Participatory Planning

The following may be of interest -- Jim Devine Original message I am interested in some of the brief comments that have been made recently on participatory economic planning "from the bottom up" in the context of a reconstituted socialism.

Participatory Planning

This is in response to Allin Cottrell and Chris Barrett's response to my original posting on the Yugoslav planning experience. Cottrell (I admit I have not read their book) does not seem to be describing what I mean by "participatory planning", which was a political process involving people

Kinky running

Tom Weisskopf asked what would explain the fact that, despite the lower cost of producing Nikes etc., the price hasn't fallen and monopoloy profits arebeing made despite potential competition. One wonders if this does not fit very nicely into Sweezy's kinked (oligopoly) demand curve where,

Roger Douglas

Pen-lers, I am scheduled to debate with Roger Douglas of (in)famous New Zealand neo-conservatism next Tuesday (April 5) here at the University of Manitoba. He is making the rounds here in Canada, I believe under the auspices of an ultra-right think tank, spouting monetarism, privatization,

Imperialism

Why is it that Americans feel that their (perverted?) values are superior to all others that they feel they must use the cyberspace to defeat what Canadians feel are the proper values of equity and access to just treatment? The recent comments on the invasion of the Canadian system of justice

worker participation

Can anyone give me some leads. A colleague who is looking at the impact of work er participation (profit sharing, esop, worker involvement ect.) on productivity wants to know if there are any national (comparative) surveys of the extent of worker part- icipation and othe forms of involvement in

Bosnia

This is a response to Nathan Newman's posting: After having spent the last eight years researching, studying and teaching in and about Yugoslavia and its constituent parts, I find the kind of gut reaction of Nathan and others to the events in Bosnia to be frustrating. I find it

Bosnia

Pen-ners Since my response to Nathan elicitated not only a considerable response, and several requests for elaboration, but also unsolicited responses for additional information and at response to a private communication that was not posted to this network, I am goaded (prompted, flattered) to

Bosnia-4

Pen-ners, This is about reporting and its effects on perceptions of what is really going on in Bosnia. But first a footnote to yesterdays post on the effect of US intervention in Bosnia. This is a short quote from Paul Koring's article in todays _Globe and Mail_ "The statement by British

Bosnia-5

Pen-ners, A short post to explain the relative territorial distributions in Bosnia. At the time of the unilateral declaration of independence by the Muslim led government, Serbs and Yugoslavs represented just under 40 per cent of the population, but they inhabited approximately 60 per cent of

NZ

The most comprehensive analysis of the ECA and the attack on New Zealand labour that I have seen is a long (240 page ms) manuscript by Ellen Dannin who responded to my earlier request for information for my debate with Douglas. (That should read 140 page, not 240 page). (We Can't Overcome? Labour

Job opening

The following job has opened up (somewhat late in the game) here at the University of Manitoba in the Department of economics, a department that is committed to "methodological pluralism" and welcomes applications from economists of all stripes. The official announcement reads: The Department

Oscar

Sam Lanfraco worries that it is -4F outside -- here it is -24C outside. Wither the Weather -- Sydney Australia, burning up in plus 40C, Europe washing away in rain, Manitoba freezing in -20s and -30s C -- whatever happened to global warming. Paul Phillips, Economics, Manitoba

Sacks

Anthony D'Costa commented recently on the failure of orthodox economists to recognize the importance of institutions in the failure of the IMF project and Jeffrey Sachs departure from Russia. It was interesting this morning to hear a debate on CBC between Sachs and a Russian economist (I didn't

Participatory Planning

The following may be of interest -- Jim Devine Original message I am interested in some of the brief comments that have been made recently on participatory economic planning "from the bottom up" in the context of a reconstituted socialism.

Participatory Planning

This is in response to Allin Cottrell and Chris Barrett's response to my original posting on the Yugoslav planning experience. Cottrell (I admit I have not read their book) does not seem to be describing what I mean by "participatory planning", which was a political process involving people

Kinky running

Tom Weisskopf asked what would explain the fact that, despite the lower cost of producing Nikes etc., the price hasn't fallen and monopoloy profits arebeing made despite potential competition. One wonders if this does not fit very nicely into Sweezy's kinked (oligopoly) demand curve where,

[PEN-L:3610] toys et al.

