Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
RE: The evidence for nano-powder welding as one of Rossi’s secrets is strong but circumstantial in the 10kw unit whose reaction vessel volume is 1 liter. In one recent demo of the 10-kw Cat-e, a short output power excursion occurred where the input output ratio went over 1600 during the 130 kW burst. This extreme intensity of this output power excursion is conclusive proof that the nano-powder must be coated evenly over the entire surface area of the reaction vessel walls. If this extreme burst of power was concentrated in a 100 gram pile of nickel nano-powder that pile would have surely liquefied and burnt a hole in the reaction vessel wall upon which it sat. Unless the 100 grans of nickel nano-powder was evenly distributed over the entire surface of the reaction vessel, the burn-through of the reaction vessel is certain. On Thu, Jul 21, 2011 at 6:46 PM, Axil Axil janap...@gmail.com wrote: The evidence for nano-powder welding as one of Rossi’s secrets is strong but circumstantial in the 10kw unit whose reaction vessel volume is 1 liter. First, the 100 gram pure nickel nano-powder fills only 1% of the volume of this one liter reaction vessel. This small amount of powder cannot be “packed” in such a large volume. A 100 gram pile of nano-powder would form a small clump at the bottom of the reaction vessel. If all the heat came from this small 100 gram pile of powder, the pile would burn a hole in the reaction vessel through the formation of a very hot spot. Second, Rossi said that the powder can reach a temperature of 1600C. Nickel Nano-powder will melt and/or degrade well below this melting point (1000C?) of the bulk material at 1350C. Third, the ash of the Rossi reactor he gave to the Swedes contains 10% iron that Rossi said was not produced through the action of transmutation from the reaction,,, but was produced by “scrubbing”; a Rossi quote. Forth, the nuclear heat that will have been produced by a pile of nano-powder throughout the entire though minuscule volume of this powder will be poorly conducted through that volume. This is caused by the randomized surface structures and associated protuberances and irregularities of each nano-powder particle. This porcupine like tubules will keep the surfaces of each nano-particle from mating flush with its neighbors to make efficient transfer of heat impossible to all the surrounding walls of the reaction vessel; in sum, any heat conduction through the volume of such a powder will be very poor. By contrast in support of the powder coating case, Rossi is using tubercles to increase the cross-section of his reaction well over what can be produced in a well ordered smooth nickel lattice. A tubercle is atomic mound of randomized topology created on the metal’s surface. Rossi is using these tubercles to disrupt the regularity of the nickel lattice to increase the strength of the atomic bonds of the nickel atoms. When there is a lattice defect on the surface of a lattice, the coordination number (CN) of the atoms that form the defect decreases. As a result, the remaining atomic bonds shorten and deform; this increases the strength of the remaining bonds of the nickel atoms on the walls in and around the tubercles. These atomic CN imperfections induce bond contraction and the associated bond-strength gain deepens the potential well of the trapping in the surface skin. This CN reduction also produces an increase of charge density, energy, and mass of the enclosed hydrogen contained in the relaxed surface skin imperfection. This increased density is far higher than it normally would be at other sites inside the solid. Because of this energy densification, surface stress and tension that is in the dimension of energy density will increase in the relaxed region of the disruption lattice bonds. For example, when a nickel wall lattice phonon wave breaks upon the surface imperfection, it is amplified by the abrupt discontinuity in the lattice and is concentrated by the increased bond-order-length-strength (BOLS) of the nickel atoms that form the walls of the cavity. His phonon behavior is highly improbable is a simple pile of nano-powder. This