B. Can you identify some papers on use of diatom algae on dead zones (fresh and salt water)?
Thanks, d. On Tue, Dec 29, 2009 at 5:37 AM, M V Bhaskar <[email protected]> wrote: > We have been using Diatom algae to increase dissolved oxygen levels in > fresh water lakes. > Our observation is that Cyanobacteria decrease dissolved oxygen level > due to accumulation and decomposition and Diatoms increase dissolved > oxygen levels since they do not accumulate, since they are consumed by > zooplankton. > The same would hold true even in oceans - both coastal waters and deep > sea. > We are sure that dead zones in coastal waters can be solved by causing > Diatom Algae bloom in the dead zones. > > In deep seas dead cyanobacteria may decompose near the surface and > dead diatoms may sink deep. > Discussing about 'Phytoplankton' in connection with ocean > fertilization is inadequate. > Different types of phytoplankton may cause diametrically opposite > effects. > > best regards > > Bhaskar > www.kadambari.net > > > On Dec 29, 11:11 am, Ken Caldeira <[email protected]> > wrote: > > Unless you do some pretty fancy things with nutrient ratios in sinking > > organic matter, increasing ocean vertical mixing is not an efficient way > to > > store carbon but is an efficient way to store heat. > > > > A potential co-benefit is a likely increase in marine productivity. > > > > That said, this would involve perturbing marine ecosystems potentially on > a > > huge scale and would run counter to the goal, which many of us share, of > > trying to preserve natural marine ecosystems to the greatest extent > > possible. > > > > I do not think anoxia is a big issue as essentially you would be creating > an > > artificial upwelling/downwelling zone and possible environmental > downsides > > (e.g., anoxic regions) could be monitored for and act as a limit on scale > of > > deployment. In fact, one possible application of vertical pumps in the > ocean > > could be to bring oxygen into anoxic "dead zones". > > > > *As with many interventions in the Earth system, the interesting cases > are > > at the leading edge of the slippery slope: > > * > > As Behrenfeld and others have shown, warming in the tropics has led to > > increased stratification and thus a decrease of nutrient transport into > the > > euphotic zone, with concomitant decreases in marine photosynthetic > activity. > > One could imagine a case where ocean vertical mixing was engineered > simply > > to bring local sea surface temperatures and vertical mixing rates closer > to > > the* status quo ante *-- ie, the main goal in this case would be to > counter > > direct impacts of global warming on a local marine environment. > > > > If you could show that you are countering some effects of global warming > > locally and thus helping to preserve a natural marine environment, one > might > > consider this a good thing even if one feared the slippery slope towards > > using the marine environment to store heat that would otherwise damage > land > > ecosystems (and human systems). > > > > ---- > > > > *By way of disclosure: I am listed as a co-inventor on several patent > > applications related to vertical pumps in the ocean, but have stated that > I > > will donate to non-profit charities and NGOs any revenues that accrue to > me > > from application of these patents to climate intervention projects (an > > unlikely event). > > * > > > > ___________________________________________________ > > Ken Caldeira > > > > Carnegie Institution Dept of Global Ecology > > 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305 USA > > > > [email protected]:// > dge.stanford.edu/DGE/CIWDGE/labs/caldeiralab > > +1 650 704 7212; fax: +1 650 462 5968 > > > > > > > > On Mon, Dec 28, 2009 at 12:46 PM, Dan Whaley <[email protected]> > wrote: > > > You're conflating two things Andrew, the limitation on growth and the > > > consequences (usually on heterotrophs) of its decomposition / > > > remineralization. Free oxygen is never limiting on photosynthesis, > since it > > > is not consumed in the process, but rather produced. > > > > > Anoxia or hypoxia as a result of phytoplankton growth are issues > primarily > > > in coastal enviornments when excess or continuous algal production in > > > shallow environments leads to the depletion of oxygen in proximity to > marine > > > populations as that biomass decomposes. The question in the open > ocean, > > > where any kind of climate mitigation via phytoplankton would be done-- > i.e. > > > in 4-6km of water column vs. 100m-- is... what has happened in past > climates > > > when we know primary productivity was much higher over long time > periods, > > > and what might happen in today's ocean if productivity were increased > by > > > various degrees... obviously there is more water column for > remineralization > > > to be distributed through and advective currents will distribute the > effects > > > over a larger area. This is both a potential benefit as well as a > potential > > > concern. > > > > > Cao and Caldeira have looked at the effects of acidification at depth > (and > > > also at the surface) based on taking phosphate to zero in the southern > > > ocean. More models and observations need to be made for a variety of > > > effects, including oxygen, N2O and methane, downstream nutrient > depletion, > > > DMS cooling in addition to CO2 reduction (and to Oliver's point, what > kind > > > of deployment would be appropriate for what kind of intended > scenario)-- and > > > looking at other kinds of limiting factors like silicate-- to get a > better > > > understanding of the processes there. Observational programs should > both be > > > driven by and feed modeling throughout. > > > > > D > > > > > On Mon, Dec 28, 2009 at 11:06 AM, Andrew Lockley < > [email protected] > > > > wrote: > > > > >> The more you remove the micro and macro nutrient limitations from > > >> phytoplankton growth, the more you make it likely that oxygen becomes > the > > >> limiting factor - ie. that all the available oxygen has been used up. > This > > >> is likely to lead to the creation or extension of 'dead zones' or > anoxic > > >> regions in the ocean, together with consequential disruption to