RE: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[MarkI-ZeroPoint]

YES!  That is the article which prompted my starting this thread!

 

You all should read it!  Apparently Axil eventually did… 

 

It seems to describes just the kind of energy transfer into the lattice instead 
of ejecting high-E particles, BUT ONLY AT A VERY SPECIFIC/NARROW energy level. 
I.e., one could easily ‘fly’ right past it and never know this ‘mode’ of 
e-transfer is there.

 

I believe the energy level required for this transfer was ~75meV, but someone 
more knowledgeable about atomic physics should verify… I believe the refereed 
paper is a free download.

 

Next time I submit a link, read the article since its more important than 
anything I have to say…

 

Merry Xmas All,

-mark iverson

 

From: Axil Axil [mailto:janap...@gmail.com] 
Sent: Monday, December 26, 2016 9:38 AM
To: vortex-l
Subject: Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

 

Was this article cited  here yet as support for a magic reaction frequency?

 

http://phys.org/news/2016-12-laser-pulses-scientists-complex-electron.html

 

Laser pulses help scientists tease apart complex electron interactions

 

"We see a very strong and peculiar interaction between the excited electrons 
and the lattice where the electrons are losing most of their energy very 
rapidly in a coherent, non-random way," Rameau said. At this special energy 
level, he explained, the electrons appear to be interacting with lattice atoms 
all vibrating at a particular frequency-like a tuning fork emitting a single 
note. When all of the electrons that have the energy required for this unique 
interaction have given up most of their energy, they start to cool down more 
slowly by hitting atoms more randomly without striking the "resonant" 
frequency, he said.



 

 

On Mon, Dec 26, 2016 at 12:05 PM, Frank Znidarsic <fznidar...@aol.com> wrote:

 

Whatever mechanism is needed to transfer nuclear energy via phonons vs photons 
must be able to move a great deal of such energy over a considerable distance 
to ‘cool’ the NAE. 





To do this without radiation requires that the range of the nuclear force be 
extended beyond that of the electromagnetic.  It like stepping over a speed 
bump.  An extension of the static nuclear force would crush matter out of 
existence. 

 

 

Magnetic forces are not conserved.  The range of the strong nuclear spin orbit 
force can be extended without crushing matter out of existence.Soft iron 
increases the range of magnetic component of the electrical force.

A vibrating Bose condensate is the soft iron equivalent for the nuclear 
magnetic spin orbit force.

 

The constants of the motion (magnetic forces are of the motion) tend toward the 
electromagnetic (have a strong long long range magnetic component; magnetic 
,spin orbit, and gravitomagnetic) in a Bose condensate that is stimulated at a 
dimensional frequency (Jed came up with word dimensional frequency) of 
1,094,000 hertz-meters.

 

 

Frank Z

 

RE: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[Russ George]

A more plausible model for matter is needed. Working to conform our present 
politically correct notions to the observations just results in more 
compromises in terms of behavior of the ‘particles’ we assume make up atomic to 
molecular scale matter. It’s far more likely that the ecology of atoms consists 
of bits that don’t conform to our present particular view. I rather like the 
view of real matter in its native state being squishy bags of quark soup with 
indiscriminate boundaries. Therein the utility of special harmonic states 
clearly provides for sufficiently rapid distribution of energy to accommodate 
the list of out of the box observations that is ever growing as we gain the 
ability to see. The real problem with humanity as made so clear by ‘social 
media’ is so very few choose to do what it takes to ‘see’ while the vast 
majority sit back and only read. (Yes, Mr. Sulu, there is a difference between 
real and reading -  <https://youtu.be/NaxOfpqcCig> https://youtu.be/NaxOfpqcCig 
.) Amongst the few real vs. imaginary explorers, seeing is believing. 
Technology is not about knowing perfectly the why and how things work but 
rather how to reproduce an ‘ecological’ effect that is good enough to be 
useful. Only dogma requires the more ‘perfect’, aka politically acceptable, 
‘sociological’ explanation.

 

From: Frank Znidarsic [mailto:fznidar...@aol.com] 
Sent: Monday, December 26, 2016 9:50 AM
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Subject: Fwd: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

 

 

 

 

Whatever mechanism is needed to transfer nuclear energy via phonons vs photons 
must be able to move a great deal of such energy over a considerable distance 
to ‘cool’ the NAE. 





To do this without radiation requires that the range of the nuclear force be 
extended beyond that of the electromagnetic.  It like stepping over a speed 
bump.  An extension of the static nuclear force would crush matter out of 
existence. 

 

 

Magnetic forces are not conserved.  The range of the strong nuclear spin orbit 
force can be extended without crushing matter out of existence.Soft iron 
increases the range of magnetic component of the electrical force.

A vibrating Bose condensate is the soft iron equivalent for the nuclear 
magnetic spin orbit force.

 

The constants of the motion (magnetic forces are of the motion) tend toward the 
electromagnetic (have a strong long long range magnetic component; magnetic 
,spin orbit, and gravitomagnetic) in a Bose condensate that is stimulated at a 
dimensional frequency (Jed came up with word dimensional frequency) of 
1,094,000 hertz-meters.

 

 

Another way of saying this is that the permeability of the electrical  magnetic 
force increases greatly soft iron.  The magnetic moment of the electron is 
measured in hundreds of Fermi meters.  The magnetic moment of an inductor is 
measured in meters.  This effect powers our economy.

 

The gravitomagnetic field is 10 exp 39 power weaker than the electrical 
magnetic field.  The range of the nuclear spin orbit force is measured in 10 of 
Fermi meters. In a vibrating Bose condensate these ranges and strengths change 
by a factor of 10 exp 39 power.  The effect is similar to what happens to the 
electrical magnetic force in soft iron but the effect extents across all of the 
force fields.  This exploration of this effect can extend man's control of the 
natural forces beyond the electromagnetic and to all of the forces.  There is 
much more to the NDA than expected.

