[Vo]:Dark matter hydrogen - a hybrid approach

[Jones Beene]

There seems to be a kernel of truth in most of the dense-hydrogen 
theories of the last 25 years, but the details are different. Perhaps it 
is useful to cherry-pick the juiciest fruit and come up with a more 
accurate hybrid to align the experiments to the theory.

If the Thermacore runaway reaction is replicated later this month, then 
one immediate goal is to explain the excess heat ... where a large mass 
of nickel (2000 grams or more) in the presence of hydrogen is raised to 
a trigger temperature, at which point the heat becomes self-sustaining 
and increasing until the nickel sinters and melts (without oxidizing) -- 
in the process destroying the reactor but without explosion or residual 
radioactivity.

Useful theories which are presently floating around are from Mills 
(hydrino) Holmlid (UDH) Mayer (quatrino) Meulenberg et al (DDL, 
femtohydrogen) Wigner (metallic hydrogen, 1936) Arata/Zhang 
(pycnohydrogen) Miley (IRH, inverted Rydberg hydrogen) Lawandy (unnamed 
2D cluster) Heffner (deflated hydrogen) and others. None of these seems 
to stands on its own, but all are intuitive.

The common feature of these theories is the densification of hydrogen 
due to electron dissociation or ground state redundancy. The hydrogen's 
electron can become almost stationary or "deflated," retaining charge 
but giving up some or all of its angular momentum, which is independent 
of the nucleus. One detail of Mayer's theory, not previously mentioned, 
seems to be a tie-in to Horace Heffner's various "deflated" fusion 
concepts, except for the geometric scale. Horace suggests nuclear 
fusion, but in the Thermacore runaway there is apparently no indication 
of fusion. Also the active geometric scale of Mayer is larger than 
Heffner and Holmlid (Compton scale instead of femtoscale).

Mayer's deflated and nearly static electrons serve the function of 
electrostatic charge to bind two protons, along with their own magnetic 
dipole self attraction - resulting in a quatrino with 25 keV binding 
energy. Importantly, this particle is bosonic. Clusters of these 
quatrinos may act collectively as a PPP (phonon-plasmon-polariton) at 
elevated temperature where IR glow becomes the most obvious feature.

The possibility of electromagnetic bound states in which the magnetic 
and electric forces are equal and counterbalancing - has been suggested 
before but Mayer frames it nicely. In this example, the electrostatic 
force between two electrons e2=r2 is comparable with the dipole-dipole 
magnetic force 2e=r4 at a distance r*com, where com is the electron 
Compton wavelength, about 2.4 picometers. Thus the active particle 
(quatrino) of Meyer is about 40 times less diameter or 64000 time 
"denser" (mass/volume) than ground state Bohr atom, but this turns out 
to be large, compared to Holmlid, for instance which is more dense. 
Mayer seems to provide a better fit than the others to experimental 
data. Mills posits 137 progressive steps instead of the single drop but 
there is no convincing evidence of this.

Several of the dense bound states involving leptons are found as 
solutions to the Dirac equation but most of Mills steps are not. The 
approach of Meulenberg is similar, but differs greatly in the details. 
The bottom line is that we do not need to ditch QM like Mills does - and 
in fact we need to embrace it, in order to explain the non-nuclear gain 
using QM entanglement of the PPP which is the active particulate.

All of the approaches above eventually result in a conversion of 
hydrogen into dense dark matter with energy gain. As a quatrino, the 
binding energy of ~25 keV is given up as heat during formation, but in 
practice, much or all of it has been "borrowed" to accomplish the 
reduced state. To explain the excess heat of the runaway, we need to 
invoke quantum entanglement, which benefits from a pre-embedded 
population of PPP dark matter.

This population of pre-embedded dark matter can come from nickel which 
was refined using the Sherritt Gordon process or it can come from 
extended pre-processing. When new hydrogen is admitted to the reactor 
and heated, the already present population of dark matter - which can be 
present in the range of 10 ppm, influences and catalyzes the 
densification of new hydrogen with a larger part of the 25 keV mass 
energy being surplus heat.

Curiously, the runaway reaction seems to be both non-nuclear and 
non-chemical. But it can be defined is an enhanced kind of non-valence 
chemistry - to the extent it involves energy depleted from electron 
angular momentum (as with Mills theory) ... but the gain per particle is 
far greater than traditional chemical, especially when electrons become 
completely deflated. The process can be called "supra-chemical" to 
differentiate from classical-chemical.

" Recomobination of hydrogen from the metallic state would release 216 
megajoules per kilogram; TNT only releases 4.2 megajoules per kilo"

Read more at: 
https://phys.org/news/2017-01-metallic-hydrogen-theory-reality.html#jCp
" Recomobination of hydrogen from the metallic state would release 216 
megajoules per kilogram; TNT only releases 4.2 megajoules per kilo"

Read more at: 
https://phys.org/news/2017-01-metallic-hydrogen-theory-reality.html#jCp