOTE: A typical operating pressure for such reactors is about 70 atmospheres at which pressure the water boils at about 285 deg C. This operating temperature gives a Carnot efficiency of only 42% with a practical operating efficiency of around 32%, somewhat less than the PWR. They use such low temperatures because it reduces wear and tear on the reactor vessel, the boilers and the turbines. Essentially, they trade off efficiency for longer equipment life. They can do this because uranium fuel is so cheap per megajoule. Nowadays, 32% for a combustion reactor would be scandalous. Combined cycle plants are ~50% efficient. This would be a crazy temperature for any other type of power generator. It would be wasteful. The Carnot efficiency is low. It would be even worse operating a combustion reactor at this temperature, because combustion is so much hotter. A large temperature difference between the initial reaction and the pressurized water makes a system difficult to engineer. A low temperature would be fine for a cold fusion system because the fuel is free. Carnot efficiency does not matter. However, it would mean the reactor is bulky, and it would produce a lot of waste heat, so it needs a big radiator. It would not be good for an automobile engine. It might look a little like a 19th century steam tractor -- all engine! - Jed
RE: [Vo]:High boson densities can increase the BEC operating temperature.
A il Axil-- I tbink Bose particles can havezero spin as well as integer spin. Neg. intergers are ok. Also all particles in theBEC do not have to have the same spin. Some can be + and some -. Bob Sent from my Verizon Wireless 4G LTE SmartphoneAxil Axil janap...@gmail.com wrote: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7110/full/nature05117.html Bose–Einstein condensation is one of the most fascinating phenomena predicted by quantum mechanics. It involves the formation of a collective quantum state composed of identical particles with integer angular momentum (bosons), if the particle density exceeds a critical value. *To achieve Bose–Einstein condensation, one can either decrease the temperature or increase the density of bosons. It has been predicted that a quasi-equilibrium system of bosons could undergo Bose–Einstein condensation even at relatively high temperatures,* if the flow rate of energy pumped into the system exceeds a critical value. Here we report the observation of Bose–Einstein condensation in a gas of magnons at room temperature. Magnons are the quanta of magnetic excitations in a magnetically ordered ensemble of magnetic moments. In thermal equilibrium, they can be described by Bose–Einstein statistics with zero chemical potential and a temperature-dependent density. In the experiments presented here, we show that by using a technique of microwave pumping it is possible to excite additional magnons and to create a gas of quasi-equilibrium magnons with a non-zero chemical potential. With increasing pumping intensity, the chemical potential reaches the energy of the lowest magnon state, and a Bose condensate of magnons is formed. A high density of bosons can increase the formation of a BEC at increasingly high temperatures.
[Vo]:Who is Bill Nichols
Rossi Blog reader has an interesting series of comments from the subject person. Rossi's response is also good. See item 36 for the comments. Akso note earlier comments of both Nichols and Rossi. Bob Cook
Re: [Vo]:Zirconia?
I am not a chemist, but have some familiarity with materials science. You can take this with an appropriate grain-of-salt. Zirconia would not, itself, be a catalyst. I specifically mentioned zirconium - the metal. Nano-Zr could be a catalyst that would have a high sintering temperature as a nano material because it melts at such a high temperature (1855C) in bulk that its sintering and melting temperature at nano scale would be high (sintering probably near 600-700C and melting at 900-1000C). Most catalysts are not fully oxidized metal oxides - they are partially reduced metal oxides. The best catalysts have nano-scale features and partial oxidation. These catalysts are usually (but not always) formed as fully oxidized metal features and subsequently processed to partly reduce the metal oxides. Reduction of small particles actually sharpens their features. The partial reduction sets up electrochemical behavior at the catalyst site that makes it active. Partly oxidized metals will not readily sinter - or at least not until much higher temperature. In the case of zeolites, I understand that the zeolite material is not LENR active itself. Zeolites have porous micro-scale gas permeable cells which are used to house nano-scale activated materials inside the cell. The zeolite cell prevents the nanoparticles housed inside adjacent cells from sintering at temperatures above where the nano-particles themselves would have sintered. Zeolite encapsulated LENR powder can be nano-scale and still operate at a temperature that would otherwise sinter powders of that scale. I don't think the zeolite itself otherwise contributes to the LENR. I would be happy to have someone with greater chemical background straighten me out if these understandings are wrong. Bob Higgins On Mon, Oct 6, 2014 at 10:22 PM, Eric Walker eric.wal...