alamb commented on code in PR #5318:
URL: https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/pull/5318#discussion_r1465334902


##########
arrow-json/src/writer/encoder.rs:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+use arrow_array::cast::AsArray;
+use arrow_array::types::*;
+use arrow_array::*;
+use arrow_buffer::{ArrowNativeType, NullBuffer, OffsetBuffer, ScalarBuffer};
+use arrow_cast::display::{ArrayFormatter, FormatOptions};
+use arrow_schema::{ArrowError, DataType, FieldRef};
+use half::f16;
+use lexical_core::FormattedSize;
+use serde::Serializer;
+use std::io::Write;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct EncoderOptions {
+    pub explicit_nulls: bool,
+}
+
+pub trait Encoder {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>);
+}
+
+pub fn make_encoder<'a>(
+    array: &'a dyn Array,
+    options: &EncoderOptions,
+) -> Result<Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>, ArrowError> {
+    let (encoder, nulls) = make_encoder_impl(array, options)?;
+    assert!(nulls.is_none(), "root cannot be nullable");

Review Comment:
   I don't understand this -- isn't it possible to try to encode a 
`BooleanArray` as the root with null values?



##########
arrow-json/src/writer/encoder.rs:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+use arrow_array::cast::AsArray;
+use arrow_array::types::*;
+use arrow_array::*;
+use arrow_buffer::{ArrowNativeType, NullBuffer, OffsetBuffer, ScalarBuffer};
+use arrow_cast::display::{ArrayFormatter, FormatOptions};
+use arrow_schema::{ArrowError, DataType, FieldRef};
+use half::f16;
+use lexical_core::FormattedSize;
+use serde::Serializer;
+use std::io::Write;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct EncoderOptions {
+    pub explicit_nulls: bool,
+}
+
+pub trait Encoder {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>);
+}
+
+pub fn make_encoder<'a>(
+    array: &'a dyn Array,
+    options: &EncoderOptions,
+) -> Result<Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>, ArrowError> {
+    let (encoder, nulls) = make_encoder_impl(array, options)?;
+    assert!(nulls.is_none(), "root cannot be nullable");
+    Ok(encoder)
+}
+
+fn make_encoder_impl<'a>(
+    array: &'a dyn Array,
+    options: &EncoderOptions,
+) -> Result<(Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>, Option<NullBuffer>), ArrowError> {
+    macro_rules! primitive_helper {
+        ($t:ty) => {{
+            let array = array.as_primitive::<$t>();
+            let nulls = array.nulls().cloned();
+            (Box::new(PrimitiveEncoder::new(array)) as _, nulls)
+        }};
+    }
+
+    Ok(downcast_integer! {
+        array.data_type() => (primitive_helper),
+        DataType::Float16 => primitive_helper!(Float16Type),
+        DataType::Float32 => primitive_helper!(Float32Type),
+        DataType::Float64 => primitive_helper!(Float64Type),
+        DataType::Boolean => {
+            let array = array.as_boolean();
+            (Box::new(BooleanEncoder(array.clone())), array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::Null => (Box::new(NullEncoder), array.logical_nulls()),
+        DataType::Utf8 => {
+            let array = array.as_string::<i32>();
+            (Box::new(StringEncoder(array.clone())) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::LargeUtf8 => {
+            let array = array.as_string::<i64>();
+            (Box::new(StringEncoder(array.clone())) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::List(_) => {
+            let array = array.as_list::<i32>();
+            (Box::new(ListEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::LargeList(_) => {
+            let array = array.as_list::<i64>();
+            (Box::new(ListEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+
+        DataType::Dictionary(_, _) => downcast_dictionary_array! {
+            array => (Box::new(DictionaryEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as 
_,  array.logical_nulls()),
+            _ => unreachable!()
+        }
+
+        DataType::Map(_, _) => {
+            let array = array.as_map();
+            (Box::new(MapEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as _,  
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+
+        DataType::Struct(fields) => {
+            let array = array.as_struct();
+            let encoders = fields.iter().zip(array.columns()).map(|(field, 
array)| {
+                let (encoder, nulls) = make_encoder_impl(array, options)?;
+                Ok(FieldEncoder{
+                    field: field.clone(),
+                    encoder, nulls
+                })
