An ohmmeter would be a ground continuity test just to determine if the ground terminal is connected. It doesn't ensure the efficacy of the bond though. Ground bond ensures there is a bond from the ground lead to the chassis.
Which test is performed during production is determined by the standard. Some standards require 100% ground bond. I have seen a ground lead fastened to the chassis by tightening fastening it with a screw, but the screw was not tightened in place. An ohmmeter shows the ground lead is connected to the chassis, but the ground bond shows an impedance greater than 0.1 ohms. Properly tightening the screw corrected the issue. In this situation, it passed ground continuity but failed ground bond. Josh From: Brian Kunde <[email protected]> Sent: Wednesday, May 12, 2021 3:06 PM To: [email protected] Subject: Re: [PSES] Ground Bond Tests EXTERNAL SENDER: Verify links, attachments and sender before taking action John, I think you are getting your tests mixed up. The Ohm Meter is a Ground Bond Test but at a very low current. As I said in my earlier email, Annex F doesn't specify a current value for this test so technically an ohm meter will do the job and meet the requirement of the 61010-1. The HiPot test puts a high voltage potential between Line (or neutral) to chassis ground to test the Dielectric Strength of your insulation. This test is typically performed at 1500Vac and/or 2100Vdc for electrical equipment operating up to the 230-volt range, but I have seen lower voltage levels used also. This is a different test than the Ground Bond test and is also required for 100% of production. I hope this was helpful. The Other Brian On Wed, May 12, 2021 at 2:09 PM John Cochran <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> wrote: I'm interested in these answers, but UL and Intertek do not require us to do more than Ground Continuity testing on 100% of the products. The UL/cUL certified product is an Industrial LCD Monitor (NWGQ, NWGQ7) evaluated to the ITE standard IEC 60950-1 & CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 60950-1-07, with a detachable power cord. The Intertek certified product is a mobile cart with a permanently attached 3/c cord with plug. It is evaluated to UL 61010-1 & CSA C22.2#61010-1-12. Both have an input range of 100-240VAC @ 15A. We use a Hi-Pot tester with a Ground Continuity, Open/Short and Dielectric tests. Neither NRTL requires more than a buzzer/ohm-meter test of all exposed metal surfaces, which the Hi-Pot tester does. The responses to this email challenge these requirements, but if not required, it is hard to convince management that we need to invest in more test equipment. I feel more assured of the grounding on a system when we use our 25A Ground Bond Tester, but we only have one for engineering purposes. We have never been required to do Ground Bond testing, only Ground Continuity. John Cochran [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> 215-443-3400 x219 From: MIKE SHERMAN <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> Sent: Wednesday, May 12, 2021 11:08 AM To: [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> Subject: Re: [PSES] Ground Bond Tests Rich Nute has 3 Technically Speaking columns on this that can be found at the In Compliance magazine website. The first is here https://incompliancemag.com/article/derivation-of-ground-impedance/<https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fincompliancemag.com%2Farticle%2Fderivation-of-ground-impedance%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cjoshua.wiseman%40orthoclinicaldiagnostics.com%7C8dabd7a7595a44685dcf08d91578fd51%7C6e63ffc0c2fc4cc4b6c4666b2ce89d92%7C0%7C0%7C637564431675575287%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=5QmHkOi0su4j%2FJ6wjN1kxmXuzYBcB0EF4ytzWgdSbWg%3D&reserved=0> and I find it quite informative. Mike Sherman Graco Inc. On 05/12/2021 8:01 AM Wiseman, Joshua <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> wrote: I agree with Brian. I've been involved with product safety over 20 yrs and worked for an NRTL for about 6 of those. The 40 A requirement came from the Canadian electrical code and all the NRTLs. The only exemptions I've seen to the 100 % ground bond requirement has been for Class II and Class III devices or devices using an external power supply (brick or wall-wart styles.) Josh From: Brian Kunde <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> Sent: Wednesday, May 12, 2021 8:42 AM To: [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> Subject: Re: [PSES] Ground Bond Tests EXTERNAL SENDER: Verify links, attachments and sender before taking action 61010-1 § 4.1 says, "Tests in this standard are TYPE TESTS to be carried out on samples of equipment or parts. Their only purpose is to check that the design and construction ensure conformity with this standard. In addition, manufacturers shall perform the ROUTINE TESTS of Annex F on 100 % of equipment produced which has both HAZARDOUS LIVE parts and ACCESSIBLE conductive parts." 