 

 

I have been saying this since the late 1990's.  IE published an article by me 
which I  described the effect at something like ( 39 / the length of the Bose 
condensate in inches).  At ANS 2000 I refined the result and the new result was 
published in terms of one megahertz-meter.  Today I can get the result in many 
significant digits as:

 

(c / 2 alpha)

 

 

Frank Z

Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[Axil Axil]

Was this article cited  here yet as support for a magic reaction frequency?

http://phys.org/news/2016-12-laser-pulses-scientists-complex-electron.html

*Laser pulses help scientists tease apart complex electron interactions*

"We see a very strong and peculiar interaction between the excited
electrons and the lattice where the electrons are losing most of their
energy very rapidly in a coherent, non-random way," Rameau said. At this
special energy level, he explained, the electrons appear to be interacting
with lattice atoms all vibrating at a particular frequency-like a tuning
fork emitting a single note. When all of the electrons that have the energy
required for this unique interaction have given up most of their energy,
they start to cool down more slowly by hitting atoms more randomly without
striking the "resonant" frequency, he said.




On Mon, Dec 26, 2016 at 12:05 PM, Frank Znidarsic 
wrote:

>
> Whatever mechanism is needed to transfer nuclear energy via phonons vs
> photons must be able to move a great deal of such energy over a
> considerable distance to ‘cool’ the NAE.
>
>
>
>
> To do this without radiation requires that the range of the nuclear force
> be extended beyond that of the electromagnetic.  It like stepping over a
> speed bump.  An extension of the static nuclear force would crush matter
> out of existence.
>
>
> Magnetic forces are not conserved.  The range of the strong nuclear spin
> orbit force can be extended without crushing matter out of existence.
>  Soft iron increases the range of magnetic component of the electrical
> force.
> A vibrating Bose condensate is the soft iron equivalent for the nuclear
> magnetic spin orbit force.
>
> The constants of the motion (magnetic forces are of the motion) tend
> toward the electromagnetic (have a strong long long range magnetic
> component; magnetic ,spin orbit, and gravitomagnetic) in a Bose condensate
> that is stimulated at a dimensional frequency (Jed came up with word
> dimensional frequency) of 1,094,000 hertz-meters.
>
>
> Frank Z
>

Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[Frank Znidarsic]

Whatever mechanism is needed to transfer nuclear energy via phonons vs photons 
must be able to move a great deal of such energy over a considerable distance 
to ‘cool’ the NAE. 




To do this without radiation requires that the range of the nuclear force be 
extended beyond that of the electromagnetic.  It like stepping over a speed 
bump.  An extension of the static nuclear force would crush matter out of 
existence.





Magnetic forces are not conserved.  The range of the strong nuclear spin orbit 
force can be extended without crushing matter out of existence.Soft iron 
increases the range of magnetic component of the electrical force.
A vibrating Bose condensate is the soft iron equivalent for the nuclear 
magnetic spin orbit force.


The constants of the motion (magnetic forces are of the motion) tend toward the 
electromagnetic (have a strong long long range magnetic component; magnetic 
,spin orbit, and gravitomagnetic) in a Bose condensate that is stimulated at a 
dimensional frequency (Jed came up with word dimensional frequency) of 
1,094,000 hertz-meters.




Frank Z

RE: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[Russ George]

Cold fusion reactions in well performing systems frequently amount to thousands 
to millions of adjacent nucleon pair fusions taking place in short order. 
Whatever mechanism is needed to transfer nuclear energy via phonons vs photons 
must be able to move a great deal of such energy over a considerable distance 
to ‘cool’ the NAE. When the energy distribution system is inadequate eruptive 
‘volcanic-like’ events become obvious. So a mechanism able to manage only 1 or 
2 energy ‘packets’ is insufficient.

 

From: bobcook39...@gmail.com [mailto:bobcook39...@gmail.com] 
Sent: Sunday, December 25, 2016 3:47 PM
To: Axil Axil; vortex-l
Subject: RE: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

 

Axil and Mark—

 

I do not believe superconductivity as such is important in LENR.  As you and 
others have suggested the importance of the generation of plasmons  SPP’s with 
their  intense local B magnetic fields is the key effect IMHO.  The resonant 
coupling created by the varying B field at the NAE metal lattice allows nuclear 
potential energy of a small number of nuclei—maybe only 1 or 2—to be 
transferred as phonic kinetic energy of the metal lattice.  (No energetic EM or 
particles result since there is only conservation of angular momentum, spin 
energy, involved in the reaction. ) 

 

It may be that the “new physics” of LENR is the transfer of potential energy 
associated with then strong force to spin energy of particles forming part of a 
coherent system.  Angular momentum is conserved in the system by the opposite 
polarization of particles forming the coherent system.  This model assumesthe 
common identity of energy  regardless of the form (energy fields) involved in 
its description.   

 

The original  coherent system  nearly survives the reaction with only a minor 
change in one or two of the nuclei.  And the metal lattice of the new  coherent 
system still is sufficient to support additional LENR reactions as the B 
magnetic field changes and creates a new coupling for additional nuclear 
transitions.  IMHO temperature may also cause resonant conditions in a coherent 
system to allow LENR.  The ambient magnetic field is necessary to quench the 
LENR through changing B firlds and corresponding resonant conditions. 

 

The following provides a fairly simple discussion of plasmons.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_plasmon_resonance 

 

Bob Cook

 

 

From: Axil Axil <mailto:janap...@gmail.com> 
Sent: Friday, December 23, 2016 9:22 PM
To: vortex-l <mailto:vortex-l@eskimo.com> 
Subject: Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

 

I found another paper on Palladium/hydrogen superconductivity

 

Sorry I am so late

 

http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/464/46434607.pdf

 

Magnetic and Transport Properties of PdH: Intriguing Superconductive 
Observations

 

On Thu, Dec 22, 2016 at 11:05 AM, Jones Beene <jone...@pacbell.net 
<mailto:jone...@pacbell.net> > wrote:

Hi Mark,

Your quotes from the citation brings to mind the mystery connection to HTSC 
(high temperature superconductivity). 

Since the early days there was thought to be some kind of vague and undefined 
connection between LENR and HTSC. This is due primarily to the fact that 
palladium hydride is superconductive but palladium isn't. The quote you 
mentioned adds an explanation in the form of lattice vibrations. The problem is 
the transition temperature.

