http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/opennlp-sandbox/blob/1f97041b/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/ted/177ted_william_li.txt ---------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/ted/177ted_william_li.txt b/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/ted/177ted_william_li.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89e6353 --- /dev/null +++ b/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/ted/177ted_william_li.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +Good afternoon . There 's a medical revolution happening all around us , and it 's one that 's going to help us conquer some of society 's most dreaded conditions , including cancer . And the revolution is called angiogenesis , and it 's based on the process that our bodies use to grow blood vessels . So why should we care about blood vessels ? Well , the human body is literally packed with them , 60,000 miles worth in a typical adult . End to end , that would form a line that would circle the earth twice . The smallest blood vessels are called capillaries . We 've got 19 billion of them in our bodies . And these are the vessels of life , and , as I 'll show you , they can also be the vessels of death . Now the remarkable thing about blood vessels is that they have this ability to adapt to whatever environment they 're growing in . For example , in the liver they form channels to detoxify the blood . In the lung , they line air sacs for gas exchange . In muscle , they corkscrew so t hat muscles can contract without cutting off circulation . And in nerves , they course along like power lines , keeping those nerves alive . And we get most of these blood vessels when we 're actually still in the womb . And what that means is that , as adults , blood vessels do n't normally grow , except in a few special circumstances . In women , blood vessels grow every month to build the lining of the uterus . During pregnancy , they form the placenta , which connects mom and baby . And after injury , blood vessels actually have to grow under the scab in order to heal a wound . And this is actually what it looks like . Hundreds of blood vessels all growing to the center of the wound . So the body has the ability to regulate the amount of blood vessels that are present at any given time . And it does this through an elaborate and elegant system of checks and balances , stimulators and inhibitors of angiogenesis , such that , when we need a brief burst of blood vessels , the body can do this by releasing stimulators , proteins called angiogenic factors that act as natural fertilizer and stimulate new blood vessels to sprout . And when those excess vessels are no longer needed , the body prunes them back to baseline using naturally occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis . Now there are other situations where we start beneath the baseline , and we need to grow more blood vessels just to get back to normal levels . For example , after an injury . And a body can do that too , but only to that normal level , that set point . But what we now know is , for a number of diseases , there are defects in the system , where the body ca n't prune back extra blood vessels or ca n't grow enough new ones in the right place at the right time . And in these situations , angiogenesis is out of balance . And when angiogenesis is out of balance , a myriad of diseases result . For example , insufficient angiogenesis , not enough blood vessels , leads to wounds that do n't heal , hea rt attacks , legs without circulation , death from stroke , nerve damage . And on the other end , excessive angiogenesis , too many blood vessels , drives disease . And we see this in cancer , blindness , arthritis , obesity , Alzheimer 's disease . In total , there are more than 70 major diseases , affecting more than a billion people worldwide , that all look on the surface to be different from one another , but all actually share abnormal angiogenesis as their common denominator . And this realization is allowing us to reconceptualize the way that we actually approach these diseases by controlling angiogenesis . Now I 'm going to focus on cancer because angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer , every type of cancer . So here we go . This is a tumor , dark , gray , ominous mass growing inside a brain . And under the microscope , you can see hundreds of these brown staining blood vessels , capillaries that are feeding cancer cells , bringing oxygen and nutrients . But cancers do n't s tart out like this . And , in fact , cancers do n't start out with a blood supply . They start out as small , microscopic nests of cells That can only grow to one half a cubic millimeter in size . That 's the tip of a ballpoint pen . Then they ca n't get any larger because they do n't have a blood supply , so they do n't have enough oxygen or nutrients . And in fact , we 're probably forming these microscopic cancers all the time in our body . Autopsy studies from people who died in car accidents have shown that about 40 percent of women between the ages of 40 and 50 actually have microscopic cancers in their breasts . About 50 percent of men in their 50s and 60s have microscopic prostate cancers . And virtually 100 percent of us , by the time we reach our 70s , will have microscopic cancers growing in our thyroid . Yet , without a blood supply , most of these cancers will never become dangerous . Dr. Judah Folkman , who was my mentor , and who was the pioneer of the angiogenesis fi eld , once called this " cancer without disease . " So the body 's ability to balance angiogenesis , when it 's working properly , prevents blood vessels from feeding cancers . And this turns out to be one of our most important defense mechanisms against cancer . In fact , if you actually block angiogenesis and prevent blood vessels from ever reaching cancer cells , tumors simply ca n't grow up . But once angiogenesis occurs , cancers can grow exponentially . And this is actually how a cancer goes from being harmless to deadly . Cancer cells mutate and they gain the ability to release lots of those angiogenic factors , natural fertilizer , that tip the balance in favor of blood vessels invading the cancer . And once those vessels invade the cancer , it can expand , it can invade local tissues . And the same vessels that are feeding tumors , allow cancer cells to exit into the circulation as metastases . And , unfortunately , this late stage of cancer is the one at which it 's most l ikely to be diagnosed , when angiogenesis is already turned on , and cancer cells are growing like wild . So , if angiogenesis is a tipping point between a harmless cancer and a harmful one , then one major part of the angiogenesis