+            }).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, ArrowError>>()?;
+
+            let encoder = StructArrayEncoder{
+                encoders,
+                explicit_nulls: options.explicit_nulls,
+            };
+            (Box::new(encoder) as _, array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        d => match d.is_temporal() {
+            true => {
+                // Note: the implementation of Encoder for ArrayFormatter 
assumes it does not produce
+                // characters that would need to be escaped within a JSON 
string, e.g. `'"'`.
+                // If support for user-provided format specifications is 
added, this assumption
+                // may need to be revisited
+                let options = FormatOptions::new().with_display_error(true);
+                let formatter = ArrayFormatter::try_new(array, &options)?;
+                (Box::new(formatter) as _, array.nulls().cloned())
+            }
+            false => return Err(ArrowError::InvalidArgumentError(format!("JSON 
Writer does not support data type: {d}"))),
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn encode_string(s: &str, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+    let mut serializer = serde_json::Serializer::new(out);
+    serializer.serialize_str(s).unwrap();
+}
+
+struct FieldEncoder<'a> {
+    field: FieldRef,
+    encoder: Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>,
+    nulls: Option<NullBuffer>,
+}
+
+struct StructArrayEncoder<'a> {
+    encoders: Vec<FieldEncoder<'a>>,
+    explicit_nulls: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Encoder for StructArrayEncoder<'a> {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        out.push(b'{');
+        let mut is_first = true;
+        for field_encoder in &mut self.encoders {
+            let is_null = field_encoder.nulls.as_ref().is_some_and(|n| 
n.is_null(idx));
+            if is_null && !self.explicit_nulls {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if !is_first {
+                out.push(b',');
+            }
+            is_first = false;
+
+            encode_string(field_encoder.field.name(), out);
+            out.push(b':');
+
+            match is_null {
+                true => out.extend_from_slice(b"null"),
+                false => field_encoder.encoder.encode(idx, out),
+            }
+        }
+        out.push(b'}');
+    }
+}
+
+trait PrimitiveEncode: ArrowNativeType {
+    type Buffer;
+
+    // Workaround https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/61415
+    fn init_buffer() -> Self::Buffer;
+
+    fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8];
+}
+
+macro_rules! integer_encode {
+    ($($t:ty),*) => {
+        $(
+            impl PrimitiveEncode for $t {
+                type Buffer = [u8; Self::FORMATTED_SIZE];
+
+                fn init_buffer() -> Self::Buffer {
+                    [0; Self::FORMATTED_SIZE]
+                }
+
+                fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8] {
+                    lexical_core::write(self, buf)
+                }
+            }
+        )*
+    };
+}
+integer_encode!(i8, i16, i32, i64, u8, u16, u32, u64);
+
+macro_rules! float_encode {
+    ($($t:ty),*) => {
+        $(
+            impl PrimitiveEncode for $t {
+                type Buffer = [u8; Self::FORMATTED_SIZE];
+
+                fn init_buffer() -> Self::Buffer {
+                    [0; Self::FORMATTED_SIZE]
+                }
+
+                fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8] {
+                    if self.is_infinite() || self.is_nan() {
+                        b"null"
+                    } else {
+                        lexical_core::write(self, buf)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        )*
+    };
+}
+float_encode!(f32, f64);
+
+impl PrimitiveEncode for f16 {
+    type Buffer = <f64 as PrimitiveEncode>::Buffer;

Review Comment:
   why can't we just use the `PrimitiveEncode` directly for `f16`? I doubt the 
performance of f16 encoding is particular critical but I am curious



##########
arrow-json/src/writer.rs:
##########
@@ -20,28 +20,6 @@
 //! This JSON writer converts Arrow [`RecordBatch`]es into arrays of
 //! JSON objects or JSON formatted byte streams.
 //!
-//! ## Writing JSON Objects

Review Comment:
   > but it is deprecated as I can't think of any reasonable use-cases for this.
   
   Looks like @houqp  added it in 
https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/commit/d868cff11d667e1c3fb6269628680cfe38734471
 many 🌔 's ago - perhaps he has some additional context. 
   
