On Aug 4, 2026, at 8:29 AM, Filip Skokan <[email protected]> wrote:
Dear RFC Editor(s),
Thank you for the careful review. Our consolidated responses follow. Textual
changes use the requested OLD/NEW format.
1) The new BCP assignment is correct.
2) Global (document title)
OLD:
Cross-Device Flows: Security Best Current Practice
NEW:
Best Current Practice for Security of Cross-Device Flows
3) Section 1.2
OLD:
This flow may be streamlined by rendering the session transfer code as a QR
code on the Authorization Device and scanned by the Consumption Device.
NEW:
This flow may be streamlined by rendering the session transfer code as a QR
code on the Authorization Device and scanning it with the Consumption Device.
4) Section 1.2
OLD:
These flows are often used to add new devices to a network, onboard customers
to a mobile application, or provision new credentials (e.g., [OpenID.SIOPV2]).
NEW:
These flows are often used to add new devices to a network, onboard customers
to a mobile application, or provision new credentials (e.g., as described in
[OpenID.SIOPV2]).
5) Section 1.4
OLD:
This specification uses the terms "access token", "refresh token", "authorization server", "resource server",
"authorization endpoint", "authorization request", and "client" defined in "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework"
[RFC6749].
NEW:
This specification uses the terms "access token", "refresh token", "authorization server", "resource server",
"authorization request", and "client" defined in "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework" [RFC6749].
6) Section 2
OLD:
Section 3 provides details about susceptible protocols, and Section 4 provides
attack descriptions. Section 6.1 provides details about the security mechanisms
and mitigations, Section 6.2 provides protocol selection guidance, and Section
6.3 provides details from formal analysis of protocols that apply to
cross-device flows.
NEW:
Section 3 provides details about susceptible protocols, and Section 4 provides
attack descriptions. Section 5 provides an overview of existing protocols and
standards. Section 6.1 provides details about the security mechanisms and
mitigations, Section 6.2 provides protocol selection guidance, and Section 6.3
provides details from formal analysis of protocols that apply to cross-device
flows.
7) Section 3.3.8 (heading)
OLD:
Example A8: Access a Productivity Application
NEW:
Example A8: Access a Productivity Application (User-Transferred Authorization
Data Pattern)
Section 4.3.8
OLD:
Example B8: Account Takeover (User-Transferred Session Data Pattern)
This exploit applies to the use case described in Section 3.3.8.
An attacker wants to use some website that requires presentation of a
verifiable credential for authentication. The attacker creates a phishing
website, which will in real time capture login QR codes from the original
website and present these to the user. The attacker tries to get the user to
use the phishing website by sending messages by email or other messaging
technologies. The user scans the QR code on the phishing website, invokes their
digital wallet, and presents their credentials. Once the credentials are
presented, the original session from the attacker's device is authorized with
the user's credentials.
NEW:
Example B8: Account Takeover (User-Transferred Authorization Data Pattern)
This exploit applies to the use case described in Section 3.3.8.
An attacker obtains a user's credentials for a Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
application but cannot complete the authorization without the 6-digit
authorization code sent to the user's mobile phone. The attacker triggers the
authorization request, causing the Authorization Server to send a 6-digit
authorization code to the user's mobile phone. The attacker then contacts the
user, claiming to be from the CAD application's support desk and investigating
a problem with the user's account, and asks the user to read back the code they
have just received. Because the attacker has established the context for the
code, the user provides it. The attacker enters the code in the CAD application
and obtains access to the user's designs.
8) This change is superseded by the replacement text for Section 4.3.8 in
response 7.
9) Section 5
OLD:
An authorization server MAY use techniques such as device fingerprinting,
network address, or other techniques to detect if a cross-device protocol is
being used on the same device.
NEW:
An Authorization Server MAY use device fingerprinting, network address, or
other techniques to detect if a cross-device protocol is being used on the same
device.
10) Section 6.1.1
OLD:
The paragraph beginning "Note: There are scenarios that require that authorization
takes place..." is a normal paragraph.
NEW:
Place this paragraph in an <aside> element.
11) Section 6.1.5
OLD:
Some scenarios may require legitimate retransmission of user, QR, and
authorization data (e.g., retries).
NEW:
Some scenarios may require legitimate retransmission of user data, QR codes,
and authorization data (e.g., retries).
12) Section 6.1.8
OLD:
In some deployments, a trusted network may also be inferred using SIM or
network operator supplied information.
NEW:
In some deployments, a trusted network may also be inferred using information
supplied by a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) or the network operator.