revolution is a new approach to treating cancer by cutting off the blood supply . We call this antiangiogenic therapy , and it 's completely different from chemotherapy because it selectively aims at the blood vessels that are feeding the cancers . And we can do this because tumor blood vessels are unlike normal , healthy vessels we see in other places of the body . They 're abnormal ; they 're very poorly constructed ; and , because of that , they 're highly vulnerable to treatments that target them . In effect , when we give cancer patients antiangiogenic therapy -- here , an experimental drug for a glioma , which is a type of brain tumor -- you can see that there are dramatic changes that occur when the tumor is being starved . Here 's a woman with a b reast cancer being treated with the antiangiogenic drug called Avastin , which is FDA approved . And you can see that the halo of blood flow disappears after treatment . Well , I 've just shown you two very different types of cancer that both responded to antiangiogenic therapy . So , a few years ago , I asked myself , " Can we take this one step further , and treat other cancers , even in other species ? " So here is a nine year-old boxer named Milo who had a very agressive tumor called a malignant neurofibroma growing on his shoulder . It invaded into his lungs . His veterinarian only gave him three months to live . So we created a cocktail of antiangiogenic drugs that could be mixed into his dog food as well as an antiangiogenic cream that could be applied on the surface of the tumor . And within a few weeks of treatment , we were able to slow down that cancer 's growth such that we were ultimately able to extend milo 's survival to six times what the veterinarian had initially p redicted , all with a very good quality of life . And we subsequently treated more than 600 dogs . We have about a 60 percent response rate and improved survival for these pets that were about to be euthanized . So let me show you a couple of even more interesting examples . This is 20 year old dolphin living in Florida , and she had these lesions in her mouth that , over the course of three years , developed into invasive squamous cell cancers . So we created an antiangiogenic paste . We had it painted on top of the cancer three times a week . And over the course of seven months , the cancers completely disappeared , and the biopsies came back as normal . Here 's a cancer growing on the lip of a quarter horse named Guiness . It 's a very , very deadly type of cancer called an angiosarcoma . It had already spread to his lymph nodes , so we used an antiangiogenic skin cream for the lip and an oral cocktail , so we could treat from the inside as well as the outside . And over the cour se of six months , he experienced a complete remission . And here he is six years later , Guiness , with his very happy owner . ( Applause ) Now , obviously , antiangiogenic therapy could be used for a wide range of cancers . And , in fact , the first pioneering treatments , for people , as well as dogs , are already becoming available . There 's 12 different drugs , 11 different cancer types , but the real question is : How well do these work in practice ? So here 's actually the patient survival data from eight different types of cancer . And the bars represent survival time taken from the era in which there was only chemotherapy , or surgery , or radiation available . But starting in 2004 , when antiangiogenic therapies first became available , well you can see that there has been a 70 to 100 percent improvement in survival for people with kidney cancer , multiple myeloma , colorectal cancer , and gastrointestinal stromal tumors . That 's impressive . But for other tumors and can cer types , the improvements have only been modest . So I started asking myself , " Why have n't we been able to do better ? " And the answer , to me , is obvious ; we 're treating cancer too late in the game , when it 's already established , and , oftentimes , it 's already spread or metastasized . And as a doctor , I know that , once a disease progresses to an advanced stage , achieving a cure can be difficult , if not impossible . So I went back to the biology of angiogenesis and started thinking : Could the answer to cancer be preventing angiogenesis , beating cancer at its own game so the cancers could never become dangerous ? This could help healthy people as well as people who 've already beaten cancer once or twice and want to find a way to keep it from coming back . So to look for a way to prevent angiogenesis in cancer , I went back to look at cancer 's causes . And what really intrigued me was when I saw that diet accounts for 30 to 35 percent of environmentally caused c ancers . Now , the obvious thing is to think about what we could remove from our diet , what what to strip out , take away . But I actually took a completely opposite approach and began asking : What could we be adding to our diet that 's naturally antiangiogenic , that could boost the body 's defense system and beat back those blood vessels that are feeding cancers ? In other words , can we eat to starve cancer ? Well , the answer 's yes . And I 'm going to show you how . And our search for this has taken us to the market , the farm and to the spice cabinet because what we 've discovered is that mother nature has laced a large number of foods and beverages and herbs with naturally occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis . So here 's a test system we developed . At the center is a ring from which hundreds of blood vessels are growing out in a star burst fashion . And we can use this system to test dietary factors at concentrations that are obtainable by eating . So let me show you what happens when we put in an extract from red grapes . The active ingredient 's resveratrol . It 's also found in red wine . This inhibits abnormal angiogenesis by 60 percent . Here 's what happens when we add an extract from strawberries . It potently inhibits angiogenesis . And extract from soy beans . And here is a growing list of our antiangiogenic foods and beverages that we 're interested in studying . And for each food type , we believe there is different potencies within different strains and varietals . And we want to measure this because , well , while you 're eating a strawberry or drinking tea , why not select the one that 's most potent for preventing cancer . So here are four different teas that we 've tested . They 're all common ones , Chinese jasmine , Japanese sencha , Earl Grey and a special blend that we prepared . And you can see clearly that the teas vary in their potency from less potent to more potent . But what 's very cool is when we actually combined the two less potent teas together , the