the > > >> ecosystem, and potential methane creation. > > > > >> It's this kind of effect which, I understand, worries ETC group and > > >> others. (See Chan et al, 2008) > > > > >> I'm far from a marine biologist myself, and I'm raising the issue > simply > > >> to encourage caution, rather than to claim expertise. > > > > >> A > > > > >> 2009/12/28 Dan Whaley <[email protected]> > > > > >> Steve, > > > > >>> In talking to Dave Karl a few years ago who was testing Phil Kithil's > > >>> tube, it seemed like a core problem was trying to select for a depth > where > > >>> you had more nutrients (P, N) than CO2, so there was a net gain... > since > > >>> carbon is also greater at depth. Also-- Phil seemed to think he > would keep > > >>> the tubes equidistant from each other with a huge network of > underwater > > >>> cables... which seemed logistically (as well as aesthetically) > problematic. > > > > >>> Curious as to your thoughts in these areas... > > > > >>> D > > > > >>> On Mon, Dec 28, 2009 at 10:17 AM, Stephen Salter <[email protected] > >wrote: > > > > >>>> Hi All > > > > >>>> The oceans are a big thermal store so the scheme would give us time > for > > >>>> a quiet think. However we can bring nutrients up to the photic > layers > > >>>> and grow more phytoplankton giving more dimethyl sulphide for cloud > > >>>> nuclei and converting lots of CO2 to non acidic biomass, some of > which > > >>>> we can eat. > > > > >>>> There is a paper called /Hurricanes carbon and fish and a picture > called > > >>>> /MacNeill downtube in the /Hurricanes folder at the site below my > > >>>> signature. /Chlorophyll comparison shows how empty most of the > oceans > > >>>> are for most of the time. Click through at about one a second for a > > >>>> month-by-month animation. We need lots of permanent, private la Nina > > >>>> events. > > > > >>>> Stephen > > > > >>>> Emeritus Professor of Engineering Design > > >>>> School of Engineering and Electronics > > >>>> University of Edinburgh > > >>>> Mayfield Road > > >>>> Edinburgh EH9 3JL > > >>>> Scotland > > >>>> tel +44 131 650 5704 > > >>>> fax +44 131 650 5702 > > >>>> Mobile 07795 203 195 > > >>>> [email protected] > > >>>>http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~shs<http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/%7Eshs<http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~shs> > > > > > > >>>> Mike MacCracken wrote: > > >>>> > Just a note that while pumping heat down into the ocean can lead > to > > >>>> > local cooling, storing heat in the ocean is adding and retaining > > >>>> > energy, so will eventually emerge as warming. And, of course, it > will > > >>>> > contribute to sea level rise. Thus, while a local effort of this > type > > >>>> > to help limit hurricane intensification may be a good trade, it is > not > > >>>> > likely to be a global cure for the system (unless one can really > pull > > >>>> > the GHG concentrations down in other ways so heat from the ocean > would > > >>>> > moderate the rate of cooling—as it does now during winter). > > > > >>>> > Mike MacCracken > > > > >>>> > On 12/28/09 1:34 AM, "[email protected]" <[email protected]> > wrote: > > > > >>>> > Hello, I'm new here and I expect to make a few blunders until > I am > > >>>> > better acquainted with previous discussions. I am a retired > > >>>> > physicist and have some leadership role in the Sierra Club. > > > > >>>> > The Salter Sink is an excellent concept for raising cold water > to > > >>>> > the surface. the area that needs design attention is the > injection > > >>>> > system at the bottom of the tube. With careful design, it will > > >>>> > raise probably ten times as much cold water as is pumped down. > > >>>> > This design work is quite easy. > > > > >>>> > Next, I had never considered the advantage of the wave-driven > pump > > >>>> > as a way to cool the ocean, rather as a way to raise nutrients > to > > >>>> > the surface to increase biological production. Most of the > ocean > > >>>> > surface world-wide is limited in production by inadequate > nitrate > > >>>> > and phosphate rather than iron. Some good places for hurricane > > >>>> > control are also good for placement of "ocean farms" fed by > wave > > >>>> > pumps. For example, the North Atlantic Gyre region, also known > as > > >>>> > the Sargasso Sea. > > > > >>>> > I believe if somebody will check the economic potential of > > >>>> > pump-fed sea farms in some areas such as the horse latitudes, > it > > >>>> > will be found that the Salter pumps will pay for themselves > and > > >>>> > return a handsome profit. > > > > >>>> > My thought-- it isn't necessary to remove the pump structures > > >>>> > before they encounter storms--if they are lowered below the > > >>>> > surface by about 100 meters, then they are completely > sheltered > > >>>> > from the storm above. > > > > >>>> > I can imagine a Salter pump connected to a lattice structure > that > > >>>> > spreads over an area of sea around the pump. Kelp or other > > >>>> > suitable plants are anchored to the lattice. The "farm" > provides a > > >>>> > sea pasture in which farm animals are grown and harvested for > > >>>> market. > > > > >>>> > Ernie Rogers > > >>>> > Pleasant Grove, Utah > > >>>> > Phone 801-368-4902 > > > > >>>> > In a message dated 12/27/2009 6:02:04 P.M. Mountain Standard > Time, > > >>>> > [email protected] writes: > > > > >>>> > John and list: > > > > >>>> > I agree that this was an important interview for advancing > > >>>> > geoengineering (Fareed Zakaria is one of my > > > > ... > > > > read more » > > -- > > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "geoengineering" group. > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > To unsubscribe from this group, send email to > [email protected]<geoengineering%[email protected]> > . > For more options, visit this group at > http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering?hl=en. > > > -- David W. Schnare Center for Environmental Stewardship -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "geoengineering" group. To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to [email protected]. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering?hl=en.