@gmail.com wrote: On Mon, Oct 6, 2014 at 6:54 PM, Jones Beene jone...@pacbell.net wrote: Miley's zirconia reactor came to mind since Bob mentioned zirconia at the same time I was writing a piece on perovskites. Does anyone know where George Miley's recent engine project is at? I noticed a patent in the article which I had not seen before [1]: Techniques to form dislocation cores along an interface of a multilayer thin film structure are described. The loading and/or deloading of isotopes of hydrogen are also described in association with core formation. The described techniques can provide be applied to superconductive structure formation, x-ray and charged particle generation, nuclear reaction processes, and/or inertial confinement fusion targets. In the LENR device describe in the original article (which may or may not be related to this patent), the substrate (fuel) is zirconium dioxide, a high-k dielectric. What I like about dielectrics is that I suspect they provide a good basis for arcing at the microscopic level. The same consideration applies to zeolites. Eric [1] http://www.google.com/patents/US8227020?dq=%22Low+Energy+Nuclear+Reaction%22ei=qEROUKH4JsjSrQHKmIGoBw#v=onepageqf=false
Re: [Vo]:High boson densities can increase the BEC operating temperature.
http://www.jupiterscientific.org/sciinfo/bosonsfermions.html Elementary particles such as electrons, quarks, neutrinos, protons and neutrons are fermions. Photons are examples of bosons. Elementary particles have an intrinsic spin or turning motion, which must be a multiple of 1/2 due to quantum mechanics. Bosons are particles with integer spin such as 0, 1, 2, and so on. Fermions are particles with half-integer spin such as 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, and so on. A particle with spin 0 does not spin at all. Since electrons, quarks, neutrinos, protons and neutrons have spin 1/2, they are fermions. A bound state consisting of two fermions is a boson because the spins of the two fermions add or subtract to give an integer spin. For example, a bound state of two quarks has spin 1 if the two quarks spin in the same direction. If they spin in opposite directions, the spins subtract and the bound state has spin 0. In either case, a boson is obtained. In general, a bound state of an even number of fermions is always a boson. For example, since the helium-4 nucleus consists of four fermions -- two protons and two neutrons, it is a boson. In general, a bound state of an odd number of fermions is always a fermion. For example, since the helium-3 nucleus consists of three fermions -- two protons and one neutron, it is a fermion. A bound state of any number of bosons is always a boson because you can never add or subtract integers to obtain a half-integer. It follows that if LENR can only occurs in a nucleus with zero spin, therefore, the LENR capable nucleus must be a boson. Ni62 and Ni64 are bosons and can form a BEC. Ni61 is not LENR capable and is a fermion. LENR might occur in a spin condensate where all the spins aline in a specific direction to project a magnetic field at a distance. LENR might involve Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Quantum Spin System. On Tue, Oct 7, 2014 at 4:24 AM, frobertcook frobertc...@hotmail.com wrote: A il Axil-- I tbink Bose particles can havezero spin as well as integer spin. Neg. intergers are ok. Also all particles in theBEC do not have to have the same spin. Some can be + and some -. Bob Sent from my Verizon Wireless 4G LTE Smartphone Axil Axil janap...@gmail.com wrote: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7110/full/nature05117.html Bose–Einstein condensation is one of the most fascinating phenomena predicted by quantum mechanics. It involves the formation of a collective quantum state composed of identical particles with integer angular momentum (bosons), if the particle density exceeds a critical value. *To achieve Bose–Einstein condensation, one can either decrease the temperature or increase the density of bosons. It has been predicted that a quasi-equilibrium system of bosons could undergo Bose–Einstein condensation even at relatively high temperatures,* if the flow rate of energy pumped into the system exceeds a critical value. Here we report the observation of Bose–Einstein condensation in a gas of magnons at room temperature. Magnons are the quanta of magnetic excitations in a magnetically ordered ensemble of magnetic moments. In thermal equilibrium, they can be described by Bose–Einstein statistics with zero chemical potential and a temperature-dependent density. In the experiments presented here, we show that by using a technique of microwave pumping it is possible to excite additional magnons and to create a gas of quasi-equilibrium magnons with a non-zero chemical potential. With increasing pumping intensity, the chemical potential reaches the energy of the lowest magnon state, and a Bose condensate of magnons is formed. A high density of bosons can increase the formation of a BEC at increasingly high temperatures.