combination , the blend , is more potent than either one alone . This means there 's food synergy . Here 's some more data from our testing . Now , in the lab , we can simulate tumor angiogenesis represented here in a black bar . And using this system , we can test the potency of cancer drugs . So the shorter the bar , less angiogenesis , that 's good . And here are some common drugs that have been associated with reducing the risk of cancer in people . Statins , nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and a few others , they inhibit angiogenesis too . And here are the dietary factors going head to head against these drugs . You can see , they clearly hold their own and , in some cases , they 're more potent than the actual drugs . Soy , parsley , garlic , grapes , berries , I could go home and cook a tasty meal using these ingredients . So imagine if we could create the world 's first rating system in which we could score foods according to their antia ngiogenic cancer-preventative properties . And that 's what we 're doing right now . Now , I 've shown you a bunch of lab data , and so the real question is : What is the evidence in people that eating certain foods can reduce angiogenesis in cancer ? Well , the best example I know is a study of 79,000 men , followed over 20 years , in which it was found that men whom consumed cooked tomatoes two to three times a week had up to a 50 percent reduction in their risk of developing prostate cancer . Now , we know that tomatoes are a good source of lycopene , and lycopene is antiangiogenic . But what 's even more interesting from this study is that those men who did develop prostate cancer , those who ate more servings of tomato sauce actually had fewer blood vessels feeding their cancer . So this human study is a prime example of how antiangiogenic substances present in food and consumed at practical levels can impact on cancer . And we 're now studying the role of a healthy diet with D ean Ornish at UCSF and Tufts University on the role of this healthy diet on markers of angiogenesis that we can find in the bloodstream . Now , obviously , what I 've shared with you has some far-ranging implications even beyond cancer research . Because if we 're right , it could impact on consumer education , food services , public health and even the insurance industry . And , in fact , some insurance companies are already beginning to think along these lines . Check out this ad from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota . And for many people around the world , dietary cancer prevention may be the only practical solution because not everybody can afford expensive end-stage cancer treatments , but everybody could benefit from a healthy diet based on local , sustainable , antiangiogenic crops . Now , finally , I 've talked to you about food , and I 've talked to you about cancer , so there 's just one more disease that I have to tell you about and that 's obesity . Because it turns o ut that adipose tissue , fat , is highly angiogenesis dependent . And , like a tumor , fat grows when blood vessels grow . So the question is : Can we shrink fat by cutting off its blood supply ? So the top curve shows the body weight of a genetically obese mouse that eats nonstop , until it turns fat like this furry tennis ball . And the bottom curve is the weight of a normal mouse . If you take the obese mouse and give it an angiogenesis inhibitor , it loses weight . Stop the treatment , gains the weight back . Restart the treatment , loses the weight again . Stop the treatment , it gains the weight back . And , in fact , you can cycle the weight up and down simply by inhibiting angiogenesis . So this approach that we 're taking for cancer prevention may also have an application for obesity . The really , truly interesting thing about this is that we ca n't take these obese mice and make them lose more weight than what the normal mouse 's weight is supposed to be . In other words , we ca n't create supermodel mice . ( Laughter ) And this speaks to the role of angiogenesis in regulating healthy set points . Albert Szent-Gyorgi once said that , " Discovery consists of seeing what everyone has seen , and thinking what no one has thought . " I hope I 've convinced you that , for diseases like cancer , obesity and other conditions , that there may be a great power in attacking their common denominator , angiogenesis . And that 's what I think the world needs now . Thank you . ( Applause ) June Cohen : So these drugs are n't exactly -- they 're not exactly in mainstream cancer treatments right now . For anyone out here who has cancer , what would you recommend ? Do you recommend pursuing these treatments now , for most cancer patients ? William Li : So there are antiangiogenic treatments that are FDA approved . And if you 're a cancer patient or working for one or advocating for one , you should ask about them . And there are many clinical trials . The Angiogenesi s Foundation is following almost 300 companies , and there 's about 100 more drugs in that pipeline . So consider the approved ones , look for clinical trials , but then between what the doctor can do for you , we need to start asking what can we do for ourselves . And this is one of the themes that I 'm talking about is we can empower ourselves to do the things that doctors ca n't do for us , which is to use knowledge and take action . And if mother nature has given us some clues , we think that there might be a new future in the value of how we eat . And what we eat is really our chemotherapy three times a day . JC : Right . And along those lines , for people who might have risk factors for cancer , would you recommend pursuing any treatments sort of prophylactically or simply pursuing the right diet with lots of tomato sauce ? WL : Well , you know , there 's an abundant epidemiological evidence . And I think in the information age , it does n't take long to go to a credible sourc e like Pubmed , the National Library of Medicine , to look for epidemiological studies for cancer risk reduction based on diet and based on common medications . And that 's certainly something that anybody can look into . JC : Okay . Well , thank you so much . ( Applause ) \ No newline at end of file