BTW - for those who are not aware of the history of this - Brian Ahern (who was 
a USAF researcher at the time, specializing in SC) independently discovered 
Pd-H superconductivity many years ago - only to find that it had already been 
reported by someone else (and patented). It is still ignored as a factor for 
gain in "cold fusion" due to the aforementioned problem of transition 
temperature. This is probably one of the details that got Brian hooked on LENR 
- even before P and he also discovered that an alloy of nickel and palladium 
performs much better than palladium alone for excess heat.

For the heck of it, I did a quicky search to see if "nickel hydride" has ever 
been reported with SC properties. This begs to be part of the LENR-CANR library 
even if the rationale between LENR and HTSC is foggy. 

As it turns out - W-L also picked up on the cross-connection and found the same 
citation I found:

Superconductivity in the palladium-hydrogen and palladium-nickel-hydrogen 
systems
Authors -  First published: 16 June 1972 by 
T. Skoskiewicz 

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssa.2210110253/abstract

The paper is a poor scan, I am trying to find a digital version. This is almost 
45 years old ! Why is it seldom mentioned?

This is a fine blog article from EM Smith on the situation (which I had read 
but forgot), It is worth a reread.

https://chiefio.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/widom-larsen-superconducting-hydrides-and-directed-speculation/

 

 MarkI-ZeroPoint wrote:

Vorts,

 

Hav

RE: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[bobcook39923]

Axil and Mark—

I do not believe superconductivity as such is important in LENR.  As you and 
others have suggested the importance of the generation of plasmons  SPP’s with 
their  intense local B magnetic fields is the key effect IMHO.  The resonant 
coupling created by the varying B field at the NAE metal lattice allows nuclear 
potential energy of a small number of nuclei—maybe only 1 or 2—to be 
transferred as phonic kinetic energy of the metal lattice.  (No energetic EM or 
particles result since there is only conservation of angular momentum, spin 
energy, involved in the reaction. ) 

It may be that the “new physics” of LENR is the transfer of potential energy 
associated with then strong force to spin energy of particles forming part of a 
coherent system.  Angular momentum is conserved in the system by the opposite 
polarization of particles forming the coherent system.  This model assumesthe 
common identity of energy  regardless of the form (energy fields) involved in 
its description.   

The original  coherent system  nearly survives the reaction with only a minor 
change in one or two of the nuclei.  And the metal lattice of the new  coherent 
system still is sufficient to support additional LENR reactions as the B 
magnetic field changes and creates a new coupling for additional nuclear 
transitions.  IMHO temperature may also cause resonant conditions in a coherent 
system to allow LENR.  The ambient magnetic field is necessary to quench the 
LENR through changing B firlds and corresponding resonant conditions. 

The following provides a fairly simple discussion of plasmons.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_plasmon_resonance 

Bob Cook


From: Axil Axil
Sent: Friday, December 23, 2016 9:22 PM
To: vortex-l
Subject: Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

I found another paper on Palladium/hydrogen superconductivity

Sorry I am so late

http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/464/46434607.pdf

Magnetic and Transport Properties of PdH: Intriguing Superconductive 
Observations

On Thu, Dec 22, 2016 at 11:05 AM, Jones Beene <jone...@pacbell.net> wrote:
Hi Mark,
Your quotes from the citation brings to mind the mystery connection to HTSC 
(high temperature superconductivity). 
Since the early days there was thought to be some kind of vague and undefined 
connection between LENR and HTSC. This is due primarily to the fact that 
palladium hydride is superconductive but palladium isn't. The quote you 
mentioned adds an explanation in the form of lattice vibrations. The problem is 
the transition temperature.
BTW - for those who are not aware of the history of this - Brian Ahern (who was 
a USAF researcher at the time, specializing in SC) independently discovered 
Pd-H superconductivity many years ago - only to find that it had already been 
reported by someone else (and patented). It is still ignored as a factor for 
gain in "cold fusion" due to the aforementioned problem of transition 
temperature. This is probably one of the details that got Brian hooked on LENR 
- even before P and he also discovered that an alloy of nickel and palladium 
performs much better than palladium alone for excess heat.
For the heck of it, I did a quicky search to see if "nickel hydride" has ever 
been reported with SC properties. This begs to be part of the LENR-CANR library 
even if the rationale between LENR and HTSC is foggy. 
As it turns out - W-L also picked up on the cross-connection and found the same 
citation I found:
Superconductivity in the palladium-hydrogen and palladium-nickel-hydrogen 
systems
Authors -  First published: 16 June 1972 by 
T. Skoskiewicz 
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssa.2210110253/abstract
The paper is a poor scan, I am trying to find a digital version. This is almost 
45 years old ! Why is it seldom mentioned?
This is a fine blog article from EM Smith on the situation (which I had read 
but forgot), It is worth a reread.
https://chiefio.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/widom-larsen-superconducting-hydrides-and-directed-speculation/

 MarkI-ZeroPoint wrote:
Vorts,
 
Haven’t had time to do much sci-surfing in 2016, but as is quite common in my 
life, when I get a nagging feeling to do it, I come across stuff that could be 
very significant… 
 
Happened to go to physorg.com today when eating lunch at work and came across 
this article:
 
    “Laser pulses help scientists tease apart complex electron interactions”
 http://phys.org/news/2016-12-laser-pulses-scientists-complex-electron.html
 
Title doesn’t really sound all that breakthrough, but for some reason I clicked 
on it and came across what could be the mechanism of action in LENR reactions 
which gently sheds the energy to the lattice instead of ejecting high-energy 
particles, i.e., the ‘expected’ mechanism.  To quote the article:
 
“But they also discovered another, unexpected signal-which they say represents 
a distinct form of extremely efficient energy loss at a particular e

Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[Jones Beene]

The wild card in all of this - as it might apply to LENR is not finding 
bulk superconductivity per se in an active lattice- or a bulk Meissner 
effect. That is not needed.



Instead the important detail is to be found in local effects at small 
geometries ... which might appear to be operating in the size range 
associated with excitonics or qubits. The well-known "aromatic 
ring-current" phenomenon, operating around a benzene ring would be an 
example which is seen with Mizuno's phenanthrene, for instance. There is 
no bulk superconductivity but the device could operate by producing 
dense hydrogen due to the current.