tight coupling allows the thermodynamic feedback mechanism to control and mediate the reaction. It also amplifies and focuses the compressive effects that phonons have on the hydrogen (Rydberg atoms) contained in the lattice defects. These defects increase the intensity of the electron screening because of the increased bond tension inside the defects. Nano-defects are very tough. This toughness and associated resistance to melting and stress is conducive to the production of high pressure inside the defect. Rossi has stated that his temperature of his nano-powder can reach 1600C before it melts. Nano-powder usually melts well below the 1350c melting point of bulk nickel in a regular lattice. This revelation
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
Hi Damon, I hope your piping is better than class 150, and your fittings better than schedule 40. Preferably you would want to use class 3000 pipe and schedule 80 fittings of 316/316L stainless steal. The strength of stainless steal Thank you for the safety concern. I'm using schedule 40 pipe and fittings. I looked at schedule 160, but the fittings are hard to find and expensive.. so instead, I assume my rig could explode and stay 100m away when heating. I run my experiments remotely using LabView via Remote Desktop and a solid state relay to turn on/off the heat. Also, I can monitor the pressure gauges from my webcam, and so far I haven't seen any real pressure increase when increasing the temp from 20 to 250C. Will try some simple and safe catalysts next. (Mg,Ti, MnO2) - Brad
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
You can buy commercial pressure relief valves which will prevent an explosion. See globalspec.com T
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
What are the exact details of your setup and runs so far? In mutual service, Rich Murray rmfor...@gmail.com 505-819-7388 On Thu, Jul 21, 2011 at 9:33 AM, ecat builder ecatbuil...@gmail.com wrote: Hi Damon, I hope your piping is better than class 150, and your fittings better than schedule 40. Preferably you would want to use class 3000 pipe and schedule 80 fittings of 316/316L stainless steal. The strength of stainless steal Thank you for the safety concern. I'm using schedule 40 pipe and fittings. I looked at schedule 160, but the fittings are hard to find and expensive.. so instead, I assume my rig could explode and stay 100m away when heating. I run my experiments remotely using LabView via Remote Desktop and a solid state relay to turn on/off the heat. Also, I can monitor the pressure gauges from my webcam, and so far I haven't seen any real pressure increase when increasing the temp from 20 to 250C. Will try some simple and safe catalysts next. (Mg,Ti, MnO2) - Brad
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
A few replies: Terry: Thanks for the link. If I start to see pressure exceed 300PSI (20 bars) I'll think about a rupture disk (but at what pressure?). So far I'm pressurizing up to 150 PSI (10 bars) and with mild heating it has not increased more than a few PSI. (I haven't logged pressure very carefully since my webcam can't read the gauge well at a distance, but definitely the needle isn't climbing much.) Rich: So far I'm just working with Ni powder + H (10 bars) + Heat (250C). The 30nm Ni powder is lightly packed in a test tube with steel wool help the hydrogen circulate. No anomalous heat detected. I am posting my results to http://ecatbuilder.com/builders/bhlowe and I'm working on posting actual results (time, temps, heater voltage) rather than just simple graphs. Robert/Peter: The Piantelli/Focardi methods of degassing is very interesting to me. I'd love to try to replicate, but my vacuum pump is not that powerful. Here are some experiments that have shown excess heat: http://newenergytimes.com/v2/library/2004/2004CampariEGoverviewOfH-NiSystems.pdf(but none use nickel in powder form...) Bastiaan: I am in the San Francisco Bay Area too, near Walnut Creek. I would be happy to chat or visit, take suggestions. I am bhlowe on skype. - Brad
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
Brad, Shouldn't an EM be applied into the powder? Loading with gas only won't work.