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http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/opennlp-sandbox/blob/1f97041b/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/un/A/178un_A_AC252_L13.txt ---------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/un/A/178un_A_AC252_L13.txt b/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/un/A/178un_A_AC252_L13.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d942b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/opennlp-similarity/src/test/resources/style_recognizer/txt/un/A/178un_A_AC252_L13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +Ad Hoc Committee established by General Assembly resolution 51/210 of 17 December 1996 Eighth session 28 June-2 July 2004 Consolidated text prepared by the Bureau of the Committee Draft International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism The States Parties to this Convention , Having in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations concerning the maintenance of international peace and security and the promotion of good-neighbourliness and friendly relations and cooperation among States , Recalling the Declaration on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations of 24 October 1995 , Recognizing the right of all States to develop and apply nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and their legitimate interests in the potential benefits to be derived from the peaceful application of nuclear energy , Bearing in mind the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material of 1980 , Deeply concerned about the worldwide escal ation of acts of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations , Recalling also the Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism , annexed to General Assembly resolution 49/60 of 9 December 1994 , in which , inter alia , the States Members of the United Nations solemnly reaffirm their unequivocal condemnation of all acts , methods and practices of terrorism as criminal and unjustifiable , wherever and by whomever committed , including those which jeopardize the friendly relations among States and peoples and threaten the territorial integrity and security of States , Noting that the Declaration also encouraged States to review urgently the scope of the existing international legal provisions on the prevention , repression and elimination of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations , with the aim of ensuring that there is a comprehensive legal framework covering all aspects of the matter , Recalling General Assembly resolution 51/210 of 17 December 1996 and the D eclaration to Supplement the 1994 Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism annexed thereto , Recalling also that , pursuant to General Assembly resolution 51/210 , an ad hoc committee was established to elaborate , inter alia , an international convention for the suppression of acts of nuclear terrorism to supplement related existing international instruments , Noting that acts of nuclear terrorism may result in the gravest consequences and may pose a threat to international peace and security , Noting also that existing multilateral legal provisions do not adequately address those attacks , Being convinced of the urgent need to enhance international cooperation between States in devising and adopting effective and practical measures for the prevention of such acts of terrorism and for the prosecution and punishment of their perpetrators , Noting that the activities of military forces of States are governed by rules of international law outside of the framework o f this Convention and that the exclusion of certain actions from the coverage of this Convention does not condone or make lawful otherwise unlawful acts , or preclude prosecution under other laws , Have agreed as follows : Article 1 For the purposes of this Convention : â Radioactive material â means nuclear material and other radioactive substances which contain nuclides which undergo spontaneous disintegration ( a process accompanied by emission of one or more types of ionizing radiation , such as alpha- , beta- , neutron particles and gamma rays ) and which may , owing to their radiological or fissile properties , cause death , serious bodily injury or substantial damage to property or to the environment . â Nuclear material â means plutonium , except that with isotopic concentration exceeding 80 per cent in plutonium-238 ; uranium-233 ; uranium enriched in the isotopes 235 or 233 ; uranium containing the mixture of isotopes as occurring in nature other than in the form o f ore or ore residue ; or any material containing one or more of the foregoing ; Whereby â uranium enriched in the isotope 235 or 233 â means uranium containing the isotope 235 or 233 or both in an amount such that the abundance ratio of the sum of these isotopes to the isotope 238 is greater than the ratio of the isotope 235 to the isotope 238 occurring in nature . â Nuclear facility â means : ( a ) Any nuclear reactor , including reactors installed on vessels , vehicles , aircraft or space objects for use as an energy source in order to propel such vessels , vehicles , aircraft or space objects or for any other purpose ; ( b ) Any plant or conveyance being used for the production , storage , processing or transport of radioactive material . â Device â means : ( a ) Any nuclear explosive device ; or ( b ) Any radioactive material dispersal or radiation-emitting device which may , owing to its radiological properties , cause death , serious bodily injury or substantial d amage to property or the environment . â State or government facility â includes any permanent or temporary facility or conveyance that is used or occupied by representatives of a State , members of Government , the legislature or the judiciary or by officials or employees of a State or any other public authority or entity or by employees or officials of an intergovernmental organization in connection with their official duties . â Military forces of a State â means the armed forces of a State which are organized , trained and equipped under its internal law for the primary purpose of national defence or security and persons acting in support of those armed forces who are under their formal command , control and responsibility . Article 2 Any person commits an offence within the meaning of this Convention if that person unlawfully and intentionally : ( a ) Possesses radioactive material or makes or possesses a device : ( i ) With the intent to cause death or serious bodily i njury ; or ( ii ) With the intent to cause substantial damage to property or the environment ; ( b ) Uses in any way radioactive material or a device , or uses or damages a nuclear facility in a manner which releases or risks the release of radioactive material : ( i ) With the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury ; or ( ii ) With the intent to cause substantial damage to property or the environment ; or ( iii ) With the intent to compel a natural or legal person , an international organization or a State to do or refrain from doing an act . Any person also commits an offence if that person : ( a ) Threatens , under circumstances which indicate the credibility of the threat , to