RE: [Vo]:Zirconia?
From: Bob Higgins Most catalysts are not fully oxidized metal oxides - they are partially reduced metal oxides. The best catalysts have nano-scale features and partial oxidation. Which is approaching the definition of a perovskite… …and this version of NiO looks interesting as a UV source : http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=onlineaid=8800604 aid=8800604
Re: [Vo]:another Law breaker?
Exact link not found. On inspection, no such article found in their many lists. Pulled? Ol' Bab On 10/5/2014 9:33 PM, Jones Beene wrote: Every week it seems, there is a new assault around the edges of the 2nd Generalization of Thermodynamics... http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/2014/09/good-bye-second-law-of-therm odynamics.html --- This email is free from viruses and malware because avast! Antivirus protection is active. http://www.avast.com
Re: [Vo]:another Law breaker?
Hi David I did a search for good-bye-second-law-of-thermodynamics It came up in google with this http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/2014/09/good-bye-second-law-of-thermodynamics.html I clicked on the link in google and it took me to the page that I quote the first few lines of: Home http://www.laserfocusworld.com/content/lfw/en/index.html Good-bye second law of thermodynamics? Good-bye second law of thermodynamics? 09/02/2014 By John Wallace http://www.laserfocusworld.com/content/lfw/en/authors/john-wallace.html Senior Editor I was quite happy last week to post a news item about a colorless transparent luminescent solar concentrator developed at Michigan State University http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/2014/08/solar-collector-is-transparent-colorless-doesn-t-block-the-view.html (East Lansing, MI), as I have had a long-term fascination with luminescent solar concentrators. So why am I so fascinated by such devices? One reason is that at first glance they seem to violate the second law of thermodynamics http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-49/issue-06/features/chillers-and-coolers--breakthrough-of-optical-refrigeration--las.html, which says that the entropy of any isolated system never decreases. In the field of optics, the second law sorta translates in a hand-waving way to the fact that the étendue (solid angle multiplied by beam cross-section) of a light beam can never decrease: for example, one can't focus a low-quality laser beam to a spot as small as that that can be produced by a high-quality laser beam (given the same lens used for both, with lens pupil optimally filled)... Kind Regards walker On 7 October 2014 18:52, David L. Babcock olb...@gmail.com wrote: Exact link not found. On inspection, no such article found in their many lists. Pulled? Ol' Bab On 10/5/2014 9:33 PM, Jones Beene wrote: Every week it seems, there is a new assault around the edges of the 2nd Generalization of Thermodynamics... http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/2014/09/good-bye- second-law-of-therm odynamics.html --- This email is free from viruses and malware because avast! Antivirus protection is active. http://www.avast.com
Re: [Vo]:New Miles interview on Helium-4, Excess Heat, Peer Review
I found it worth listening to. And his opinion near the end that a commercial success (eg Rossi) might be the only way out of the CF is disproved meme.
Re: [Vo]:Zirconia?
On Tue, Oct 7, 2014 at 8:01 AM, Bob Higgins rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com wrote: Zirconia would not, itself, be a catalyst. I specifically mentioned zirconium - the metal. I thought your description of how you're using zirconium was interesting. My comments related to the way George Miley is using it, in an article Jones linked to. In the case of zeolites, I understand that the zeolite material is not LENR active itself. Makes sense. I was thinking of zeolites and zirconium dioxide, which are dielectrics, along the lines of providing a matrix within which conductive active sites are contained and electrically insulated from one another (in the manner of your description of zeolites). My hunch is that the electrical insulation will make it possible for higher potentials to arise between conductive grains than would be the case if the entire substrate were freely conductive. If the potential were high enough, I'm thinking there would be arcing. No doubt there would need to be something above and beyond the zeolite or zirconium dioxide substrate to set up the potential. Eric
Re: [Vo]:Who is Bill Nichols
On Tue, Oct 7, 2014 at 3:21 AM, frobertcook frobertc...@hotmail.com wrote: See item 36 for the comments. Akso note earlier comments of both Nichols and Rossi. Hi Bob -- is there a link you can share to the specific comments? Eric