Oh Tavis, you bring out the worst in me. I should point out that we boycott US toys for Christmas presents for our grandchildren -- in particular the products from Disney which we consider the worst of all producers. In relative terms, we consider these products the bottom of the line --

[PEN-L:3631] Mixed messages

Pen-llers, I it just me -- or is everone getting long messages about right wing populism on the net? "Government is bad, the necessity of reducing government expenditures and taxes, etc -- and all of that sh__. I this what this net is about, in which case is it time for me to sign off? or

[PEN-L:3895] papal economics

Following from Doug's comments, I would like to relate a short anecdote: Shortly after I joined the economics faculty at the University of Manitoba, I ran for union rep for our faculty constituency which, at that time, was composed of the Economics Department and the Department of Religious

[PEN-L:4030] unit labour cost

Pen-lers what is the best, readily available source for US unit labour costs (real) 1980-1993 -- or does anyone have the figures handy? Paul Phillips, University of Manitoba, [EMAIL PROTECTED]

[PEN-L:4040] ULC

Thanks to all who responded to my request for infor re unit labour costs. Paul Phillips, University of Manitoba

[PEN-L:4151] Cuba

Aprapos of Sid Sniad's comments/post on Cuba, what ever happened to the proposal that surfaced on the pen-l some time ago that those of us interested contribute $100 to a Cuba assistance fund that would be redeemable in a couple of years in tourist/travel expenses? paul phillips

[PEN-L:5895] Medicare

A short respose to Shawgi Tell on Canadian medicare. 1st, there are difficulties, primarily with reduction in funding by the Federal government (though the provinces are not blameless here). 2nd, there was a great need for reform in the system since it discouraged _pre_ventative medicine in

[PEN-L:6070] re: rethinking overdetermination

I am a little suprised at a kind of a-historicism and cultural insensitivity of Bill and Doug with respect to both classical music (in particular opera) and fold music a la Seeger et al. With respect to opera, Verdi's music was considered so politically dangerous by the elite that he was

[PEN-L:6599] re: Big Mac Attack

On most occassions I agree with Doug. But now I am confused. Within the last couple of weeks two empty blocks at the end of my block have been cleared and new construction begun. One, is to construct a new McDonalds outlet -- the other to construct a new Wendy's" outlet. Now I shouldn't let

[PEN-L:7205] pomo and opera

Maggie, Are you really saying that when you really found out what the pomos were saying that you gave up reading them entirely? Don't blame you, but the music is still beautiful! Paul

[PEN-L:7941] Cuba

I, like many others on the list, were someone taken aback by Louis' outrageous reaction to what to me seemed to be a very important and interesting question posed by Peter. Nor did I take Peter's question to be some sort of Hayekian theoretical response to Louis narrative of events in Cuba, but

[PEN-L:7811] Serbian Crisis

Just a quick response to Barkley and Sid. According to local news reports, the workers did not support some union leaders' calls to join the demonstrations, which doesn't surprise me very much. In the interviews with the workers, they were more concerned with work and wages (and a fear of

[PEN-L:7812] Stiglitz to WB

Doug writes: are the probems of the third world the result of information asymetry? Yea, Doug: They know more about the US than the US does about them. Paul Phillips, Economics, University of Manitoba

[PEN-L:8173] Long Waves -- and a better question

It seems to me that this whole discussion is taking place around a very limited understanding of long wave/swing theory, of which Schumpeter's model is only one (of many) theoretical variants. First, there is the implication in this stream that there is some form of cyclical nature to this

[PEN-L:8266]

Delivery Subsystem [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: PHILLPS boundary="SAA03881.853469290/pitbull.ecst.csuchico.edu" Subject: Returned mail: User unknown Auto-Submitted: auto-generated (failure) This is a MIME-encapsulated message --SAA03881.853469290/pitbull.ecst.csuchico.edu The origin

[PEN-L:8473] UnemploymentNAIRU etc.

I am having a little difficulty believing I am on a 'progressive' economics network and yet reading the stuff that is being posted. 1. during the war (2nd WW) the unemployment rate fell to around 1% without any structural and frictional constraints but within the framework of a strict f (that

[PEN-L:8481]

Dear Pen-lers: Phil O'Hara, who is in the final phase of editing the encyclopedia of political economy, needs some help. He is teaching a subject he has never taught before - International Economics 400 at Honors level - and in the light of the enormous burden of the epe needs some help with

[PEN-L:9719] Globalization

Pen-lers, I have had some enquiries by a member of the general public about a number of issues relating to corporations, the environment and globalization. Specifically, he asked "if you knew of a single useful source of information on the negative effects of globalization (a scientific paper

[PEN-L:9495] Geometric mean CPI

Can anyone tell me simply how the geometric mean CPI is calculated. I know how the Laspeyres is computed but have not come accross the geometric calculation. Paul Phillips, Economics, University of Manitoba.