commit an offence as set forth in subparagraph 1 ( b ) of the present article ; or ( b ) Demands unlawfully and intentionally radioactive material , a device or a nuclear facility by threat , under circumstances which indicate the credibility of the threat , or by use of force . Any person also com mits an offence if that person attempts to commit an offence as set forth in paragraph 1 of the present article . Any person also commits an offence if that person : ( a ) Participates as an accomplice in an offence as set forth in paragraph 1 , 2 or 3 of the present article ; or ( b ) Organizes or directs others to commit an offence as set forth in paragraph 1 , 2 or 3 of the present article ; or ( c ) In any other way contributes to the commission of one or more offences as set forth in paragraph 1 , 2 or 3 of the present article by a group of persons acting with a common purpose ; such contribution shall be intentional and either be made with the aim of furthering the general criminal activity or purpose of the group or be made in the knowledge of the intention of the group to commit the offence or offences concerned . Article 3 This Convention shall not apply where the offence is committed within a single State , the alleged offender and the victims are nationals of that State , the alleged offender is found in the territory of that State and no other State has a basis under article 9 , paragraph 1 or paragraph 2 , to exercise jurisdiction , except that the provisions of articles 7 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 and 17 shall , as appropriate , apply in those cases . Article 4 Nothing in this Convention shall affect other rights , obligations and responsibilities of States and individuals under international law , in particular the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and international humanitarian law . The activities of armed forces during an armed conflict , as those terms are understood under international humanitarian law , which are governed by that law are not governed by this Convention , and the activities undertaken by military forces of a State in the exercise of their official duties , inasmuch as they are governed by other rules of international law , are not governed by this Convention . The provisions of paragraph 2 of the presen t article shall not be interpreted as condoning or making lawful otherwise unlawful acts , or precluding prosecution under other laws . This Convention does not address , nor can it be interpreted as addressing , in any way , the issue of the legality of the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons by States . Article 5 Each State Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary : ( a ) To establish as criminal offences under its national law the offences set forth in article 2 ; ( b ) To make those offences punishable by appropriate penalties which take into account the grave nature of these offences . Article 6 Each State Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary , including , where appropriate , domestic legislation , to ensure that criminal acts within the scope of this Convention , in particular where they are intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons , are under no circumstances justifia ble by considerations of a political , philosophical , ideological , racial , ethnic , religious or other similar nature and are punished by penalties consistent with their grave nature . Article 7 States Parties shall cooperate by : ( a ) Taking all practicable measures , including , if necessary , adapting their national law , to prevent and counter preparations in their respective territories for the commission within or outside their territories of the offences set forth in article 2 , including measures to prohibit in their territories illegal activities of persons , groups and organizations that encourage , instigate , organize , knowingly finance or knowingly provide technical assistance or information or engage in the perpetration of those offences ; ( b ) Exchanging accurate and verified information in accordance with their national law and in the manner of and subject to the conditions specified herein , and coordinating administrative and other measures taken as appropria te to detect , prevent , suppress and investigate the offences set forth in article 2 and also in order to institute criminal proceedings against persons alleged to have committed those crimes . In particular , a State Party shall take appropriate measures in order to inform without delay the other States referred to in article 9 in respect of the commission of the offences set forth in article 2 as well as preparations to commit such offences about which it has learned , and also to inform , where appropriate , international organizations . States Parties shall take appropriate measures consistent with their national law to protect the confidentiality of any information which they receive in confidence by virtue of the provisions of this Convention from another State Party or through participation in an activity carried out for the implementation of this Convention . If States Parties provide information to international organizations in confidence , steps shall be taken to ensure that the confidentiality of such information is protected . States Parties shall not be required by this Convention to provide any information which they are not permitted to communicate pursuant to national law or which would jeopardize the security of the State concerned or the physical protection of nuclear material . States Parties shall inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations of their competent authorities and liaison points responsible for sending and receiving the information referred to in the present article . The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall communicate such information regarding competent authorities and liaison points to all States Parties and the International Atomic Energy Agency . Such authorities and liaison points must be accessible on a continuous basis . Article 8 For purposes of preventing offences under this Convention , States Parties shall make every effort to adopt appropriate measures to ensure the protection of radioactive materi al , taking into account relevant recommendations and functions of the International Atomic Energy Agency . Article 9 Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences set forth in article 2 when : ( a ) The offence is committed in the territory of that State ; or ( b ) The offence is committed on board a vessel flying the flag of that State or an aircraft which is registered under the laws of that State at the time the offence is committed ; or ( c ) The offence is committed by a national of that