The bulk material can appear to be ferrimagnetic instead of diamagnetic 
and semiconducting instead of superconductive. However, tiny domains in 
the active lattice or catalyst - which are superconductive locally could 
be instrumental in the densification of hydrogen, but in a way which is 
different or complementary to Mills theory.



These active domains also influence each other, and carry spin 
information - thus they can be called exciton-qubits but the "hole" 
could be a real proton ... and thus not really a true quasiparticle. One 
decay of the qubit, we have the formation of UDH.



Here is an interesting paper which could point the way to such a scenario -

https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.4446


"A protected vortex exciton qubit" by Suvabrata De, Tim Spiller
(Submitted on 17 May 2014)



 Brian Ahern wrote:


How ferromagnetism arises from specific molecular orbitals is little 
known, because antibonding orbitals control the process. The magnetic 
anomalies above 11K for PdH - PdD are not Meisner transitions and are 
unrelated to the supercurrents.




*From:* Axil Axil
I found another paper on Palladium/hydrogen superconductivity

Sorry I am so late

http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/464/46434607.pdf
Magnetic and Transport Properties of PdH - Redalyc 


www.redalyc.org
Brazilian Journal of Physics, vol. 34, no. 3B, September, 2004 1177 
Magnetic and Transport Properties of PdH: Intriguing Superconductive 
Observations¤


Magnetic and Transport Properties of PdH: Intriguing Superconductive 
Observations


Jones Beene wrote:

Hi Mark,

Your quotes from the citation brings to mind the mystery
connection to HTSC (high temperature superconductivity).

Since the early days there was thought to be some kind of vague
and undefined connection between LENR and HTSC. This is due
primarily to the fact that palladium hydride is superconductive
but palladium isn't. The quote you mentioned adds an explanation
in the form of lattice vibrations. The problem is the transition
temperature.

BTW - for those who are not aware of the history of this - Brian
Ahern (who was a USAF researcher at the time, specializing in SC)
independently discovered Pd-H superconductivity many years ago -
only to find that it had already been reported by someone else
(and patented). It is still ignored as a factor for gain in "cold
fusion" due to the aforementioned problem of transition
temperature. This is probably one of the details that got Brian
hooked on LENR - even before P and he also discovered that an
alloy of nickel and palladium performs much better than palladium
alone for excess heat.

For the heck of it, I did a quicky search to see if "nickel
hydride" has ever been reported with SC properties. This begs to
be part of the LENR-CANR library even if the rationale between
LENR and HTSC is foggy.

As it turns out - W-L also picked up on the cross-connection and
found the same citation I found:

*Superconductivity in the palladium-hydrogen and
palladium-nickel-hydrogen systems**
**Authors* - First published: 16 June 1972 by
T. Skoskiewicz

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssa.2210110253/abstract


The paper is a poor scan, I am trying to find a digital version.
This is almost 45 years old ! Why is it seldom mentioned?

This is a fine blog article from EM Smith on the situation (which
I had read but forgot), It is worth a reread.


https://chiefio.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/widom-larsen-superconducting-hydrides-and-directed-speculation/




 MarkI-ZeroPoint wrote:


Vorts,

Haven’t had time to do much sci-surfing in 2016, but as is quite
common in my life, when I get a nagging feeling to do it, I come
across stuff that could be very significant…

Happened to go to physorg.com  today when
eating lunch at work and came across this article:

“Laser pulses help scientists tease apart complex electron
interactions”

Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[Brian Ahern]

How ferromagnetism arises from specific molecular orbitals is little known, 
because antibonding orbitals control the process. The magnetic anomalies above 
11K for PdH - PdD are not Meisner transitions and are unrelated to the 
supercurrents.


From: Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com>
Sent: Saturday, December 24, 2016 12:22 AM
To: vortex-l
Subject: Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

I found another paper on Palladium/hydrogen superconductivity

Sorry I am so late

http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/464/46434607.pdf
Magnetic and Transport Properties of PdH - 
Redalyc<http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/464/46434607.pdf>
www.redalyc.org
Brazilian Journal of Physics, vol. 34, no. 3B, September, 2004 1177 Magnetic 
and Transport Properties of PdH: Intriguing Superconductive Observations¤



Magnetic and Transport Properties of PdH: Intriguing Superconductive 
Observations

On Thu, Dec 22, 2016 at 11:05 AM, Jones Beene 
<jone...@pacbell.net<mailto:jone...@pacbell.net>> wrote:

Hi Mark,

Your quotes from the citation brings to mind the mystery connection to HTSC 
(high temperature superconductivity).

Since the early days there was thought to be some kind of vague and undefined 
connection between LENR and HTSC. This is due primarily to the fact that 
palladium hydride is superconductive but palladium isn't. The quote you 
mentioned adds an explanation in the form of lattice vibrations. The problem is 
the transition temperature.

BTW - for those who are not aware of the history of this - Brian Ahern (who was 
a USAF researcher at the time, specializing in SC) independently discovered 
Pd-H superconductivity many years ago - only to find that it had already been 
reported by someone else (and patented). It is still ignored as a factor for 
gain in "cold fusion" due to the aforementioned problem of transition 
temperature. This is probably one of the details that got Brian hooked on LENR 
- even before P and he also discovered that an alloy of nickel and palladium 
performs much better than palladium alone for excess heat.

For the heck of it, I did a quicky search to see if "nickel hydride" has ever 
been reported with SC properties. This begs to be part of the LENR-CANR library 
even if the rationale between LENR and HTSC is foggy.

As it turns out - W-L also picked up on the cross-connection and found the same 
citation I found:

Superconductivity in the palladium-hydrogen and palladium-nickel-hydrogen 
systems
Authors -  First published: 16 June 1972 by
T. Skoskiewicz

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssa.2210110253/abstract

The paper is a poor scan, I am trying to find a digital version. This is almost 
45 years old ! Why is it seldom mentioned?