[PEN-L:8939] Re: Cuba

Bill Burgess writes: they insist on the right to continue to profit wherever they like, including in Cuba where they have the advantage of no US competition. This is exactly what Jesse Helms has been saying and the justification for the Helms-Burton legislation that I, and the Canadian

[PEN-L:8935] Cuba

Blair, Perhaps I was being a little extreme, but then trying to starve into submission 10 million people, depriving the sick of medicines etc., seems to me to be pretty extreme imperialism. Paul Phillips

[PEN-L:8919] Marilyn Waring

I have used the Waring video in my classes, in particular Women and the Canadian Economy, very effectively. It is very good on the issue of the degrading of women's contribution to the economy and *as a result*, the degredation of the environment. But it is shallow on the question of capitalism

[PEN-L:8917] Cuba

I would like to thank Shawgi for posting Fidel's speech and the Granma article on the net. I would also like to point out, in furtherence of his previous posting about Walmart's decision to take Cuban made PJ's out of their Canadian stores, that the company under Canadian pressure decided to

[PEN-L:8882] Re: Cuba

Bill, According to my figures, GDP for Canada in 1933 was 70.2% of GDP in 1929, a ~ 30% drop compared to the approx 50% drop in Cuba. If these figures are correct then the drop in Cuba was over 50% greater in Canada. Paul

[PEN-L:8871]

([EMAIL PROTECTED] [130.179.16.26]) by for [EMAIL PROTECTED]; Mon, 10 Mar 1997 10:21:53 -0600 (CST) From: Helen Osman [EMAIL PROTECTED] for [EMAIL PROTECTED]; Mon, 10 Mar 1997 10:21:51 -0600 (CST) Subject: Cuba visit(long) To: phillps Date: Mon, 10 Mar 1997 10:21:51 -0600

[PEN-L:8830] MA

Doug, 1 liner. What does MA stand for. Paul Paul Phillips, U of Manitoba

[PEN-L:8559] Nairu,etc.

(The Devine) Jim responded to my comments about the illogicality of heterodox economists even accepting NRU OR Nairu as the basis of macroeconomic debate by talking about shifts in the institutions governing the labour market and the effect that this can have on the trade-off between inflational

[PEN-L:9158] Re: Slovenia

I think Barkley is quite correct about the relative success of the Slovenian economy. The unemployment rate peaked at 9.1 % (ILO definition) in 1993 and had fallen to 7.4 % by 1995, well below the German rate. GDP had recoved to about 97 % of the pre-breakup maximum by 1995 and real wages stood

[PEN-L:9208] Slovenian/Yugoslavia

Dear friends, After Louis' last piece of venom that attacked, not only me, but my acquaitances that may (or may not) agree with me, but who have never heard of Louis Proyet, I must withdraw from further discussion on pen-l. I will not unsubscribe, for that would deprive me of the pearls of

[PEN-L:9356] Re: requiem for social democracy

Ken Hanley, in discussing the introduction of medicare in Saskatchewan in the early 1960s, called it a social democratic move but he did not think that the CCF referred to themselves as social democrats at that time. As it happens, I was leader of the young CCF on the Campus of the University

[PEN-L:9235] co-ops and worker owned firms

Jim, I came across another article that deals with the theory of the worker owned firm, B. Horvat, "The Theory of the Worker- Managed Firm RevisiteJ of Comparative Economics, I, 1986. Paul

[PEN-L:9233] co-ops and unemployment

Jim, I know that Horvat has written many articles oposing the Ward-Vanek model and I have them somewhere, but where is the question. One reference I do have is "The Illyrian Firm: An Alternative View: a Rejoinder" *Economic Analysis and Workers" self Management*, 1986. I do think that anyone

[PEN-L:9204] Slovenia/Yugoslavia

Yes Jim, there is too much on our plate. Unfortunately, marking essays and setting finals etc. does not give me time to respond to all the discussion but, a couple of points: a) no Louis, I was not talking about Bruno Hzladj, whom I don't know but Dimitar Mircev whom I have known for 10 years.