   I agree I can't really think of why this would be useful - it seems like it 
may be similar to wanting to convert RecordBatches into actual Rust `struct`s 
via serde but I can't remember how far we got with that
   
   Given I am not familiar with `serde_json's raw value mechanism` I suspect 
others may not be either
   
   Perhaps you can add a note here about writing JSON objects using serde and 
leave a link for readers to follow
   
   



##########
arrow-json/src/writer/encoder.rs:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+use arrow_array::cast::AsArray;
+use arrow_array::types::*;
+use arrow_array::*;
+use arrow_buffer::{ArrowNativeType, NullBuffer, OffsetBuffer, ScalarBuffer};
+use arrow_cast::display::{ArrayFormatter, FormatOptions};
+use arrow_schema::{ArrowError, DataType, FieldRef};
+use half::f16;
+use lexical_core::FormattedSize;
+use serde::Serializer;
+use std::io::Write;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct EncoderOptions {
+    pub explicit_nulls: bool,
+}
+
+pub trait Encoder {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>);
+}
+
+pub fn make_encoder<'a>(
+    array: &'a dyn Array,
+    options: &EncoderOptions,
+) -> Result<Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>, ArrowError> {
+    let (encoder, nulls) = make_encoder_impl(array, options)?;
+    assert!(nulls.is_none(), "root cannot be nullable");
+    Ok(encoder)
+}
+
+fn make_encoder_impl<'a>(
+    array: &'a dyn Array,
+    options: &EncoderOptions,
+) -> Result<(Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>, Option<NullBuffer>), ArrowError> {
+    macro_rules! primitive_helper {
+        ($t:ty) => {{
+            let array = array.as_primitive::<$t>();
+            let nulls = array.nulls().cloned();
+            (Box::new(PrimitiveEncoder::new(array)) as _, nulls)
+        }};
+    }
+
+    Ok(downcast_integer! {
+        array.data_type() => (primitive_helper),
+        DataType::Float16 => primitive_helper!(Float16Type),
+        DataType::Float32 => primitive_helper!(Float32Type),
+        DataType::Float64 => primitive_helper!(Float64Type),
+        DataType::Boolean => {
+            let array = array.as_boolean();
+            (Box::new(BooleanEncoder(array.clone())), array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::Null => (Box::new(NullEncoder), array.logical_nulls()),
+        DataType::Utf8 => {
+            let array = array.as_string::<i32>();
+            (Box::new(StringEncoder(array.clone())) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::LargeUtf8 => {
+            let array = array.as_string::<i64>();
+            (Box::new(StringEncoder(array.clone())) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::List(_) => {
+            let array = array.as_list::<i32>();
+            (Box::new(ListEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::LargeList(_) => {
+            let array = array.as_list::<i64>();
+            (Box::new(ListEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+
+        DataType::Dictionary(_, _) => downcast_dictionary_array! {
+            array => (Box::new(DictionaryEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as 
_,  array.logical_nulls()),
+            _ => unreachable!()
+        }
+
+        DataType::Map(_, _) => {
+            let array = array.as_map();
+            (Box::new(MapEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as _,  
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+
+        DataType::Struct(fields) => {
+            let array = array.as_struct();
+            let encoders = fields.iter().zip(array.columns()).map(|(field, 
array)| {
+                let (encoder, nulls) = make_encoder_impl(array, options)?;
+                Ok(FieldEncoder{
+                    field: field.clone(),
+                    encoder, nulls
+                })
+            }).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, ArrowError>>()?;
+
+            let encoder = StructArrayEncoder{
+                encoders,
+                explicit_nulls: options.explicit_nulls,
+            };
+            (Box::new(encoder) as _, array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        d => match d.is_temporal() {
+            true => {
+                // Note: the implementation assumes that escaping is not 
necessary
+                // If this is extended to support user-provided format 
specifications
+                // this assumption may need to be revisited
+                let options = FormatOptions::new().with_display_error(true);
+                let formatter = ArrayFormatter::try_new(array, &options)?;