13) Section 6.1.8
OLD:
Even if it is possible to deploy network-level controls, it SHOULD be used in
conjunction with other controls outlined in this document to achieve defense in
depth.
NEW:
Even if it is possible to deploy network-level controls, they SHOULD be used in
conjunction with other controls outlined in this document to achieve defense in
depth.
Section 6.1.11
OLD:
Therefore, it should be used along with other techniques to provide a
defense-in-depth defense against cross-device attacks.
NEW:
Therefore, they should be used along with other techniques to provide defense
in depth against cross-device attacks.
14) Section 6.2.1.4
OLD:
In addition to the security considerations section in the standard, it is
RECOMMENDED that one or more of the mitigations outlined in this document be
considered, especially mitigations that can help establish proximity or prevent
attackers from obtaining QR or user codes.
NEW:
In addition to the Security Considerations section in [RFC8628], it is
RECOMMENDED that one or more of the mitigations outlined in this document be
considered, especially mitigations that can help establish proximity or prevent
attackers from obtaining QR or user codes.
Section 6.2.2.4
OLD:
In addition to the security considerations section in the standard, it is
RECOMMENDED that one or more of the mitigations outlined in this document be
considered, especially mitigations that can help establish proximity or prevent
attackers from initiating authorization requests.
NEW:
In addition to the Security Considerations section in [CIBA], it is RECOMMENDED
that one or more of the mitigations outlined in this document be considered,
especially mitigations that can help establish proximity or prevent attackers
from initiating authorization requests.
15) Section 6.2.2.2
OLD:
Less susceptible to unauthenticated channel attacks, but still vulnerable to
attackers who know or can guess the user identifier and initiate an attack as
described in Section 4.3.4.1.
NEW:
CIBA is less susceptible to unauthenticated channel attacks, but it is still
vulnerable to attackers who know or can guess the user identifier and initiate
an attack as described in Section 4.3.4.1.
16) Section 6.2.3.2
OLD:
The CDA flow proves proximity by leveraging BLE advertisements for service
establishment, significantly reducing the susceptibility to any of the exploits
described in examples 1-6.
NEW:
The CDA flow proves proximity by leveraging BLE advertisements for service
establishment, significantly reducing the susceptibility to any of the exploits
described in examples B1-B6 in Section 4.3.
17) References
a) Please alphabetize the references.
b) The updates to [W3CWebAuthn], [OpenID.VP], [OpenID.Core], and [W3C.DCAPI]
look correct.
c) The update to [NEWDCPHISH] looks correct.
d) The update to [DCATTACK] looks correct.
18) Global terminology
OLD:
Mixed use of "Authorization Server" and "authorization server".
NEW:
Use "Authorization Server" consistently.
OLD:
Mixed use of "sender-constrained tokens" and "sender-constraining tokens".
NEW:
Use "sender-constrained tokens" consistently.
OLD:
Mixed forms of "defense in depth".
NEW:
Use "defense in depth" as a noun phrase and "defense-in-depth" when used
attributively. No definition in Section 1.4 is needed.
OLD:
Pattern names use inconsistent capitalization.
NEW:
Capitalize pattern names consistently, including:
User-Transferred Session Data Pattern
Backchannel-Transferred Session Pattern
User-Transferred Authorization Data Pattern
Cross-Device Session Transfer Pattern
OLD:
Device Authorization Grant
Authorization Code Grant
Authorization Code Flow
NEW:
device authorization grant
authorization code grant
authorization code flow
No changes are required to the different forms of "user code" and "QR code"
listed in question 18(d).
19) Abbreviations
a) "Proof Key for Code Exchange (PKCE)" is correct.
b) Section 6.1.7
OLD:
Trusted devices MAY have their identities rooted in hardware (e.g., a TPM or
equivalent technology).
NEW:
Trusted devices MAY have their identities rooted in hardware (e.g., a Trusted
Platform Module (TPM) or equivalent technology).
SIM is expanded in the response to question 12.
FAPI has no current official expansion. Please refer to it as "OpenID FAPI". If
a link is useful, the working group page is https://openid.net/wg/fapi/.
SATMC is the name of the tool and should remain unexpanded.
c) Global
OLD:
Client-Initiated Backchannel Authentication is expanded repeatedly.
NEW:
Expand the first occurrence as "Client-Initiated Backchannel Authentication (CIBA)" and
use "CIBA" thereafter.
20) Global
The terms "native client" and "native apps" should remain unchanged.
OLD:
traditional phishing attacks
NEW:
conventional phishing attacks
Thank you,
Pieter, Daniel, and Filip
On Fri, 31 Jul 2026 at 06:42, <[email protected]> wrote:
Authors,
While reviewing this document during Final Review, please resolve (as
necessary) the following questions, which are also in the source file.