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
I will attempt to address this question from ecat builder: “Does the catalyst convert hydrogen to H+? Is there something else to try? What would you like to see tried for a catalyst?” First some background quoted from ecatrepor: “although one might first think “the finer the better” because the finer the powder the more surface area per volume you get, this is not the case. Because in order to reach useful reaction rates with hydrogen, the powder needs to processed in a way that leads to amplified tubercles on the surface of his nano-powder. The tubercles are essential in order for the reaction rate to reach levels high enough for the implied total power output per volume or mass to reach orders of magnitude kW/kg – this level of power density is required for any useful application of the process. Rossi tells that he worked every waking hour for six months straight, trying dozens of combinations to find the optimal powder size for the Energy Catalyzer, or E-Cat. He further stresses that specific data about the final optimal grain size cannot be revealed, but can tell us that the most efficient grain size is more in the micrometer range rather than the nanometer range.” I remember seeing a picture of the Rossi stippled catalyst surface in pictures of his catalyst shown in his patent. This surface was bumpy and lumpy; and in my opinion, it was the surface wall of the reaction vessel and not an image of a pile of nano-powder. From the patens of interest listed in the Rossi patent, I believe that Rossi produces such a mottled nickel surface by using a technique commonly found in the fabrication of artificial joints by medical device manufacturers. This technique produces the rough bone facing surface of metal knee or hip joints. The process involves “Inorganic Nanoparticles as Protein Mimics”. There has been a recently developed biomedical technology that produces metal surfaces that bond well with bone; a metal surface scaffold that optimizes bone growth onto and into the surface of these artificial joints. But there are many ways to skin a cat. There may be an easier way to get to the same result. An easier way to produce that pimpled nickel surface might be to first powder coat the inside surface of the stainless steel reaction vessel with 10 nm nickel oxide nano-powder, next to heat the stainless steel reaction vessel to just under melting temperature to imbed the powder onto the surface of the stainless steel. Nickel oxide nano-powder will not melt or deform during this heating process because it has a much higher melting temperature than stainless steel. The nano-powder will retain its randomized and ruggedize shape throughout the powder plating process. Then when all is cooled in a hydrogen packing process to remove oxygen, expose the newly dimpled and roughened surface to hydrogen to plate out a newly roughened pure nickel surface to expose these pure nickel bumps. Now for some theory; a bumpy surface of the lattice wall is required to activate the Rossi process because such a surface will ionize the exotic hydrogen molecules that the pressurized hydrogen envelope will produce. The bumpy surface of a nickel lattice will “field-ionized” the Rydberg atoms in a highly excited hydrogen envelope that hug the surface of the reaction vessel. This phenomenon may be visualized as arising from the interaction of the Rydberg atom with the electric fields due to its electrostatic “image.” Compared to a hydrogen atom in the ground state, a Rydberg atom has an enhanced susceptibility to these fields. This is because the Rydberg electron experiences a greatly reduced electric field from the ion core due to their larger average separation. Polycrystalline metal surfaces of the nickel lattice will generate inhomogeneous “patch” electric fields outside its surface. These electrostatic fields also influence Rydberg atoms, potentially causing both level shifts and ionization and competing with the more intrinsic image charge effects. In general, patch fields arise from the individual nano-grains of a polycrystalline lattice surface exposing different crystal faces of the individual nano-crystals. Each of these faces has a different work function due to differing surface dipole layers. For example, Singh-Miller and Marzari have recently calculated the work functions of the (111), (100), and (110) surfaces of gold and found 5.15, 5.10, and 5.04 eV, respectively. These differing work functions correspond to potential differences just outside the surface beyond the dipole layer. Consequently, charge density must be redistributed on the surface to satisfy the electrostatic boundary conditions, producing macroscopic electric fields. While patch fields were first discussed extensively in the context of thermionic emission they are present near polycrystalline metal structures of any type, including electrodes and electrostatic