[PEN-L:9186] re:Slovenia

Unfortunately our e-mail has been down for the past couple of days so I have not been able to respond to the Slovenia thread until now at which point it has gone off in several directions. Let me begin by quoting Branko Horvat in a private correspondence he sent me after I had sent him a long

[PEN-L:8562] Nairu, etc.

I beg to differ with Tom Walker but not with the basic point he makes -- that there is a need to modify, change, update etc. our institutions to keep up with social and technological change. If he looks carefully at what I said,however, it was to emphasize that the verticle Phillips curve

[PEN-L:9802] May Day

May I wish you all an affirmative May Day (a happy May Day would be a bit much). There are still so many out there that are suffering from the ravages of capitalism that they deserve our sympathy, but more than that, our organized help. At the moment we are battling the ravages of nature, the

[PEN-L:10219] War and Primitive Accumulation

In his section on primitive accumulation in volume one of Capital, Marx writes: "The public debt becomes one of the most powerful levers of pof primitive accumulation The destructive influence that it exercises on the condition of the wage-labourer concerns us less however, here, than the

[PEN-L:10165] Progressive web sites

Pen-l-ers, At a benefit dinner for Canadian Dimension the other night, I was asked by a retired United Church minister who is now part of a collective of clergy who publish a progressive newsletter on social issues, if I could give him the addresses of progressive web sites (specifically with

[PEN-L:9990] Feudal economic relations

I have some difficulty with Wojteck's association of feudal labour relations with labour abundance. I have always associated feudal (and other forms of 'unfree' labour) with labour shortage. to be blunt, the ruling class imposes 'unfree' labour bondage because 'free' labour is too expensive.

[PEN-L:10317] Bill Burgess Misinformation

A quick check of th World Fact Book shows that, of all the major industrial (G7 and OECD) countries, Canada has the lowest percent of military expenditure as % of GDP with one exception, Japan. (Canada, 1.6%: Japan 1.0 %). Perhaps this is not insignificant as I suggested in my post, but it is

[PEN-L:10371] Umbrage

But Tom, what you quote Alexa as saying is good social democratic stuff -- make the capitalist system work properly through redistribution, sound fiscal and monetary policy, and the provision of a secure social wage. You are criticizing her for not being a socialist. But the CCF abandoned any

[PEN-L:10351] Umbrage

I apologize if I offended Tom by my somewhat immoderate response to his posting. For Sid's benefit, I will quote the original comment that prompted my frustrated response. Here in Canada, the social-democratic NDP abstains from even its own social-democratic, electoral politics in a vain attempt

[PEN-L:10325] Tom Walker's pronouncements

I find Walker's denounceations from on high of the NDP's current election platform and position within the on going debate to be both uninformed and counterproductive. As one of many economists across the country that was involved, to a greater or lesser extent, in developing the alternative

[PEN-L:10259] Re War and Primitive Accumulation

Max, in his response to my request for references in Marx to war --- public debt --- exploitation of workers --- primitive accumulation implies disagreement with Marx and the relationship of war to public debt and defends public debt contracted to finance social services. I should point out my

[PEN-L:12697] Privatizing Pensions

Pen-l-ers, I will be debating current proposals to reform the Canadian Pension Plan on TV tomorrow evening. The argument for 'reform' I believe is similar to that for privatizing the US social security system based on (inaccurate) claims that the present system is bankrupt, non-sustainable,

[PEN-L:12671] ethnic identification

I would have thought that the term "first nation" referred more to the collective groups (i.e. the tribal councils are refered to as "first nations" as in the Manitoba "Assembly of First Nations". Here I would think that the term aboriginal (rather than indiginous) is in common use to refer to

David Card's response

Some time ago (a year?) someone posted (Doug?) a response by David Card to the critique that two other economists had given to _Myth and Measurement_. Unfortunately, I did not save the response and now I have need of it to counter claims by a neo-right critique of minimum wages who is claiming

David Card's Response

Thanks to all the pen-l-ers who responded to my request, particularly to Bill Lear who posted me Card's response. Paul Paul Phillips, Economics, University of Manitoba

Red vs Green

Max talks about the conflict between the coal miners and ecologists in the US. Here in Canada, there has been a major conflict between loggers and ecologists, particularly in BC where the forest industry is the key to the provincial economy. This has led to major problems for the NDP both

Re: Santa Fe

Just thought you might like to know, Krugman was on CBC national this morning explaining the Asian Crisis. He said it was all due to nepotism and corruption of Asian society. The nephew of a dictator will set up a bank or a company and everybody will lend to him because the loan is, in effect,