State . A State Party may also establish its jurisdiction over any such offence when : ( a ) The offence is committed against a national of that State ; or ( b ) The offence is committed against a State or government facility of that State abroad , including an embassy or other diplomatic or consular premises of that State ; or ( c ) The offence is committed by a stateless person who has his or her habitual residence in the territ ory of that State ; or ( d ) The offence is committed in an attempt to compel that State to do or abstain from doing any act ; or ( e ) The offence is committed on board an aircraft which is operated by the Government of that State . Upon ratifying , accepting , approving or acceding to this Convention , each State Party shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the jurisdiction it has established under its national law in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article . Should any change take place , the State Party concerned shall immediately notify the Secretary-General . Each State Party shall likewise take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences set forth in article 2 in cases where the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not extradite that person to any of the States Parties which have established their jurisdiction in accordance with paragraph 1 or 2 of the present article . This Convention d oes not exclude the exercise of any criminal jurisdiction established by a State Party in accordance with its national law . Article 10 Upon receiving information that an offence set forth in article 2 has been committed or is being committed in the territory of a State Party or that a person who has committed or who is alleged to have committed such an offence may be present in its territory , the State Party concerned shall take such measures as may be necessary under its national law to investigate the facts contained in the information . Upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant , the State Party in whose territory the offender or alleged offender is present shall take the appropriate measures under its national law so as to ensure that person 's presence for the purpose of prosecution or extradition . Any person regarding whom the measures referred to in paragraph 2 of the present article are being taken shall be entitled to : ( a ) Communicate without delay with t he nearest appropriate representative of the State of which that person is a national or which is otherwise entitled to protect that person 's rights or , if that person is a stateless person , the State in the territory of which that person habitually resides ; ( b ) Be visited by a representative of that State ; ( c ) Be informed of that person 's rights under subparagraphs ( a ) and ( b ) . The rights referred to in paragraph 3 of the present article shall be exercised in conformity with the laws and regulations of the State in the territory of which the offender or alleged offender is present , subject to the provision that the said laws and regulations must enable full effect to be given to the purposes for which the rights accorded under paragraph 3 are intended . The provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 of the present article shall be without prejudice to the right of any State Party having a claim to jurisdiction in accordance with article 9 , subparagraph 1 ( c ) or 2 ( c ) , t o invite the International Committee of the Red Cross to communicate with and visit the alleged offender . When a State Party , pursuant to the present article , has taken a person into custody , it shall immediately notify , directly or through the Secretary-General of the United Nations , the States Parties which have established jurisdiction in accordance with article 9 , paragraphs 1 and 2 and , if it considers it advisable , any other interested States Parties , of the fact that that person is in custody and of the circumstances which warrant that person 's detention . The State which makes the investigation contemplated in paragraph 1 of the present article shall promptly inform the said States Parties of its findings and shall indicate whether it intends to exercise jurisdiction . Article 11 The State Party in the territory of which the alleged offender is present shall , in cases to which article 9 applies , if it does not extradite that person , be obliged , without excepti on whatsoever and whether or not the offence was committed in its territory , to submit the case without undue delay to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution , through proceedings in accordance with the laws of that State . Those authorities shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of any other offence of a grave nature under the law of that State . Whenever a State Party is permitted under its national law to extradite or otherwise surrender one of its nationals only upon the condition that the person will be returned to that State to serve the sentence imposed as a result of the trial or proceeding for which the extradition or surrender of the person was sought , and this State and the State seeking the extradition of the person agree with this option and other terms they may deem appropriate , such a conditional extradition or surrender shall be sufficient to discharge the obligation set forth in paragraph 1 of the present article . Article 1 2 Any person who is taken into custody or regarding whom any other measures are taken or proceedings are carried out pursuant to this Convention shall be guaranteed fair treatment , including enjoyment of all rights and guarantees in conformity with the law of the State in the territory of which that person is present and applicable provisions of international law , including international law of human rights . Article 13 The offences set forth in article 2 shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between any of the States Parties before the entry into force of this Convention . States Parties undertake to include such offences as extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be subsequently concluded between them . When a State Party which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another State Party with which it has no extradition treaty , the requested State Party ma y , at its option , consider this Convention as a legal basis for extradition in respect of the offences set forth in article 2. Extradition shall be subject to the other conditions provided by the law of the requested State . States Parties which do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognize the offences set forth in article 2 as extraditable offences between themselves , subject to the conditions provided by the law of the requested State . If