1) <!--[rfced] This document has been assigned a new BCP number. Please let us
know if this is not correct (i.e., it should be part of an existing BCP).
See the complete list of BCPs here:
https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcps
-->
2) <!-- [rfced] May we update the document title as follows to align with other
RFC
titles that include "Best Current Practice"?
Original:
Cross-Device Flows: Security Best Current Practice
Perhaps:
Best Current Practice for Security of Cross-Device Flows
-->
3) <!-- [rfced] In the text below, how may we clarify "and scanned by"?
Original:
This flow may be streamlined by rendering the
session transfer code as a QR code on the Authorization Device and
scanned by the Consumption Device.
Perhaps A:
This flow may be streamlined by rendering the
session transfer code as a QR code on the Authorization Device and
scanning it with the Consumption Device.
Perhaps B:
This flow may be streamlined by rendering the
session transfer code as a QR code on the Authorization Device that is
scanned by the Consumption Device.
-->
4) <!-- [rfced] How may we clarify "(e.g., [OpenID.SIOPV2])" here? Is the intent
"(e.g., as described in [OpenID.SIOPV2])"?
Original:
These flows are
often used to add new devices to a network, onboard customers to a
mobile application, or provision new credentials (e.g.,
[OpenID.SIOPV2]).
Perhaps:
These flows are
often used to add new devices to a network, onboard customers to a
mobile application, or provision new credentials (e.g., as described in
[OpenID.SIOPV2]).
-->
5) <!-- [rfced] The term "authorization endpoint" is listed in Section 1.4 but
is
not used elsewhere in the document. Should it be removed from Section 1.4?
-->
6) <!-- [rfced] Should Section 5 be mentioned in this paragraph? If so, please
provide the text.
Current:
Section 3 provides details about susceptible protocols, and Section 4
provides attack descriptions. Section 6.1 provides details about the
security mechanisms and mitigations, Section 6.2 provides protocol
selection guidance, and Section 6.3 provides details from formal
analysis of protocols that apply to cross-device flows.
-->
7) <!-- [rfced] We note empty parentheses in the section title below. We have
removed them, but please review and let us know if you would like to add any
text to them. We see that other subsections of Section 3.3 have parentheses that
indicate the applicable pattern.
Original:
3.3.8. Example A8: Access a Productivity Application ()
-->
8) <!-- [rfced] May we move "in real time" as shown below to improve the flow of
this sentence?
Original:
The attacker creates a
phishing website which will in real time capture log-in QR Codes from
the original website and present these to the user.
Perhaps:
The attacker creates a
phishing website, which will capture login QR codes from
the original website and present them to the user in real time.
-->
9) <!-- [rfced] May we update this sentence to avoid using "techniques" twice?
Original:
An authorization server MAY use techniques such as device
fingerprinting, network address or other techniques to detect if a
cross-device protocol is being used on the same device.
Perhaps:
An authorization server MAY use device
fingerprinting, network address, or other techniques to detect if a
cross-device protocol is being used on the same device.
-->
10) <!-- [rfced] Please review whether the note in Section 6.1.1 (i.e., the text
prefaced with "Note:") should be in the <aside> element. It is defined as "a
container for content that is semantically less important or tangential to the
content that surrounds it"
(https://authors.ietf.org/en/rfcxml-vocabulary#aside).
-->
11) <!-- [rfced] Should "of user, QR and authorization data" be updated as
follows?
Original:
Some scenarios may require legitimate re-transmission
of user, QR and authorization data (e.g., retries).
Perhaps:
Some scenarios may require legitimate retransmission
of user codes, QR codes, and authorization data (e.g., retries).
-->
12) <!-- [rfced] Is the information supplied by the network operator (Perhaps
A) or by SIM or the network operator (Perhaps B)?
Original:
In some deployments a trusted network may also
be inferred using SIM or network operator supplied information.
Perhaps A:
In some deployments, a trusted network may also
be inferred using SIM or information supplied by the network operator.
Perhaps B:
In some deployments, a trusted network may also
be inferred using information supplied by SIM or the network operator.
-->
13) <!-- [rfced] We have a question about "it SHOULD", which appears in the
second
sentence of each block of text below (first sentence is included for context).
Should "it SHOULD" be updated to "they SHOULD", "this mitigation SHOULD", or
something similar? We believe that the pronoun "it" refers to "network-level
controls" in the first text block and to "rate limits" in the second text block.