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
Hi Axil: As usual, very interesting.. and way over my head.. Dimpling and bringing something up to the temperature of melting stainless steel is beyond my ability.. but hopefully others are listening and can try.. I'm not sure that powder coating the reactor wall is required to get transmutation. Exactly how much Ni powder is in a reactor is undisclosed, but in the presumably reviewed by Rossi paper http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=473 (30% of Ni transmutes to Cu) it says “One hundred grams of nickel powder can power a 10 kW unit for a minimum of six months”. How do you put 100 grams of Ni on the surface of the 50cm3 reactor wall? Maybe a rolled tube of material powder coated with Ni. For manufacturing purposes, some kind of mass-produced roll of material seems plausible.. but again, Rossi showed a sample of Nickel powder that had been used in a reaction... and I assume it wasn't scraped off the reactor. I don't expect I can get Rossi level results, but I would be thrilled if I or anyone could get a few measurable degrees difference, or some other type of confirmation that transmutation is occurring. For now, my pile of Ni powder in steel wool is all I can do.. but would be happy to accept any Ni samples that might have tubercles on them! As far as lithium and potassium catalysts, does that mean just raw K or Li or should I use KH or LiH? Or something else? Thanks for your insight. - Brad
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
The evidence for nano-powder welding as one of Rossi’s secrets is strong but circumstantial in the 10kw unit whose reaction vessel volume is 1 liter. First, the 100 gram pure nickel nano-powder fills only 1% of the volume of this one liter reaction vessel. This small amount of powder cannot be “packed” in such a large volume. A 100 gram pile of nano-powder would form a small clump at the bottom of the reaction vessel. If all the heat came from this small 100 gram pile of powder, the pile would burn a hole in the reaction vessel through the formation of a very hot spot. Second, Rossi said that the powder can reach a temperature of 1600C. Nickel Nano-powder will melt and/or degrade well below this melting point (1000C?) of the bulk material at 1350C. Third, the ash of the Rossi reactor he gave to the Swedes contains 10% iron that Rossi said was not produced through the action of transmutation from the reaction,,, but was produced by “scrubbing”; a Rossi quote. Forth, the nuclear heat that will have been produced by a pile of nano-powder throughout the entire though minuscule volume of this powder will be poorly conducted through that volume. This is caused by the randomized surface structures and associated protuberances and irregularities of each nano-powder particle. This porcupine like tubules will keep the surfaces of each nano-particle from mating flush with its neighbors to make efficient transfer of heat impossible to all the surrounding walls of the reaction vessel; in sum, any heat conduction through the volume of such a powder will be very poor. By contrast in support of the powder coating case, Rossi is using tubercles to increase the cross-section of his reaction well over what can be produced in a well ordered smooth nickel lattice. A tubercle is atomic mound of randomized topology created on the metal’s surface. Rossi is using these tubercles to disrupt the regularity of the nickel lattice to increase the strength of the atomic bonds of the nickel atoms. When there is a lattice defect on the surface of a lattice, the coordination number (CN) of the atoms that form the defect decreases. As a result, the remaining atomic bonds shorten and deform; this increases the strength of the remaining bonds of the nickel atoms on the walls in and around the tubercles. These atomic CN imperfections induce bond contraction and the associated bond-strength gain deepens the potential well of the trapping in the surface skin. This CN reduction also produces an increase of charge density, energy, and mass of the enclosed hydrogen contained in the relaxed surface skin imperfection. This increased density is far higher than it normally would be at other sites inside the solid. Because of this energy densification, surface stress and tension that is in the dimension of energy density will increase in the relaxed region of the disruption lattice bonds. For example, when a nickel wall lattice phonon wave breaks upon the surface imperfection, it is amplified by the abrupt discontinuity in the lattice and is concentrated by the increased bond-order-length-strength (BOLS) of the nickel atoms that form the walls of the cavity. His phonon behavior is highly improbable is a simple pile of nano-powder. This tight coupling allows the thermodynamic feedback mechanism to control and mediate the reaction. It also amplifies and focuses the compressive effects that phonons have on the hydrogen (Rydberg atoms) contained in the lattice defects. These defects increase the intensity of the electron screening because of the increased bond tension inside the defects. Nano-defects are very tough. This toughness and associated resistance to melting and stress is conducive to the production of high pressure inside the defect. Rossi has stated that his temperature of his nano-powder can reach 1600C before it melts. Nano-powder usually melts well below the 1350c melting point of bulk nickel in a regular lattice. This revelation informs us how much Rossi has increased the strength and available atomic bond tension in his nano-powder. The smaller the dimensions of the lattice surface defect, the greater is the multiplier on the hardness and the resistance to stress compared to the smooth bulk material. These multiplier factors can range from 3 to 10 based on the properties of the bulk material. Multilayer sites that penetrate down through many lattice layers are more resilient than surface defects. There toughness is proportional to their detailed topology and therefore not generally determined. There is a certain minimum size which one reached reduces the hardness of the nano-defect site. This size is on the order of less than 10 nanometers. If you are interested in this subject read this paper for more theoretical background: http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/ecqsun/rtf/PSSC-size.pdf In steadfast service to our community; Axil On Thu, Jul 21, 2011 at 5:04 PM, ecat
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
I hope your piping is better than class 150, and your fittings better than schedule 40. Preferably you would want to use class 3000 pipe and schedule 80 fittings of 316/316L stainless steal. The strength of stainless steal decreases rapidly with an increase in temperature. I imaging, the same is true of steel. There's no convincing evidence that Rossi's pressure vessels operate above ~110 C nominal. Therefore you could be running with materials more weakened by temperature than Rossi's. You might google stainless steel yield strength vs temp if interested. On Mon, Jul 18, 2011 at 3:13 PM, ecat builder ecatbuil...@gmail.com wrote: Hi All, I have been trying to replicate the E-Cat transmutations in an open-source kind of way and I'm ready to start asking the community for suggestions on how to proceed. I have two identical reactors that I can pressurize with hydrogen up to 20 bars and heat to 300C. I can measure, graph, and log the temperatures of the two units as they are heated in parallel. One unit contains Ni powder, the other sand, and I am trying to replicate the transmutation of the nickel. (My whole setup is $2K) - Brad
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
It took me nearly 2 months to reverse enineer it, and come up with a parts list. On Mon, Jul 18, 2011 at 3:34 PM, Jed Rothwell jedrothw...@gmail.com wrote: It took Rossi 15 years and hundreds of tests to figure out how to make this work. Highly experienced experts are trying to replicate him, with some success, but nowhere near the high input to output ratios he reports. I do not think there is enough information publicly available to support an open source replication because it is not open source. It is secret. That is unfortunate but it is mainly the fault of the Patent Office. - Jed
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
ecat builder ecatbuil...@gmail.com wrote: I have been trying to replicate the E-Cat transmutations in an open-source kind of way and I'm ready to start asking the community for suggestions on how to proceed. It took Rossi 15 years and hundreds of tests to figure out how to make this work. Highly experienced experts are trying to replicate him, with some success, but nowhere near the high input to output ratios he reports. I do not think there is enough information publicly available to support an open source replication because it is not open source. It is secret. That is unfortunate but it is mainly the fault of the Patent Office. - Jed
RE: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