necessary , the offences set forth in article 2 shall be treated , for the purposes of extradition between States Parties , as if they had been committed not only in the place in which they occurred but also in the territory of the States that have established jurisdiction in accordance with article 9 , paragraphs 1 and 2. The provisions of all extradition treaties and arrangements between States Parties with regard to offences set forth in article 2 shall be deemed to be modified as between States Parties to the extent that they are incompatible with this Convention . Article 14 States Parties shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with investigations or criminal or extradition proceedings brought in respect of the offences set forth in article 2 , including assistance in obtaining evidence at their disposal necessary for the proceedings . States Parties shall carry out their obligations under paragraph 1 of the present article in conformity with any treaties or other arrangements on mutual legal assistance that may exist between them . In the absence of such treaties or arrangements , States Parties shall afford one another assistance in accordance with their national law . Article 15 None of the offences set forth in article 2 shall be regarded , for the purposes of extradition or mutual legal assistance , as a political offence or as an offence connected with a political offence or as an offence inspired by political motives . Accordingly , a req uest for extradition or for mutual legal assistance based on such an offence may not be refused on the sole ground that it concerns a political offence or an offence connected with a political offence or an offence inspired by political motives . Article 16 Nothing in this Convention shall be interpreted as imposing an obligation to extradite or to afford mutual legal assistance if the requested State Party has substantial grounds for believing that the request for extradition for offences set forth in article 2 or for mutual legal assistance with respect to such offences has been made for the purpose of prosecuting or punishing a person on account of that person 's race , religion , nationality , ethnic origin or political opinion or that compliance with the request would cause prejudice to that person 's position for any of these reasons . Article 17 A person who is being detained or is serving a sentence in the territory of one State Party whose presence in another State Party is requested for purposes of testimony , identification or otherwise providing assistance in obtaining evidence for the investigation or prosecution of offences under this Convention may be transferred if the following conditions are met : ( a ) The person freely gives his or her informed consent ; and ( b ) The competent authorities of both States agree , subject to such conditions as those States may deem appropriate . For the purposes of the present article : ( a ) The State to which the person is transferred shall have the authority and obligation to keep the person transferred in custody , unless otherwise requested or authorized by the State from which the person was transferred ; ( b ) The State to which the person is transferred shall without delay implement its obligation to return the person to the custody of the State from which the person was transferred as agreed beforehand , or as otherwise agreed , by the competent authorities of both States ; ( c ) The State to which t he person is transferred shall not require the State from which the person was transferred to initiate extradition proceedings for the return of the person ; ( d ) The person transferred shall receive credit for service of the sentence being served in the State from which he was transferred for time spent in the custody of the State to which he was transferred . Unless the State Party from which a person is to be transferred in accordance with the present article so agrees , that person , whatever his or her nationality , shall not be prosecuted or detained or subjected to any other restriction of his or her personal liberty in the territory of the State to which that person is transferred in respect of acts or convictions anterior to his or her departure from the territory of the State from which such person was transferred . Article 18 Upon seizing or otherwise taking control of radioactive material , devices or nuclear facilities , following the commission of an offence set forth in article 2 , the State Party in possession of it shall : ( a ) Take steps to render harmless the radioactive material , device or nuclear facility ; ( b ) Ensure that any nuclear material is held in accordance with applicable International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards ; and ( c ) Have regard to physical protection recommendations and health and safety standards published by the International Atomic Energy Agency . Upon the completion of any proceedings connected with an offence set forth in article 2 , or sooner if required by international law , any radioactive material , device or nuclear facility shall be returned , after consultations ( in particular , regarding modalities of return and storage ) with the States Parties concerned to the State Party to which it belongs , to the State Party of which the natural or legal person owning such radioactive material , device or facility is a national or resident , or to the State Party from whose territory it was stolen or otherwis e unlawfully obtained . 3(1 ) Where a State Party is prohibited by national or international law from returning or accepting such radioactive material , device or nuclear facility or where the States Parties concerned so agree , subject to paragraph 3(2 ) of the present article , the State Party in possession of the radioactive material , devices or nuclear facilities shall continue to take the steps described in paragraph 1 of the present article ; such radioactive material , devices or nuclear facilities shall be used only for peaceful purposes . 