Original:
*Limitations:* Network level controls may not always be feasible,
especially when dealing with consumer scenarios where the network may
not be under control of the service provider. Even if it is possible
to deploy network level controls, it SHOULD be used in conjunction
with other controls outlined in this document to achieve defence in-
depth.
...
*Limitations:* Rate limits are effective at slowing an attacker down
and help to degrade scaled attacks, but they do not prevent more
targeted attacks that are executed with lower volumes and velocity.
Therefore, it should be used along with other techniques to provide a
defense-in-depth defense against cross-device attacks.
Perhaps:
*Limitations:* Network-level controls may not always be feasible,
especially when dealing with consumer scenarios where the network may
not be under control of the service provider. Even if it is possible
to deploy network-level controls, they SHOULD be used in conjunction
with other controls outlined in this document to achieve defense in
depth.
...
*Limitations:* Rate limits are effective at slowing an attacker down
and help to degrade scaled attacks, but they do not prevent more
targeted attacks that are executed with lower volumes and velocity.
Therefore, they should be used along with other techniques to provide a
defense-in-depth defense against cross-device attacks.
-->
14) <!-- [rfced] In the sentences below, would it be helpful to clarify "the
standard"?
Original:
In addition to the security considerations section in the standard,
it is RECOMMENDED that one or more of the mitigations outlined in
this document be considered, especially mitigations that can help
establish proximity or prevent attackers from obtaining QR or user
codes.
...
In addition to the security considerations section in the standard,
it is RECOMMENDED that one or more of the mitigations outlined in
this document be considered, especially mitigations that can help
establish proximity or prevent attackers from initiating
authorization requests.
Perhaps:
In addition to the Security Considerations section in [RFC8628],
it is RECOMMENDED that one or more of the mitigations outlined in
this document be considered, especially mitigations that can help
establish proximity or prevent attackers from obtaining QR or user
codes.
...
In addition to the Security Considerations section in [CIBA],
it is RECOMMENDED that one or more of the mitigations outlined in
this document be considered, especially mitigations that can help
establish proximity or prevent attackers from initiating
authorization requests.
-->
15) <!-- [rfced] What is the subject of the sentence below? Specifically, what
does
"less susceptible" refer to?
Original:
Less susceptible to unauthenticated channel attacks, but still
vulnerable to attackers who know or can guess the user identifier and
initiate an attack as described in Section 4.3.4.1.
Perhaps:
CIBA is less susceptible to unauthenticated channel attacks, but it is still
vulnerable to attackers who know or can guess the user identifier and
initiate an attack as described in Section 4.3.4.1.
-->
16) <!-- [rfced] Would adding a section number to indicate where readers can
find
examples 1-6 be helpful here? Also, should "examples 1-6" be updated to
"examples B1-B6"?
Original:
The Cross-Device Authentication flow proves proximity by leveraging
BLE advertisements for service establishment, significantly reducing
the susceptibility to any of the exploits described in Examples 1-6.
Perhaps:
The Cross-Device Authentication flow proves proximity by leveraging
BLE advertisements for service establishment, significantly reducing
the susceptibility to any of the exploits described in examples 1-6
in Section 4.3.
-->
17) <!-- [rfced] Please review the following questions regarding the References
section of this document:
a) Would you like the references to be alphabetized or left in their current
order?
b) FYI - The reference entries below contained outdated information based
on the URLs provided, so we have updated them to match the information
found at the URLs. Please review the changes made to the following
reference entries:
[W3CWebAuthn]
[OpenID.VP]
[OpenID.Core]
[W3C.DCAPI]
c) FYI - The original URL for the reference [NEWDCPHISH] is no longer valid
(https://o365blog.com/post/phishing/#new-phishing-technique-device-code-authentication).
It appears the author moved their blog to a new domain
(https://x.com/DrAzureAD/status/1579875043563438080). We have updated this
reference to use the newer URL.
Original:
[NEWDCPHISH]
Syynimaa, N., "Introducing a new phishing technique for
compromising Office 365 accounts", October 2020,
<https://o365blog.com/post/phishing/#new-phishing-
technique-device-code-authentication>.
Updated:
[NEWDCPHISH]
Syynimaa, N., "Introducing a new phishing technique for
compromising Office 365 accounts", October 2020,
<https://aadinternals.com/post/phishing/>.
d) FYI - The original URL for the reference [DCATTACK] redirects to an updated
page
(https://www.secureworks.com/blog/oauths-device-code-flow-abused-in-phishing-attacks).
It appears Secureworks was acquired by Sophos in February 2025
(https://www.sophos.com/en-us/secureworks-sophos-acquistion). We have updated
this reference to match the information at the new URL. Please let us know if
you have any objections.
