The Li and Al are going to be present in equal amounts in the fuel, but only the Al will show in the XRD. XRD has a pretty small spot and you can be pretty sure that the measurement diameter will not include much that is not the Ni particle. OTOH, SIMS is a much bigger spot size and it would be easy to pick up stray LiAlH4 in the fuel in the fringes of measurement.
So, in SIMS, why didn't we see the Al on the Ni fuel powder? It is somewhat of a mystery, but what is reported are the raw counts. SIMS is a micro-sputtering process, and it is possible that the Li atoms sputter like crazy, maybe orders of magnitude faster than the Al. IMHO, you would need to see some kind of equalized measurement by SIMS of LiAlH4 (for example) to see how it sputters. In other words, you would like an abundance equalization of the count based on the sputter rates. I suspect there is no Li on the Ni in the fuel, but chance particles of the LiAlH4 in the vicinity that are sputtered and the Li just sputters orders of magnitude faster than anything else. The Li counts are somewhat of a mystery, but not a compelling one. There is extremely little C in the system. The C that shows up is primarily from contamination by the conductive black tape to which the powders are adhered to place them in the XRD or SIMS instruments. Who knows in the story of the Fe? I can guess that the Fe could have gone in as nanopowder in the fuel and wouldn't have been noticed as a "particle" in the SEMs because of its small size. The nano Fe may dissolve in the molten Li-Al, and upon cooling, condense as a larger particle. If I were adding Fe to the mix, I would be inclined to add it as a nanopowder to help insure its dissolution in the molten Li-Al. On Sat, Jul 4, 2015 at 1:42 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote: > The Lugano report said that the nickel particle varient was the same > particle kind and the fuel was very find grained with a gray color. > > "All of the Ni becomes quickly surface coated with liquid Li-Al-H. " > > Not so. The nickel particles are covered by pure lithium from the fuel > (see below). No aluminum is found in the analysis and the lithium coat is > very thiin and uniform since the nanowire coat looks crip and sharp. > > The iron particle was not in the fuel to begin with. It must have formed > by some accretion process. The iron might be a transmutation product of > carbon, Iron was present in the fuel. There was a large amount of carbon > found in the fuel but none found in the ash. > > The liquid lithium may carry iron is a desolved form to condense in a > large particle. But no iron is found on the nickel particle so that speaks > against ion transport by liquid metal. > > The purity of the lithium on the surface of the nickel particle does not > support the idea of element transport by lithium metal, the only liquid at > play at reactor temperatures. > > Figure 9 shows a large amount of lithium on the nickel particles IN THE > FUEL. Rossi coated the nickel with lithium in the FUEL. Replicators do not > do this. They use untreated nickel powder. Have you all missed this? > > On Sat, Jul 4, 2015 at 2:52 PM, Bob Higgins <rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com> > wrote: > >> Note that there are many optimizations of carbonyl processing designed to >> produce, in particular, long strand connected particles with high surface >> area optimized for nickel metal hydride battery performance. I suspect >> that Rossi used a standard variant of this process that is available COTS. >> It is well known that Rossi has a history of using the Vale T255 grade - a >> jar of it was seen in one of his videos. It appears that in the Lugano >> fuel, the T255 was not used, but the Ni was probably another carbonyl >> variant. >> >> At high temperature (>300C) and in the presence of H2, the oxide readily >> is stripped from the Ni particle surface and other metals readily wet to >> the clean Ni surface. As the temperature continues to rise, the liquid >> Li-Al-H foams and froths as it releases its hydrogen. All of the Ni >> becomes quickly surface coated with liquid Li-Al-H. Much of the fine >> nanoscale Ni features dissolve in this metal and reach an equilibrium of Ni >> (~5%) dissolving into the melt AND condensing out of the melt back onto the >> particle surface. There could be a type of "co-deposition" of the Ni >> taking place with