This is a fine blog article from EM Smith on the situation (which I had read 
but forgot), It is worth a reread.

https://chiefio.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/widom-larsen-superconducting-hydrides-and-directed-speculation/


 MarkI-ZeroPoint wrote:
Vorts,

Haven’t had time to do much sci-surfing in 2016, but as is quite common in my 
life, when I get a nagging feeling to do it, I come across stuff that could be 
very significant…

Happened to go to physorg.com<http://physorg.com> today when eating lunch at 
work and came across this article:

“Laser pulses help scientists tease apart complex electron interactions”
 http://phys.org/news/2016-12-laser-pulses-scientists-complex-electron.html

Title doesn’t really sound all that breakthrough, but for some reason I clicked 
on it and came across what could be the mechanism of action in LENR reactions 
which gently sheds the energy to the lattice instead of ejecting high-energy 
particles, i.e., the ‘expected’ mechanism.  To quote the article:


“But they also discovered another, unexpected signal-which they say represents 
a distinct form of extremely efficient energy 
loss<http://phys.org/tags/energy+loss/> at a particular energy level and 
timescale between the other two.



"We see a very strong and peculiar interaction between the excited electrons 
and the lattice where the electrons are losing most of their energy very 
rapidly in a coherent, non-random way," Rameau said. At this special energy 
level, he explained, the electrons appear to be interacting with lattice atoms 
all vibrating at a particular frequency-like a tuning fork emitting a single 
note. When all of the electrons that have the energy required for this unique 
interaction have given up most of their energy, they start to cool down more 
slowly by hitting atoms more randomly without striking the "resonant" 
frequency, he said.

"We know now that this interaction doesn't just switch on when the material 
becomes a superconductor; it's actually always there,"

Although electron-based and not nucleus-based, it still makes me wonder if this 
is one step in a multi-step process of energy transfer… nucleus to e

Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[Axil Axil]

I found another paper on Palladium/hydrogen superconductivity

Sorry I am so late

http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/464/46434607.pdf

Magnetic and Transport Properties of PdH: Intriguing Superconductive
Observations

On Thu, Dec 22, 2016 at 11:05 AM, Jones Beene  wrote:

> Hi Mark,
>
> Your quotes from the citation brings to mind the mystery connection to
> HTSC (high temperature superconductivity).
>
> Since the early days there was thought to be some kind of vague and
> undefined connection between LENR and HTSC. This is due primarily to the
> fact that palladium hydride is superconductive but palladium isn't. The
> quote you mentioned adds an explanation in the form of lattice vibrations.
> The problem is the transition temperature.
>
> BTW - for those who are not aware of the history of this - Brian Ahern
> (who was a USAF researcher at the time, specializing in SC) independently
> discovered Pd-H superconductivity many years ago - only to find that it had
> already been reported by someone else (and patented). It is still ignored
> as a factor for gain in "cold fusion" due to the aforementioned problem of
> transition temperature. This is probably one of the details that got Brian
> hooked on LENR - even before P and he also discovered that an alloy of
> nickel and palladium performs much better than palladium alone for excess
> heat.
>
> For the heck of it, I did a quicky search to see if "nickel hydride" has
> ever been reported with SC properties. This begs to be part of the
> LENR-CANR library even if the rationale between LENR and HTSC is foggy.
>
> As it turns out - W-L also picked up on the cross-connection and found the
> same citation I found:
> *Superconductivity in the palladium-hydrogen and palladium-nickel-hydrogen
> systems*
> *Authors* -  First published: 16 June 1972 by
> T. Skoskiewicz
>
> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssa.2210110253/abstract
>
> The paper is a poor scan, I am trying to find a digital version. This is
> almost 45 years old ! Why is it seldom mentioned?
>
> This is a fine blog article from EM Smith on the situation (which I had
> read but forgot), It is worth a reread.
>
> https://chiefio.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/widom-larsen-
> superconducting-hydrides-and-directed-speculation/
>
>
>  MarkI-ZeroPoint wrote:
>
> Vorts,
>
>
>
> Haven’t had time to do much sci-surfing in 2016, but as is quite common in
> my life, when I get a nagging feeling to do it, I come across stuff that
> could be very significant…
>
>
>
> Happened to go to physorg.com today when eating lunch at work and came
> across this article:
>
>
>
> “Laser pulses help scientists tease apart complex electron
> interactions”
>
>  http://phys.org/news/2016-12-laser-pulses-scientists-
> complex-electron.html
>
>
>
> Title doesn’t really sound all that breakthrough, but for some reason I
> clicked on it and came across what could be the mechanism of action in LENR
> reactions which gently sheds the energy to the lattice instead of ejecting
> high-energy particles, i.e., the ‘expected’ mechanism.  To quote the
> article:
>
>
>
> “But they also discovered another, unexpected signal-which they say
> represents a distinct form of *extremely efficient energy loss
>  at a particular energy level and
> timescale* between the other two.
>
>
>
> "We see a very strong and peculiar interaction between the excited
> electrons and the lattice where the *electrons are losing most of their
> energy very rapidly in a coherent, non-random way*," Rameau said. At this
> special energy level, he explained, *the electrons appear to be
> interacting with lattice atoms all vibrating at a particular frequency-like
> a tuning fork emitting a single note*. When all of the electrons that
> have the energy required for this unique interaction have given up most of
> their energy, they start to cool down more slowly by hitting atoms more
> randomly without striking the "resonant" frequency, he said.
>
>
>
> "We know now that this interaction doesn't just switch on when the
> material becomes a superconductor; it's actually always there,"
>
> Although electron-based and not nucleus-based, it still makes me wonder if
> this is one step in a multi-step process of energy transfer… nucleus to
> electrons to lattice.
>
>
>
> It is in a very narrow energy range, and is obviously some kind of
> resonance (coherent) condition… which also explains why it’s so hard to
> reproduce.  Wonder if the narrow energy kink is anywhere close to *FrankZ*’s
> 1.094Mhz-meter?
>
>
>
> BTW, the research also used a setup which I’ve been ranting about for
> years… the electron stroboscope.
>
>
>
> "By varying the time between the 'pump' and 'probe' laser pulses we can
> build up a stroboscopic record of what happens - a movie of what this
> material looks like from rest through the violent interaction to how it
> settles back down,"
>
> Merry Christmas to All,
>
> -mark iverson
>
>
>
>
>

Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[Frank Znidarsic]

Wonder if the narrow energy kink is anywhere close to FrankZ's
1.094Mhz-meter?