Brassed Off

For those of you who appreciated "the Full Monty", let me highly recommend another British film in the same genre -- "Brassed Off" about the closure of a coal pit and the performance of the collery band. It isn't quite as funny but it is more explicitly political. Paul Phillips, Economics,

Re: green permits and taxes

Barkely and Robin, Correct me if I am off track here, but if permits are distributed free (based on some past pattern), or if they are initially priced below social cost, and then a tradeable permit market created, does this not act as a barrier to the entry of new firms who must buy up permits

globaloney

Jim writes to the effect that US corporations only served the US market up to the 1930s. I suggest he look at Mira Wilkins work on the MNC. American corporations began to invade Canada in the last decade of the 19th C. (See also Southard et al., Canadian American Business which was, if I

US vs Europe

It has struck me somewhat odd in this exchange that nobody has mentioned Canada which shares a more European political system with the American geographical-class structure. I would suggest that the continued existence of a viable social democratic party and its regional electoral success at

US vs Europe

I don't know where Nathan Newman gets his Canadian political information from, but his post exhibits a great ignorance of Canadian politics, history and immigration experience. Unfortunately, I don't have the time to try to educate him at this time but perhaps some time in the future Paul

Yugoslavia and Market Socialism

I think a couple of weeks ago Barkley posted something about Yugoslavia and market socialism which prompted a spirited response from somebody that Yugoslav socialism was an 'oxymoron' because Yugoslavia was not democratic and therefore could not be socialist. Unfortunately, (as I indicated

barriers

Doug raises an interesting question. He is being charged $45 dollars for each Canadian$ cheque he clears. Now, of course, the cost of clearing those cheques (thanks to modern technology) approaches zero. So someone is ripping him (and many others of us) off. Why? And why do we accept it.

Chase Manhattan Responds

I don't know when Boddhisatva was last in Canada, but at least here in Winnipeg, the percentate of aboriginal peoples in population is approximately equal to the percentage of blacks in the american population -- and this does not include the peoples of east asian origin -- Filipinos, Vietnamese,

Kosovo

I have a proposal for Barkley: We invite leaders from the Serbs and from Kosovo to join us in a restaurant in Montreal for an evening with appropriate amounts of wine (and in my case seafood) and we will both guarantee peace -- at least for as long as the wine and seafood lasts. Do you accept

Peter Dorman

Peter, Could you please resend your e-mail. It got lost with a lot of other stuff with my e-mail problems. Paul Paul Phillips

Kosovo

Barkley, I can't remember where I read it -- perhaps Covert Action -- about the US cutting all aid to Yugoslavia in the late 1980s in an attempt to destabilize the country. The references sounded genuine and refered to State Department declassified documents if my memory serves me correctly.

No Subject

Date:Sun, 29 Mar 98 16:39 LCL From:PHILLPS To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Kosovo (corrected) I had trouble with my e-mail and the previous post was cut off and the last part garbled. So let me please correct it. But this relates back to Barkley's message. From what I have been

Kosovo

For the most part I agree with Barkley on his comments on Kosovo but I would add a few considerations. 1. The most recent crackdown on Albanian separatists was a result of the killing of 4 (?) Serbian Police in an ambush. The police responded by raiding the headquarters of a faction of the

Chase Manhattan responds

The Chase Manhattan response boggles the mind as Wojtek has noted. On reflection I have some advice to Doug that, rather than annex Canada (which has been the US response for over a century to the upstart pretentions that some other people on this continent have that they might prefer some

[PEN-L:2288] NZ Experiment

The NZ experience is, unfortunately, contagious. What is interesting is that in Canada the process seems to have been modelled on the NZ experiment. First, a (perceived) centre left government gets elected on a moderate, proactive economic program, then manufactures a phony credit crisis

[PEN-L:2588] High Tech J

In the previous postings from Doug et al about the MLR progection of job opportunities, what they stressed was the 'shit' jobs that were projected to be created. To me, however, what is even more frightening is the list of jobs they (it) expects to be destroyed. This list must be doubly

[PEN-L:2590] Canada-Chile joint TU Statement

As many of you might know, Canada is going ahead without the US to try to negotiate a "free trade" agreement with Chile. Today, the Canadian LabourCongres and the Central Unitaria de Trabajadores of Chile issued a joint satement calling for inclusing in any agreement of clauses "which would