Original:
[DCATTACK] Secureworks Counter Threat Unit (CTU), "OAuth's Device
Code Flow Abused in Phishing Attacks", August 2021,
<https://www.secureworks.com/blog/oauths-device-code-flow-
abused-in-phishing-attacks>.
Updated:
[DCATTACK] Secureworks Counter Threat Unit Research Team, "OAuth's
Device Code Flow Abused in Phishing Attacks", June 2021,
<https://www.sophos.com/en-us/blog/oauths-device-code-
flow-abused-in-phishing-attacks>.
-->
18) <!-- [rfced] Terminology
a) We note inconsistencies in the terms below throughout the text. Should these
be uniform? If so, please let us know which form is preferred.
Authorization Server
authorization server
sender-constrained tokens
sender-constraining tokens
defense in depth
defence in-depth
defence-in-depth defence
Note: We updated to use "defense" (with "s"). We see that the NIST Glossary, which is an informative reference for this
document, uses "defense-in-depth" with hyphens (see https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/defense_in_depth). This term has not been used
often in the RFC Series. We see a few instances of "defense in depth" (open) and "defense-in-depth" (hyphenated) in published
RFCs. The hyphenated forms are mostly used in the attributive position (i.e., before a noun) such as "defense-in-depth approach". Also will
readers know what this term means? Should it be added to Section 1.4 ("Conventions and Terminology")?
b) In general text, should the names of patterns be capitalized or lowercased?
We
see both forms in the document.
Lowercase:
Examples of the user-transferred authorization data pattern include
flows in which the Consumption Device requests the Authorization
Server ...
In the backchannel-transferred session pattern, the client requests
the authorization server to authenticate the user and obtain
authorization for an action.
In cross-device flows that follow the user-transferred authorization
data pattern, the client ...
Attackers exploit the user-transferred authorization data pattern by
combining the social engineering techniques ...
Capitalized:
... using the Backchannel-Transferred Session pattern only after
the user is already authenticated and attempts a high-value
transaction.
In the User-Transferred Session Data Pattern, users MAY enter out-of-
band information on the Consumption Device to start the authorization
process.
... on the primary device (Backchannel-Transferred Session
Pattern, Section 3.1.2).
... to approve the authentication
attempt on the primary device (User-Transferred Session Data
Pattern, Section 3.1.1).
c) Would you like to make the following capitalization changes per usage in RFCs
8628 and 6749? Or do you prefer the current capitalization?
"Device Authorization Grant" to "device authorization grant" (per RFC 8628)
"Authorization Code Grant" to "authorization code grant" (per RFC 6749)
"Authorization Code Flow" to "authorization code flow" (per RFC 6749)
d) We see the following forms in the document; we did not make any changes as
the meaning is clear, but let us know if you would like for the usage to be
consistent. Note that plurals of these forms also appear in the document.
user code or QR code
user or QR code
QR code or user code
QR or user code
-->
19) <!-- [rfced] Abbreviations
a) FYI - We have expanded the following abbreviation per Section 3.6 of RFC 7322
("RFC Style Guide"). Please review to ensure correctness.
Proof Key for Code Exchange (PKCE)
b) How may we expand the abbreviations below?
TPM
SIM
FAPI
SATMC
c) The abbreviation CIBA is expanded multiple times in the document; in fact,
it is expanded every time it is used except for two instances. Would you like
to expand the first instance in the text and then use the abbreviation after?
-->
20) <!-- [rfced] Please review the "Inclusive Language" portion of the online
Style Guide <https://www.rfc-editor.org/styleguide/part2/#inclusive_language>
and let us know if any changes are needed. Updates of this nature typically
result in more precise language, which is helpful for readers.
For example, please consider whether "native" and "traditional" should be
updated throughout.
While the NIST website
<https://web.archive.org/web/20250214092458/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/nist-technical-series-publications-author-instructions#table1>
indicates that "traditional" is potentially biased, it is also ambiguous.
"Traditional" is a subjective term, as it is not the same for everyone.
-->
Thank you.
Kaelin Foody and Rebecca VanRheenen
RFC Production Center
On Jul 30, 2026, at 9:38 PM, [email protected] wrote:
*****IMPORTANT*****
RFC Author(s):
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Please let us know if you have any questions.
Thank you for your cooperation,
RFC Editor
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RFC 10027 (draft-ietf-oauth-cross-device-security)
Title : Cross-Device Flows: Security Best Current Practice
Author(s) : P. Kasselman,
D. Fett,
F. Skokan
WG Chair(s) : Hannes Tschofenig, Rifaat Shekh-Yusef
Area Director(s) : Deb Cooley, Christopher Inacio