Thanks Mark.  


I sent him a complementary copy of my book.  Let's see if he respondents.  
My guess is that I will never hear from him.


If he does respond and understand that cold fusion and his project provide a 
classical basis for the
the field of quantum physics where:


The velocity of sound in the nucleus = the velocity of light in the atom.


This velocity is 1,094,000 meters/second.


Things may then begin to happen on a grand scale.  


In more general terms the quantum transition progresses when the velocity of 
light equals the velocity of sound.  This velocity was first observed in cold 
fusion experiments.  I first presented this result at ANS 2000.  I had no idea, 
at the time, that the velocity was that of sound in the nucleus.  It was only 
an observable result of the cold fusion interaction.  At that time I derived 
the energy levels of the hydrogen atom as an effect of this velocity.  I 
suspected that it had something to do with the expansion of the universe but 
the math did not work out.   While talking to the Alien Scientist we came to 
the conclusion that it was the velocity of sound in the nucleus.  The problem 
was that the model predicted a nucleon spacing of 1.36 fm.  I knew that 
nucleons are about 1.8 fm or so in diameter.  At that time Jones pointed this 
out.  My model must be wrong.  I struggled with the predicted result.  How 
could I be so wrong and so right at the same time?


Then I read a paper on the Alpha scattering off of nucleons.  The nuclear 
spacing was 1.36 fm just as my model had predicted.  Apparently nucleons squash 
together and fill in the gaps to form a uniform fluid like structure.  My 
anomalous result was correct.  That is where I stopped, wrote a book, and 
waited for 7 years for the rest of the world to catch up.  Nothing happened, so 
I expended no more effort in this endeavor and started writing Android apps.


So far absolutely nothing has happened.  Hopefully this latest research will 
provide a big boost for my work and the fields of cold fusion and 
gravitomagnetic propulsion.








Frank Znidarsic

Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[Jones Beene]

This is good stuff, Axil.

I wish that I understood how it all fits together at the hardware level.

There is probably an intuitive connection between coherent quantum spin 
in the context of LENR and "de Sitter Space" "Dirac's reciprocal space" 
"Reimann Space" the EPO field and multiple dimensions- all of which will 
eventually open up understanding of LENR... but getting the 
verbalization of that stuff into a design for the hands-on engineer who 
can build a working device - is not quite here yet.


Hopefully we are getting closer ... without dead grad students.

 Axil Axil wrote:

Hi Jones,

there is a new science in development that postulates that the 
universe emerges from entanglement. I wrote a number of posts about 
this idea. This thread fits into this subject.



  Coherence is fundamental


Throughout the vacuum, electromagnetic fluctuations are produced at a 
constant average rate under the purview of the uncertainty principle. 
The name that tags these fluctuations is virtual particle production. 
These fluctuations in the fabric of spacetime is called “quantum spin 
liquid”. The string theory science name for the pure vacuum without 
mass floating around in it is *de Sitter space. *This space produces 
only dark energy and is there General relativity works best.

*
*
In this space, all the virtual particles are maximally entangled and 
the surface of space can describe what is going on inside since 
everything is connected to everything else by entanglement.

*
*This space forms a quantum spin liquids. This space may be considered 
"quantum disordered" ground states of spin systems, in which zero 
point fluctuations are so strong that they prevent conventional 
magnetic long range order.


More interestingly, the vacuum as a quantum spin liquid is a 
prototypical example of ground state with massive many-body 
entanglement, of a degree sufficient to render these states distinct 
phases of matter.


The vacuum is completely entangled at long range as identical patterns 
of virtual particle emerge throughout the vacuum, with each pattern 
strongly entangling other identical patterns.


Just by chance, patterns of virtual particles come into existence at 
wide spread locations in the vacuum and become connected.


Quantum entanglement, a phenomenon in which virtual particles as 
fluctuations in the electromagnetic field, shed their separate 
identities and assume a shared existence, their properties becoming 
strongly correlated with one another. The virtual particles act 
identically no matter how far away they are separated. Normally 
physicists think of these correlations as spanning space, linking 
far-flung locations in a phenomenon that Albert Einstein famously 
described as “spooky action at a distance.”


Even harder to accept, there is a growing body of research 
investigating how these correlations can span time as well. What 
happens now can be correlated with what happens later, in ways that 
elude a simple mechanistic explanation. In effect, you can have spooky 
action at a delay.


These correlations seriously mess with our intuitions about time and 
space. Not only can two events be correlated, linking the earlier one 
to the later one, but two events can become correlated such that it 
becomes impossible to say which is earlier and which is later. Each of 
these events is the cause of the other, as if each were the first to 
occur.


But perhaps most important, researchers are working towards a new way 
to unify quantum theory with Einstein’s general theory of relativity, 
which describes the structure of spacetime. The world we experience in 
daily life, in which events occur in an order determined by their 
locations in space and time, is just a subset of the possibilities 
that quantum physics allows.


Some physicists take this as evidence for a profoundly nonintuitive 
worldview, in which quantum correlations are more fundamental than 
spacetime, and space-time itself is somehow built up from correlations 
among events, in what might be called quantum relationalism. The 
argument updates Gottfried Leibniz and Ernst Mach’s idea that 
spacetime might not be a God-given backdrop to the world, but instead 
might derive from the material contents of the universe.


In this view quantum entanglement is more fundamental than spacetime 
because quantum entanglement generates spacetime. Quantum entanglement 
is not sensitive to the constraints of spacetime, that is, quantum 
entanglement connects events without regard to walls of matter, 
distance or the past and future.


The key to control spacetime and the forces that operate in spacetime 
is the control of entanglement and coherence. This is what LENR 
engineering is all about.


 Jones Beenewrote:

Hi Mark,

Your quotes from the citation brings to mind the mystery
connection to HTSC (high temperature superconductivity).