[PEN-L:2607] womens wages

Of course Doug is right, women's average wages have been rising relative to men's, primarily, as Michael pointed out, because of the improved 'mix' of women's jobs. But what I was pointing to was that the projection is for relatively good jobs -- the 'middle' if you want -- for women to

[PEN-L:2757] Phil O'Hara's address

The last mail I had from Phil (January 30, 1996) was [EMAIL PROTECTED]. I think this is the same address that Steve posted. Paul Phillips

[PEN-L:2858] Rousseau on property

I am afraid that my rather crude attempt at levity on this matter was taken rather too seriously than I intended by Justin. At the same time, there was a point behind it. I object to the idea that property rights are "granted" by the state. Indeed, I would argue (and this is the point of the

[PEN-L:2872] property and brogas

I have to agree totally wil Leo Casey "The notion that property can be enforced as antything less than a civil right, that is, within the state, (!!!)is, quite simply, dead wrong." My point exactly. And for those of you who don't know about Brolgas (from Barkeley's post), here is the verse

[PEN-L:3674] Graduate Schools in Sustainable Development

Pen-lers, I have a student -- a very good student -- who is looking for a university to do a graduate degree in. She is interested in a non-neoclassical approach to environmental economics and sustainable development. She has a particular interest in institutional economics as a framework for

[PEN-L:3246] Classics

At Manitoba we require history of thought at the honours level as a requirement for an honours degree. Anyone entering the PhD program is required either to have honours level history or thought and at least one course in economic history, or if the student doesn't have them on entry, must take

[PEN-L:3329] Bercuson

Ken Hanley posted a negative review of David Bercuson's work yesterday on the net. I would like to qualify somewhat this view. Bercuson did some quite excellent work early in his career. He worked with Kenneth McNaught,a well respected social democratic historian, in his PhD thesis on the

[PEN-L:5033] Payroll taxes

I have been invited to do an article for the local newspaper on the pros and cons of payroll taxes and their effects on employment. Does anyone on the list have suggestions for studies, articles, etc. that they could recommend? Paul Phillips, University of Manitoba. [EMAIL PROTECTED]

[PEN-L:11221] on CEO Pay

I must admit I am a little suprised that Pen-l-ers would be debating this issue in terms of neoclassical marginal productivity. This is the equivalent of arguing, what is the marginal productivity of a mugger? (i.e. someone who has market power because of some non-market force.) The moment one

[PEN-L:10952]

Date:Wed, 18 Jun 97 09:59 LCL From:PHILLPS To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Political Economy Programs In response to the falling off of enrollment in economics programs across Canada and at our university, some of us are pushing for the establishment of an alternative political

[PEN-L:11007]

Date:Mon, 23 Jun 97 16:58 LCL From:PHILLPS To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Progressive Web Sites The URL for the Cyber Picket Line is Http://www.cf.ac.uk/ccin/union/ I have only had time to take a cursury look at it and it seems that some of the pages are still under construction (I

[PEN-L:11307] re CEO's Incomes

In my attempt to be both brief and trenchant, I seem to have confused Gil with respect to my use of power as the determinant of executive incomes and the uselessness of the neoclassical framework to try to justify CEO's pay and perks. I will try to be more clear in the following elaboration.

[PEN-L:11018] Re:K/Y ratios

Doug, But that was my point. If capital is expropriating human capital productivity, the K/Y ratio would be low, but so would wages -- but the HumanK/Y would be high, relative to Europe and Japan, n'est pas? Paul Paul Phillips, Economics, University of Manitoba

[PEN-L:11014] Apologies for Duplication

Sorry about the duplication of my last two posts. The e-mail was down here at my university for a day and when it came back up it did not send my posts. As a result I resent them and then the computer sent the others as well. Ah well !!! Paul Paul Phillips, Economics, University of Manitoba

[PEN-L:11001] Progressive Web Sites

The URL for the Cyber Picket Line is Http://www.cf.ac.uk/ccin/union/ I have only had time to take a cursury look at it and it seems that some of the pages are still under construction (I checked the Slovenian link and the page came up blank for example.) However, as a source for world union

[PEN-L:11000] K/Y ratio

Doug, Could not there be an additional explanation in the so-called Leontieff paradox -- that the US exports labour intensive goods because the labour embodies a great deal of 'human capital'. That is, is it not possible that when human capital is added to physical capital, the K/Y ratio

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