61010-1 Annex F, § F2 calls out the "Protective earth" test, also known as the Ground Bond Test, as a required test to be performed on 100% of production. Note the "NOTE" that says, "No value is specified for the test current.". So some NRTL inspectors allow the ground bond test in production to be performed at any reasonable current value, but most will follow the requirements of 6.5.2. I have been doing Product Safety for over 30 years and have worked with UL, CSA, TUV, NEMKO, EOLAS, etc., and all of them require 100% testing of production units to both the Highpot test and the Ground Bond test. Regarding the 100mΩ verses 200mΩ question, all the NRTL inspectors I have worked with require the measured impedance of the Power Cord to be no more than 100mΩ. Note the UL/ANSI/CSA Deviation to 6.5.2.4 that instead of the 100mΩ requirement has a "shall not cause a potential drop of more than 4 V". At a minimum 40 A ground bond test, a 100mΩ impedance would give you a 4V drop. It doesn't say anything about an 8V drop for non-detachable power cords. So NRTLs are going to stick with the 100mΩ across the board, I believe (this is opinion). Hope this information is helpful. The Other Brian On Tue, May 11, 2021 at 11:27 PM Steve Brody <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> wrote: So here is my question, or actually two of them: First, one of my clients has been told by their 3rd party NRTL that a ground bond test is required as part of factory/production routine tests, even though it is not required by 61010-1. I have never run into this requirement in my work history and I would be interested in hearing if any of you have. Second, just to be sure my interpretation is correct, 61010-1, section 6.5.2.4, Impedance of protective bonding of plug-connected equipment, in the fist sentence, it has a limit of 100 mOhms impedance and my read is that this is for equipment with a power cord that has a plug on one end and a receptacle on the other. Then, in the same section, still under the title of plug-connected equipment, it says for equipment that has a non-detachable power cord the limit is 200 mOhms. My interpretation is that plug-connected equipment with a non-detachable power cord is when the power cord is hard wired to the unit under test, but still has a plug for mains connection. Thoughts? Thanks in advance and you can reply here or privately to [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> Steve Brody [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> C - 603 617 9116 - ---------------------------------------------------------------- This message is from the IEEE Product Safety Engineering Society emc-pstc discussion list. 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To post a message to the list, send your e-mail to <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> All emc-pstc postings are archived and searchable on the web at: http://www.ieee-pses.org/emc-pstc.html<https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee-pses.org%2Femc-pstc.html&data=04%7C01%7Cjoshua.wiseman%40orthoclinicaldiagnostics.com%7C8dabd7a7595a44685dcf08d91578fd51%7C6e63ffc0c2fc4cc4b6c4666b2ce89d92%7C0%7C0%7C637564431675883927%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=xsMU9v13gvojjcNww1idkdvtLpYvU1ylmewYUX2ZgfY%3D&reserved=0> Attachments are not permitted but the IEEE PSES Online Communities site at http://product-compliance.oc.ieee.org/<https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fproduct-compliance.oc.ieee.org%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cjoshua.wiseman%40orthoclinicaldiagnostics.com%7C8dabd7a7595a44685dcf08d91578fd51%7C6e63ffc0c2fc4cc4b6c4666b2ce89d92%7C0%7C0%7C637564431675883927%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=%2BVvU%2B%2FC743SZbYWV4ul83aMO2wmgT99SXWllX1cJPz8%3D&reserved=0> can be used for graphics (in well-used formats), large files, etc. Website: http://www.ieee-pses.org/<https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee-pses.org%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cjoshua.wiseman%40orthoclinicaldiagnostics.com%7C8dabd7a7595a44685dcf08d91578fd51%7C6e63ffc0c2fc4cc4b6c4666b2ce89d92%7C0%7C0%7C637564431675893883%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=pAkLILURw6KxSTaONm%2FRrgYDfC2CwnZ%2B%2Fl9egBMI90U%3D&reserved=0> Instructions: http://www.ieee-pses.org/list.html (including how to unsubscribe)<https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee-pses.org%2Flist.html&data=04%7C01%7Cjoshua.wiseman%40orthoclinicaldiagnostics.com%7C8dabd7a7595a44685dcf08d91578fd51%7C6e63ffc0c2fc4cc4b6c4666b2ce89d92%7C0%7C0%7C637564431675893883%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=QYru%2FL4ie2CLBDq8vafxnHGwv9FnYTvLwjJZkV23DgA%3D&reserved=0> List