Since the early days there was thought to be some kind of vague
and undefined 

Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[Axil Axil]

Hi Jones,

there is a new science in development that postulates that the universe
emerges from entanglement. I wrote a number of posts about this idea. This
thread fits into this subject.

Coherence is fundamental


Throughout the vacuum, electromagnetic fluctuations are produced at a
constant average rate under the purview of the uncertainty principle. The
name that tags these fluctuations is virtual particle production. These
fluctuations in the fabric of spacetime is called “quantum spin liquid”.
The string theory science name for the pure vacuum without mass floating
around in it is *de Sitter space. *This space produces only dark energy and
is there General relativity works best.

In this space, all the virtual particles are maximally entangled and the
surface of space can describe what is going on inside since everything is
connected to everything else by entanglement.

This space forms a quantum spin liquids. This space may be considered
"quantum disordered" ground states of spin systems, in which zero point
fluctuations are so strong that they prevent conventional magnetic long
range order.

More interestingly, the vacuum as a quantum spin liquid is a prototypical
example of ground state with massive many-body entanglement, of a degree
sufficient to render these states distinct phases of matter.

The vacuum is completely entangled at long range as identical patterns of
virtual particle emerge throughout the vacuum, with each pattern strongly
entangling other identical patterns.

Just by chance, patterns of virtual particles come into existence at wide
spread locations in the vacuum and become connected.

Quantum entanglement, a phenomenon in which virtual particles as
fluctuations in the electromagnetic field, shed their separate identities
and assume a shared existence, their properties becoming strongly
correlated with one another. The virtual particles act identically no
matter how far away they are separated. Normally physicists think of these
correlations as spanning space, linking far-flung locations in a phenomenon
that Albert Einstein famously described as “spooky action at a distance.”

Even harder to accept, there is a growing body of research investigating
how these correlations can span time as well. What happens now can be
correlated with what happens later, in ways that elude a simple mechanistic
explanation. In effect, you can have spooky action at a delay.

These correlations seriously mess with our intuitions about time and space.
Not only can two events be correlated, linking the earlier one to the later
one, but two events can become correlated such that it becomes impossible
to say which is earlier and which is later. Each of these events is the
cause of the other, as if each were the first to occur.

But perhaps most important, researchers are working towards a new way to
unify quantum theory with Einstein’s general theory of relativity, which
describes the structure of spacetime. The world we experience in daily
life, in which events occur in an order determined by their locations in
space and time, is just a subset of the possibilities that quantum physics
allows.

Some physicists take this as evidence for a profoundly nonintuitive
worldview, in which quantum correlations are more fundamental than
spacetime, and space-time itself is somehow built up from correlations
among events, in what might be called quantum relationalism. The argument
updates Gottfried Leibniz and Ernst Mach’s idea that spacetime might not be
a God-given backdrop to the world, but instead might derive from the
material contents of the universe.

In this view quantum entanglement is more fundamental than spacetime
because quantum entanglement generates spacetime. Quantum entanglement is
not sensitive to the constraints of spacetime, that is, quantum
entanglement connects events without regard to walls of matter, distance or
the past and future.

The key to control spacetime and the forces that operate in spacetime is
the control of entanglement and coherence. This is what LENR engineering is
all about.

On Thu, Dec 22, 2016 at 11:05 AM, Jones Beene  wrote:

> Hi Mark,
>
> Your quotes from the citation brings to mind the mystery connection to
> HTSC (high temperature superconductivity).
>
> Since the early days there was thought to be some kind of vague and
> undefined connection between LENR and HTSC. This is due primarily to the
> fact that palladium hydride is superconductive but palladium isn't. The
> quote you mentioned adds an explanation in the form of lattice vibrations.
> The problem is the transition temperature.
>
> BTW - for those who are not aware of the history of this - Brian Ahern
> (who was a USAF researcher at the time, specializing in SC) independently
> discovered Pd-H superconductivity many years ago - only to find that it had
> already been reported by someone else (and patented). It is still ignored
> as a factor for gain in "cold fusion" due to the 

Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[Frank Znidarsic]

 "The Constants of the Motion Tend Toward the Electromagnetic in a Bose 
Condensate that is stimulated at a Dimensional Frequency of 1.094,000 
hertz-meters".



-Original Message-
From: Jones Beene <jone...@pacbell.net>
To: Vortex List <vortex-l@eskimo.com>
Sent: Thu, Dec 22, 2016 2:12 pm
Subject: Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...



Speaking of high transition temperature in palladium hydride ...  in the 
context of LENR, check out the summary of this patent where  the inventor 
claims to have witnessed HTSC near ambient: "Samples  have been produced 
having critical temperatures of 51.6K ... 100K,  and 272.5K."

https://www.google.com/patents/US7033568

Yet, that claim creates an interesting situation. Since thermal  gain of 
LENR would quell the HTSC effect - is there any way to use  both to benefit 
assuming the lattice must not exceed 272K, for  instance?

I think there is a prime application for this scenario, aside  from arctic 
hand warmers...but I will save it for another time...  It appears that the 
patent above went nowhere for Paolo








Jones Beene wrote:



Hi Mark,
  
Your quotes from the citation brings to mind the mysteryconnection to 
HTSC (high temperature superconductivity). 
  
  
Since the early days there was thought to be some kind of vagueand 
undefined connection between LENR and HTSC. This is dueprimarily to the 
fact that palladium hydride is superconductivebut palladium isn't. The 
quote you mentioned adds an explanationin the form of lattice 
vibrations. The problem is the transitiontemperature.
  
  
BTW - for those who are not aware of the history of this -Brian Ahern 
(who was a USAF researcher at the time, specializingin SC) 
independently discovered Pd-H superconductivity manyyears ago - only to 
find that it had already been reported bysomeone else (and patented). 
It is still ignored as a factor forgain in "cold fusion" due to the 
aforementioned problem oftransition temperature. This is probably one 
of the details thatgot Brian hooked on LENR - even before P and he 
alsodiscovered that an alloy of nickel and palladium performs much  
  better than palladium alone for excess heat.
  
  
For the heck of it, I did a quicky search to see if "nickelhydride" has 
ever been reported with SC properties. This begs tobe part of the 
LENR-CANR library even if the rationale betweenLENR and HTSC is foggy. 
  