Good degassing references can be found in the Stremmenos interview on the 22Passi Blog: http://22passi.blogspot.com/2011/05/stremmenos-cold-fusion-will-solve.html?m=1 Also, references can be seen in Brian Ahern's replication efforts. Stremmenos observes that the oxidization coating the nano nickel may inhibit hydrogen permeability, but recent leaks seem to elude to another mechanism. Apparently, irregularities in the nickel surface may contribute to better reaction sites. (Look for larger-sized nickel with tubercules on the surface). Rossi said that in experimentation, he could look at the nickel surface and tell if the reaction was going to work Apparently, he discovered which characteristics to look for. As for the catalyst, one of the proposed chamber diagrams showed the catalyst as a coiled metal band inside the reactor. (I don't remember the video title, but it contained multiple 3-D CAD renderings of the reactor, with three possible permutations of reactor construction). Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2011 15:13:50 -0700 From: ecatbuil...@gmail.com To: vortex-l@eskimo.com Subject: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication Hi All, I have been trying to replicate the E-Cat transmutations in an open-source kind of way and I'm ready to start asking the community for suggestions on how to proceed. I have two identical reactors that I can pressurize with hydrogen up to 20 bars and heat to 300C. I can measure, graph, and log the temperatures of the two units as they are heated in parallel. One unit contains Ni powder, the other sand, and I am trying to replicate the transmutation of the nickel. (My whole setup is $2K) My first few experiments have been with just 30nm nickel powder and hydrogen at 8-9 bar pressure heated to 250C. So far, nothing obvious that suggests a reaction. I do not have radiation detection or a spectrometer, so I can only watch for a temperature difference. The two main unknowns are prepping the Ni powder and the mystery catalyst(s). My understanding is that the Ni should be degassed to remove oxides, or otherwise processed. Besides leaving my samples under 8.5 bars (120psi) of H pressure for a few days, I have not tried any preparation. (Isotopic enrichment is not an option.) I do have a vacuum pump, but don't have a step-by-step recipe for degassing or hydrogen loading. Suggestions welcome. Anyone know how to create tubercles on Ni powder?! The mystery catalyst list of possible suspects include: Ti, C, MnO2, Mn, Co, Na, NaO, Li, LiO, K, KO... Does the catalyst convert hydrogen to H+? Is there something else to try? What would you like to see tried for a catalyst? I created a simple wordpress blog where I will try to follow replicators. (ecatbuilder.com) I will write about my research and say what works and what doesn't. Hope to hear from those with constructive ideas for experiments. If you know of professional or novice replicators, please let me know. - Brad
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
At 06:13 PM 7/18/2011, ecat builder wrote: I created a simple wordpress blog where I will try to follow replicators. (http://ecatbuilder.comecatbuilder.com) I will write about my research and say what works and what doesn't. Hope to hear from those with constructive ideas for experiments. If you know of professional or novice replicators, please let me know. I'd like to know about them. For now, my suggestions: Think small. Think many tests at once. Figure out the minimum size that might show some measurable effect, if you get anywhere in the vicinity of a working composition, and then design your apparatus to test many, many of these at once, as many as possible. You can then run large numbers of explorations. The calorimetry doesn't need to be stellar, indeed, you might just be looking for a relatively small temperature increase over control cells. You can test promising materials, later, in more accurate ways. As I think of this, you have a thermocouple on each cell, you might have dozens or a hundred cells, even, with the data multiplexed. You'd load the cells with different materials, same mass in each cell, and the whole thing would be heated up to some operating temperature above the expected optiman level, with each cell's temperature being recorded during the heating, and during the cool-down. You would be looking for a bump. When you see one, if you see one, you'd then try a number of cells with those ingredients, looking for some reproducibility. Then you'd vary the parameters for those ingredients, running a range of values in a combined run, looking, say, to plot temperature behavior versus, say, the concentration of an ingredient, trying to find an OOP, an optimum operating point. Gradually, you will build up data on many different possible ingredients. Good luck finding any bumps. There may be false bumps, i.e., chemical effects. That's fine, you don't actually care -- not much, anyway. You'll sort this later. It is *comparative behavior* you are looking for. Once you find the best you can find, then you'd want to look to see if this is chemistry. That's my idea, any way.