rules: http://www.ieee-pses.org/listrules.html<https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee-pses.org%2Flistrules.html&data=04%7C01%7Cjoshua.wiseman%40orthoclinicaldiagnostics.com%7C8dabd7a7595a44685dcf08d91578fd51%7C6e63ffc0c2fc4cc4b6c4666b2ce89d92%7C0%7C0%7C637564431675903841%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=bCQ9FmpFDdjmvK9wBFkCW0iBw1ydc8PC6%2FssG6Tzn%2Fc%3D&reserved=0> For help, send mail to the list administrators: Scott Douglas <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> Mike Cantwell <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> For policy questions, send mail to: Jim Bacher <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> David Heald <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> - ---------------------------------------------------------------- This message is from the IEEE Product Safety Engineering Society emc-pstc discussion list. To post a message to the list, send your e-mail to <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> All emc-pstc postings are archived and searchable on the web at: http://www.ieee-pses.org/emc-pstc.html<https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee-pses.org%2Femc-pstc.html&data=04%7C01%7Cjoshua.wiseman%40orthoclinicaldiagnostics.com%7C8dabd7a7595a44685dcf08d91578fd51%7C6e63ffc0c2fc4cc4b6c4666b2ce89d92%7C0%7C0%7C637564431675903841%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=JmnORUsfJWqZqmcldUbrwE9vnuIH43zxD5JL%2BWEid7g%3D&reserved=0> Attachments are not permitted but the IEEE PSES Online Communities site at http://product-compliance.oc.ieee.org/<https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fproduct-compliance.oc.ieee.org%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cjoshua.wiseman%40orthoclinicaldiagnostics.com%7C8dabd7a7595a44685dcf08d91578fd51%7C6e63ffc0c2fc4cc4b6c4666b2ce89d92%7C0%7C0%7C637564431675913798%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=prhihPxTfv3NMA8yzuTqhnBEmQVLndAHNBVfUGHVsHg%3D&reserved=0> can be used for graphics (in well-used formats), large files, etc. Website: http://www.ieee-pses.org/<https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee-pses.org%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cjoshua.wiseman%40orthoclinicaldiagnostics.com%7C8dabd7a7595a44685dcf08d91578fd51%7C6e63ffc0c2fc4cc4b6c4666b2ce89d92%7C0%7C0%7C637564431675913798%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=eQy6oCujcFjbmGK1qm7aHLKr%2FUEU4WLMKuEf4oGbGiY%3D&reserved=0> Instructions: http://www.ieee-pses.org/list.html (including how to unsubscribe)<https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee-pses.org%2Flist.html&data=04%7C01%7Cjoshua.wiseman%40orthoclinicaldiagnostics.com%7C8dabd7a7595a44685dcf08d91578fd51%7C6e63ffc0c2fc4cc4b6c4666b2ce89d92%7C0%7C0%7C637564431675923755%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=%2BWmgZpKfzoCjulnvzjC3xeVUjYCVbL0%2FlZ69mxz88SM%3D&reserved=0> List rules: http://www.ieee-pses.org/listrules.html<https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee-pses.org%2Flistrules.html&data=04%7C01%7Cjoshua.wiseman%40orthoclinicaldiagnostics.com%7C8dabd7a7595a44685dcf08d91578fd51%7C6e63ffc0c2fc4cc4b6c4666b2ce89d92%7C0%7C0%7C637564431675923755%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=N9jMUfibkkb6mjXGZZCAy1%2FytuH16zZU0y6OK%2FZLNJg%3D&reserved=0> For help, send mail to the list administrators: Scott Douglas <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> Mike Cantwell <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> For policy questions, send mail to: Jim Bacher <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> David Heald <[email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>> - ---------------------------------------------------------------- This message is from the IEEE Product Safety Engineering Society emc-pstc discussion list. To post a message to the list, send your e-mail to <[email protected]> All emc-pstc postings are archived and searchable on the web at: http://www.ieee-pses.org/emc-pstc.html Attachments are not permitted but the IEEE PSES Online Communities site at http://product-compliance.oc.ieee.org/ can be used for graphics (in well-used formats), large files, etc. Website: http://www.ieee-pses.org/ Instructions: http://www.ieee-pses.org/list.html (including how to unsubscribe) List rules: http://www.ieee-pses.org/listrules.html For help, send mail to the list administrators: Scott Douglas <[email protected]> Mike Cantwell <[email protected]> For policy questions, send mail to: Jim Bacher: <[email protected]> David Heald: <[email protected]>