  
As it turns out - W-L also picked up on the cross-connectionand found 
the same citation I found:
  Superconductivity in the palladium-hydrogen and
palladium-nickel-hydrogen systems
  Authors -  First published: 16 June 1972 by 
  T. Skoskiewicz  
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssa.2210110253/abstract
  
The paper is a poor scan, I am trying to find a digitalversion. This is 
almost 45 years old ! Why is it seldommentioned?
  
This is a fine blog article from EM Smith on the situation(which I had 
read but forgot), It is worth a reread.
  
  
https://chiefio.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/widom-larsen-superconducting-hydrides-and-directed-speculation/
  

  
  
 MarkI-ZeroPoint wrote:
  
  

  
Vorts,
  
 
  
Haven’t had time to do much sci-surfingin 2016, but as is quite 
common in my life, when I get anagging feeling to do it, I come 
across stuff that could bevery significant… 
  
 
  
Happened to go to physorg.com today wheneating lunch at work and 
came across this article:
  
 
  
“Laser pulses help scientists teaseapart complex electron 
interactions”
  

http://phys.org/news/2016-12-laser-pulses-scientists-complex-electron.html
  
 
  
Title doesn’t really sound all thatbreakthrough, but for some 
reason I clicked on it and cameacross what could be the mechanism 
of action in LENRreactions which gently sheds the energy to the 
latticeinstead of ejecting high-energy particles, i.e., the 
   ‘expected’ mechanism.  To quote the article:
  
 
  
“But  they also discovered another, unexpected signal-which they
  say represents a distinct form of extremely efficient energy loss at 
a particularenergy level and timescale between the other two.
  
 
  
"We  see a very strong and peculiar interaction between the 
 excited electrons and the lattice where the electrons

Re: [Vo]:Re: Reason why there are no dead grad students...

[Jones Beene]

Speaking of high transition temperature in palladium hydride ... in the 
context of LENR, check out the summary of this patent where the inventor 
claims to have witnessed HTSC near ambient: "Samples have been produced 
having critical temperatures of 51.6K ... 100K, and 272.5K."


https://www.google.com/patents/US7033568

Yet, that claim creates an interesting situation. Since thermal gain of 
LENR would quell the HTSC effect - is there any way to use both to 
benefit assuming the lattice must not exceed 272K, for instance?


I think there is a prime application for this scenario, aside from 
arctic hand warmers...but I will save it for another time... It appears 
that the patent above went nowhere for Paolo




Jones Beene wrote:


Hi Mark,

Your quotes from the citation brings to mind the mystery connection to 
HTSC (high temperature superconductivity).


Since the early days there was thought to be some kind of vague and 
undefined connection between LENR and HTSC. This is due primarily to 
the fact that palladium hydride is superconductive but palladium 
isn't. The quote you mentioned adds an explanation in the form of 
lattice vibrations. The problem is the transition temperature.


BTW - for those who are not aware of the history of this - Brian Ahern 
(who was a USAF researcher at the time, specializing in SC) 
independently discovered Pd-H superconductivity many years ago - only 
to find that it had already been reported by someone else (and 
patented). It is still ignored as a factor for gain in "cold fusion" 
due to the aforementioned problem of transition temperature. This is 
probably one of the details that got Brian hooked on LENR - even 
before P and he also discovered that an alloy of nickel and 
palladium performs much better than palladium alone for excess heat.


For the heck of it, I did a quicky search to see if "nickel hydride" 
has ever been reported with SC properties. This begs to be part of the 
LENR-CANR library even if the rationale between LENR and HTSC is foggy.


As it turns out - W-L also picked up on the cross-connection and found 
the same citation I found:


*Superconductivity in the palladium-hydrogen and 
palladium-nickel-hydrogen systems**

**Authors* - First published: 16 June 1972 by
T. Skoskiewicz

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssa.2210110253/abstract

The paper is a poor scan, I am trying to find a digital version. This 
is almost 45 years old ! Why is it seldom mentioned?


This is a fine blog article from EM Smith on the situation (which I 
had read but forgot), It is worth a reread.


https://chiefio.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/widom-larsen-superconducting-hydrides-and-directed-speculation/


 MarkI-ZeroPoint wrote:


Vorts,

Haven’t had time to do much sci-surfing in 2016, but as is quite 
common in my life, when I get a nagging feeling to do it, I come 
across stuff that could be very significant…


Happened to go to physorg.com today when eating lunch at work and 
came across this article:


“Laser pulses help scientists tease apart complex electron 
interactions”


http://phys.org/news/2016-12-laser-pulses-scientists-complex-electron.html

Title doesn’t really sound all that breakthrough, but for some reason 
I clicked on it and came across what could be the mechanism of action 
in LENR reactions which gently sheds the energy to the lattice 
instead of ejecting high-energy particles, i.e., the ‘expected’ 
mechanism.  To quote the article:


“But they also discovered another, unexpected signal-which they say 
represents a distinct form of _extremely efficientenergy loss 
at a particular energy level and 
timescale_ between the other two.


"We see a very strong and peculiar interaction between the excited 
electrons and the lattice where the _electrons are losing most of 
their energy very rapidly in a coherent, non-random way_," Rameau 
said. At this special energy level, he explained, _the electrons 
appear to be interacting with lattice atoms all vibrating at a 
particular frequency-like a tuning fork emitting a single note_. When 
all of the electrons that have the energy required for this unique 
interaction have given up most of their energy, they start to cool 
down more slowly by hitting atoms more randomly without striking the 
"resonant" frequency, he said.


"We know now that this interaction doesn't just switch on when the 
material becomes a superconductor; it's actually always there,"


Although electron-based and not nucleus-based, it still makes me 
wonder if this is one step in a multi-step process of energy 
transfer… nucleus to electrons to lattice.


It is in a very narrow energy range, and is obviously some kind of 
resonance (coherent) condition… which also explains why it’s so hard 
to reproduce.  Wonder if the narrow energy kink is anywhere close to 
_FrankZ_’s 1.094Mhz-meter?


BTW, the research also used a setup which I’ve been ranting about for 
years… the electron stroboscope.