I was referring to strict homosexuality in humans. Granted, there probably are 
cases in which children of a (perhaps deceased) sibling or other close relative 
would be raised by a homosexual, thus raising his or her inclusive fitness, but 
such cases would be rare. The Darwinian fitness of a strict homosexual is, as a 
rule, zero. Helpers at the nest do forgo their own reproduction to help 
relatives raise offspring, but, as far as I know, there is no requirement for 
them to be homosexual.

Tom Culliney

From: Jonathan Colburn [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Thursday, March 28, 2013 10:05 AM
To: Culliney, Thomas W - APHIS
Subject: Re: [ECOLOG-L] Exclusive homosexuality


Hi Tom,

Respectfully, the Darwinian fitness sounds like inclusive fitness, which is 
often measured by reproductive success.  However, reproductive success of a 
homosexual is not always a good measure of their inclusive fitness (e.g. 
helpers at the nest).  Ultimately, any action that staves off fixation of 
alleles to zero is about as close as we can come to determining that something 
is inclusively fit...
On Mar 28, 2013 9:20 AM, "Culliney, Thomas W - APHIS" 
<[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> 
wrote:
I note that the albatross article mentioned the words "natural" and "normal." 
Homosexuality certainly is natural, as it occurs in nature, in animals from 
groups ranging from arthropods to mammals (who knows what goes on in the plant 
kingdom?). In all cases, there appears to be an adaptive reason for the 
behavior. However, in its reproductive consequences, exclusive or strict 
homosexuality, as exhibited in humans, cannot be considered normal sexual 
behavior. The Darwinian fitness of homosexuals is zero. To the extent that 
there is a genetic component to the behavior in humans, with their diverse 
sexuality, the trait undoubtedly persists in the population largely through the 
actions of bisexual individuals leading to the production of offspring.

The above is an argument strictly from a biological perspective, and is not a 
moral judgment. What two consenting adults do in private is their own business 
and no one else's.

Tom Culliney

-----Original Message-----
From: Ecological Society of America: grants, jobs, news 
[mailto:[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>] On Behalf 
Of Kristen Dybala
Sent: Wednesday, March 27, 2013 10:55 PM
To: [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>
Subject: Re: [ECOLOG-L] Expedition notice and question

Laysan albatrosses are a fairly well-known example. Here's a (lengthy) article 
describing it:
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/04/magazine/04animals-t.html?pagewanted=all

-Kristen


On Wed, Mar 27, 2013 at 6:53 PM, Merav Vonshak 
<[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> wrote:

> This story reminds me of a similar story - a male pair of Griffon
> vultures (Gyps fulvus). They incubated eggs and reared other pairs'
> youngs as part of a breeding in captivity effort in Israel some years ago.
> Merav
>
> Merav Vonshak
> Postdoctoral Fellow
> Gordon Laboratory
> Department of Biology
> Stanford University
> Stanford, CA 94305-5020
>
> Phone: 650-725-6791<tel:650-725-6791>
> email: [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>
> http://www.stanford.edu/~mvonshak
>
> On 27, Mar2013, at 12:08 PM, Montblanc, Genie wrote:
>
> > WT,
> >
> > Since I don't study this, I'm giving a, "What I've heard in the news,"
> response.  There were two stories awhile back, both relating to
> animals in captivity, about homosexual pair bonding.  One was with
> penguins, I think they also raised a chick together, and the other was
> with dolphins.  Given that long-term pair bonding only occurs in 8-11
> species in the entire animal kingdom, the question might be moot anyway.
> >
> > That is my inexpert response.  Have a great expedition!
> > Génie
> >
> > Eugénie MontBlanc
> > Great Basin Fire Science Delivery Coordinator University of
> > Nevada/Mail Stop 0186, Reno, NV 89557
> > Phone: 775-784-1107<tel:775-784-1107> (Fax: -1109)
> > Email: [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>
> > Web: www.gbfiresci.org<http://www.gbfiresci.org>
> > Twitter: @GBfirescience
> >
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: Ecological Society of America: grants, jobs, news [mailto:
> [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>] On Behalf Of 
> Wayne Tyson
> > Sent: Wednesday, March 27, 2013 10:32 AM
> > To: [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>
> > Subject: [ECOLOG-L] Expedition notice and question
> >
> > [NOTE:] I will be on expedition (with a stop at the National Native
> > Seed
> Conference in Santa Fe NM on April 10) until the two weeks at the end
> of April and the first week of May, then gone again beginning the 2nd
> week of May until around May 24. I will not be checking email during
> those periods, but will respond to as many email messages as possible
> during those hiatuses. A third expedition following those is likely,
> but the period of hiatus is iffy.]
> >
> > Here is my parting question. Please feel free to post it on other lists.
> >
> > Re: Homosexuality in animals other than Homo sapiens. We know that
> homosexual behavior occurs in other species in some forms (Bonobo
> chimpanzees [Pan paniscus], for example), and we know that
> hermaphrodites of some species fertilize each other simultaneously.
> But my question is in which species other than humans, does EXCLUSIVE
> homosexuality, especially in the form of pair bonds, occur?
> >
> > WT
> >
> > I'll pick up my answers in late April. If I have time, I may be able
> > to
> respond to some today. Please respond on-list, and not to me personally.
>



--
----------------------------------------------------------
Kristen Dybala, Post-doctoral Researcher Museum of Wildlife and Fish Biology 
University of California, Davis 
[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>
(415) 218-9295<tel:%28415%29%20218-9295> - cell





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