3(2 ) Where it is not lawful for the State Party in possession of the radioactive material , devices or nuclear facilities to possess them , that State shall ensure that they are as soon as possible placed in the possession of a State for which such possession is lawful and which , where appropriate , has provided assurances consistent with the requirements of paragraph 1 of the present article in consultation with that State , for the pu rpose of rendering it harmless ; such radioactive material , devices or nuclear facilities shall be used only for peaceful purposes . If the radioactive material , devices or nuclear facilities referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of the present article do not belong to any of the States Parties or to a national or resident of a State Party or was not stolen or otherwise unlawfully obtained from the territory of a State Party , or if no State is willing to receive such item pursuant to paragraph 3 of the present article , a separate decision concerning its disposition shall , subject to paragraph 3(2 ) of the present article , be taken after consultations between the States concerned and any relevant international organizations . For the purposes of paragraphs 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 of the present article , the State Party in possession of the radioactive material , device or nuclear facility may request the assistance and cooperation of other States Parties , in particular the States Parties concerned , and any relevant international organizations , in particular the International Atomic Energy Agency . States Parties and the relevant international organizations are encouraged to provide assistance pursuant to this paragraph to the maximum extent possible . The States Parties involved in the disposition or retention of the radioactive material , device or nuclear facility pursuant to the present article shall inform the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency of the manner in which such an item was disposed of or retained . The Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency shall transmit the information to the other States Parties . In the event of any dissemination in connection with an offence set forth in article 2 , nothing in the present article shall affect in any way the rules of international law governing liability for nuclear damage , or other rules of international law . Article 19 The State Party where the alleged offender is prosecuted shall , in accordance with its national law or applicable procedures , communicate the final outcome of the proceedings to the Secretary-General of the United Nations , who shall transmit the information to the other States Parties . Article 20 States Parties shall conduct consultations with one another directly or through the Secretary-General of the United Nations , with the assistance of international organizations as necessary , to ensure effective implementation of this Convention . Article 21 The States Parties shall carry out their obligations under this Convention in a manner consistent with the principles of sovereign equality and territorial integrity of States and that of non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other States . Article 22 Nothing in this Convention entitles a State Party to undertake in the territory of another State Party the exercise of jurisdiction and performance of functions which are exclusively reserved for the authorities of that oth er State Party by its national law . Article 23 Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation within a reasonable time shall , at the request of one of them , be submitted to arbitration . If , within six months from the date of the request for arbitration , the parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration , any one of those parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice , by application , in conformity with the Statute of the Court . Each State may , at the time of signature , ratification , acceptance or approval of this Convention or accession thereto , declare that it does not consider itself bound by paragraph 1 of the present article . The other States Parties shall not be bound by paragraph 1 with respect to any State Party which has made such a reservation . Any State which has made a reservation in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article may at any time withdraw that reservation by notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations . Article 24 This Convention shall be open for signature by all States from ____________ until ____________ at United Nations Headquarters in New York . This Convention is subject to ratification , acceptance or approval . The instruments of ratification , acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations . This Convention shall be open to accession by any State . The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations . Article 25 This Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the date of the deposit of the twenty-second instrument of ratification , acceptance , approval or accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations . For each State ratifying , accepting , approving or acceding to the Convention after the deposit of the twenty-second i nstrument of ratification , acceptance , approval or accession , the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification , acceptance , approval or accession . Article 26 A State Party may propose an amendment to this Convention . The proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary , who circulates it immediately to all States Parties . If the majority of the States Parties request the Depositary to convene a Conference to consider the proposed amendments , the Depositary shall invite all States Parties to attend such a Conference to begin not sooner than three months after the invitations are issued . The Conference shall make every effort to ensure amendments are adopted by consensus . Should this not be possible , amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of all States Parties . Any amendment adopted at the Conference shall be promptly circulated by the Depositary to all States Parties . The amend ment adopted pursuant to paragraph 3 of the present article shall enter into force for each State Party that deposits its instrument of ratification , acceptance , accession or approval of the amendment on the thirtieth day after the date on which two thirds of the States Parties have deposited their relevant instrument . Thereafter , the amendment shall enter into force for any State Party on the thirtieth day after the date on which that State deposits its relevant instrument . Article 27 Any State Party may denounce this Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations . Denunciation shall take effect one year following the date on which notification is received by the Secretary-General of the United Nations . Article 28 The original of this Convention , of which the Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic , shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations , who shall send certified copies thereof to all States . In witness whereof , the undersigned , being duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments , have signed this Convention , opened for signature at United Nations Headquarters in New York on __________________ . General Assembly resolution 50/6 of 24 October 1995. \ No newline at end of file