simultaneous deposition of Ni-H or with hydrogen anions. >> >> Also taking place at the same time is the sintering of the Ni. Wherever >> particles touch, they will grow together, and pull together into a more >> compact form. >> >> There is a tremendous amount of alumina present in the form of tubes and >> cement. It is hard to ascribe the alumina particle as part of the ash - it >> is probably just debris. >> >> The same cannot be readily said about the iron particle. Why such a >> large particle would be useful in the fuel is not clear, nor is it clear >> what happens to the iron in the liquid Li-Al (I am not a chemist). Li and >> Fe do form compounds such as LiFePO4. Perhaps some percentage of the Fe >> dissolves into the liquid Li-Al-H and enhances the liquid state reaction in >> some way. Perhaps it participates in the co-deposition on the surface of >> the Ni to enhance the liquid-solid metal interface LENR reaction. It is >> probably naive to think the large Fe particles in the fuel are there by >> chance, and probably also unreasonable to think they wouldn't dissolve in >> the very active liquid metal environment. Rossi is known to have used Fe >> in his low temperature eCat fuel. >> >> Bob Higgins >> >> >> On Fri, Jul 3, 2015 at 8:22 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote: >> >>> The nickel particles grains looks like they have moved around under the >>> influence of some EMF stimulation and have found each other. Electrostatic >>> abreaction can do this. There should be a strong dipole based electrostatic >>> attraction at work that takes advantage of the apparent EMF induced >>> vibratory particle movement in the fuel mix. It looks like the lithium >>> never recombines with the aluminum at 400C and above having found a home on >>> the surface of the Nickel particles, covering all the prticles completely >>> in a very thin layer. >>> >>> The aluminum forms it own particle as shown the formation of a huge >>> luminum oxide particle of over a 120 microns in length. I wount’t thing >>> this could happen with the aluminum not at its melting temperature. >>> >>> The iron particle is truly large being some 300 by 100 microns in size. >>> How could this particle be formed if it was not in the fuel to begin with. >>> The fuel was observed to be very fine grey particles. 300 microns is not >>> fine powder. >>> >>> >>> On Fri, Jul 3, 2015 at 9:54 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote: >>> >>>> in 8. fuel Analysis it states: >>>> >>>> The fuel contains natural nickel powder with a grain size of a few >>>> microns. >>>> >>>> so the nickel must move around at tempertures where lithium is liquid. >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> On Fri, Jul 3, 2015 at 7:48 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote: >>>> >>>>> I misunderstood the particle analysis in the Lugano report, On page 50 >>>>> of the Lugano report, I just realized that the nickel fuel particle had a >>>>> hugh natural abundance of pure lithium content. Its size may not have >>>>> changed between when it was fuel through the time that it became ash. It's >>>>> huge. Consistently, Table 1 also shows a lot of lithium in the fuel. This >>>>> particle configuration is not consistence with the commensally availible >>>>> nickel particles used by replications. That stuff is about 5 microns >>>>> average and contains lots of carbon but no lithium. Rossi has somehow >>>>> processed the commensally available particles to add lots of lithium. Did >>>>> Rossi give his COTS nickel particles some sort of lithium bath in a fuel >>>>> fabrication process. >>>>> >>>>> In figure 3, there is lots of carbon in particle 1. But in figure 9, >>>>> there was none. How can that be? The fuel should contain lots of carbon. >>>>> Why does fig. 9 not show any? Both types of test should have shown carbon, >>>>> >>>>> The nickel particles are huge at about 100 microns, There are a number >>>>> of them in the micrograph (a) on page 44. It is unlikely that nickel >>>>> particles can move around much in a particle fuel mixture with lithium >>>>> aluminum hydride powder. So how could they gather together in an >>>>> aggragation of such large numbers unless they came into the fuel mix as >>>>> 100 >>>>> Micron particles to begin with. >>>>> >>>>> If anybody has an explanation I am willing and able to be educated. >>>>> >>>> >>>> >>> >> >