Re: [Vo]:E-Cat open source replication
Be careful about high electric power inputs into a resistor in water in a small metal cell -- complex thermal corrosion, for example, cracks in resistor at high temperatures, may lead to electric shorting and arcing and explosion of the resistor, leading to disruption, chemical reaction, and explosion of the Ni powder in its stainless steel cell. How much is heat transfer reduced when the cell is almost completely filled with hot steam? Do careful preliminary studies with a very small cell to test what input electric power levels lead to resister damage and catastrophic failure. Most CF experiments are black boxes -- the reaction zones are hidden from view. Consider 2D cells with strong glass walls, maybe the superstrong glass used now for cell phone displays. To be safe, the network of experimenters must focus on the complex details of what actually happens in a standard very small cell. Can the runs be shared real-time to everyone via video on the Net? Also recorded, and conversations automatically transcribed. In mutual service, Rich Murray rmfor...@gmail.com 505-819-7388 thermal corrosion effects in the Rossi reactor -- recent posts: Rich Murray 2011.07.18 https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?hl=enshva=1#inbox/13129463f4f98e07 Vortex-L@eskimo.com discussion thread [Vo]:Estimated range of possible power shown by 2 ml/second water flow in a Rossi-type demonstration Rich Murray to vortex-l show details Jul 14 (3 days ago) The 15 seconds when Rossi waved the misty end of the black hose against the black sweater were the Waterloo of this mistaken claim... Any signs that his associates are starting to face this unwelcome reality? Rich Murray to michael, Rich, vortex-l show details Jul 14 (3 days ago) I examined the video frame by frame for the 15 frames that were part of the 15 seconds that showed the end of the black hose -- several frames clearly show the water mist expanding as a cone directly from the end of the hose -- thus no proof that invisible steam made it to the end of the 3 m hose. Examine the posts by Joshua Cude for clarifications by one far more capable than me... Every day so far is another day without clear-cut proof of actual excess heat output... fromRich Murray rmfor...@gmail.com to vortex-l@eskimo.com, michael barron mhbar...@gmail.com, Abd ul-Rahman Lomax a...@lomaxdesign.com, svj.orionwo...@gmail.com, stev...@newenergytimes.com, Rich Murray rmfor...@gmail.com, Rich Murray rmfor...@comcast.net, Joshua Cude joshua.c...@gmail.com, jpbiber...@yahoo.fr, b...@bobpark.org, danieldi...@gmail.com bcc h-ni_fus...@yahoogroups.com dateFri, Jul 15, 2011 at 10:10 AM subject Re: [Vo]:Estimated range of possible power shown by 2 ml/second water flow in a Rossi-type demonstration mailed-by gmail.com Well, since now it is pretty clear to many of us that none of the demos provide proof of excess heat, then the judgement call is whether to decide that there is no Rossi excess heat. I came up intuitively, out of my sensitive vapors, with the scenario that Rossi found that increasing the electric power input to the heating resistor, deep inside the active core of his reactor, still outside the 50 cc stainless steel chamber, full of nanopowder Ni and a catalyst, at some high level of power produced dozens of explosions, which he attributed to runaway LENR, converting N 62 and Ni 64 to Cu 63 and Cu65, with, if I recall his most recent interview correctly, 0.1 to 0.5 Mev gammas, easily shielded by a few cm of Pb, from intermediate radioactive isotopes with half-life up to a maximum of 20 minutes. I visualized with increasing input electric power with time of operation, increasing thermal conductivity resistance from the stainless steel chamber and the heating resistor (probably something like NiCr wire inside a high temperature insulating ceramic), due to decreasing heat flow transfer rates. 1. In the chamber, even 1 % mass of the 2 gm/sec input water flow being boiled into steam would produce 34 cc/sec steam, enough to bubble and froth the water in the chamber, steeply decreasing its ability to conduct heat by radiation, conduction, or complex convection -- so at some point of increasing input energy, the complex situation will reach and pass a trigger point of instability, leading to steeply increasing heat retention, temperature rise, melting of the metals, explosion of the resistor, complex chemical reactions from O2 dissolved in the city input water, H2 in the Ni nanopowder, Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni, the catalyst, and the resistor ceramic components, the Pd shielding, and finally the exterior insulation and Al, and atmospheric O2 and N2 -- do we know the actual volume inside the reactor, the witch's cauldron for the witch's brew? 2. The failure of the heating resistor would allow sudden transient added electrical arcing and shorting of the power supply, feeding the reactions and sustaining very high temperature chemistry -- which thus is a promising target for