+                (Box::new(formatter) as _, array.nulls().cloned())
+            }
+            false => return Err(ArrowError::InvalidArgumentError(format!("JSON 
Writer does not support data type: {d}"))),
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn encode_string(s: &str, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+    let mut serializer = serde_json::Serializer::new(out);
+    serializer.serialize_str(s).unwrap();
+}
+
+struct FieldEncoder<'a> {
+    field: FieldRef,
+    encoder: Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>,
+    nulls: Option<NullBuffer>,
+}
+
+struct StructArrayEncoder<'a> {
+    encoders: Vec<FieldEncoder<'a>>,
+    explicit_nulls: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Encoder for StructArrayEncoder<'a> {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        out.push(b'{');
+        let mut is_first = true;
+        for field_encoder in &mut self.encoders {
+            let is_null = field_encoder.nulls.as_ref().is_some_and(|n| 
n.is_null(idx));
+            if is_null && !self.explicit_nulls {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if !is_first {
+                out.push(b',');
+            }
+            is_first = false;
+
+            encode_string(field_encoder.field.name(), out);
+            out.push(b':');
+
+            match is_null {
+                true => out.extend_from_slice(b"null"),
+                false => field_encoder.encoder.encode(idx, out),
+            }
+        }
+        out.push(b'}');
+    }
+}
+
+trait PrimitiveEncode: ArrowNativeType {
+    type Buffer;
+
+    // Workaround https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/61415
+    fn init_buffer() -> Self::Buffer;
+
+    fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8];
+}
+
+macro_rules! integer_encode {
+    ($($t:ty),*) => {
+        $(
+            impl PrimitiveEncode for $t {
+                type Buffer = [u8; Self::FORMATTED_SIZE];
+
+                fn init_buffer() -> Self::Buffer {
+                    [0; Self::FORMATTED_SIZE]
+                }
+
+                fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8] {
+                    lexical_core::write(self, buf)
+                }
+            }
+        )*
+    };
+}
+integer_encode!(i8, i16, i32, i64, u8, u16, u32, u64);
+
+macro_rules! float_encode {
+    ($($t:ty),*) => {
+        $(
+            impl PrimitiveEncode for $t {
+                type Buffer = [u8; Self::FORMATTED_SIZE];
+
+                fn init_buffer() -> Self::Buffer {
+                    [0; Self::FORMATTED_SIZE]
+                }
+
+                fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8] {
+                    if self.is_infinite() || self.is_nan() {
+                        b"null"
+                    } else {
+                        lexical_core::write(self, buf)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        )*
+    };
+}
+float_encode!(f32, f64);
+
+impl PrimitiveEncode for f16 {
+    type Buffer = <f64 as PrimitiveEncode>::Buffer;
+
+    fn init_buffer() -> Self::Buffer {
+        f64::init_buffer()
+    }
+
+    fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8] {
+        self.to_f64().encode(buf)
+    }
+}
+
+struct PrimitiveEncoder<N: PrimitiveEncode> {
+    values: ScalarBuffer<N>,
+    buffer: N::Buffer,
+}
+
+impl<N: PrimitiveEncode> PrimitiveEncoder<N> {
+    fn new<P: ArrowPrimitiveType<Native = N>>(array: &PrimitiveArray<P>) -> 
Self {
+        Self {
+            values: array.values().clone(),
+            buffer: N::init_buffer(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<N: PrimitiveEncode> Encoder for PrimitiveEncoder<N> {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        out.extend_from_slice(self.values[idx].encode(&mut self.buffer));
+    }
+}
+
+struct BooleanEncoder(BooleanArray);
+
+impl Encoder for BooleanEncoder {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        match self.0.value(idx) {
+            true => out.extend_from_slice(b"true"),
+            false => out.extend_from_slice(b"false"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct StringEncoder<O: OffsetSizeTrait>(GenericStringArray<O>);
+
+impl<O: OffsetSizeTrait> Encoder for StringEncoder<O> {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        encode_string(self.0.value(idx), out);
+    }
+}
+
+struct ListEncoder<'a, O: OffsetSizeTrait> {
+    offsets: OffsetBuffer<O>,
+    nulls: Option<NullBuffer>,
+    encoder: Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, O: OffsetSizeTrait> ListEncoder<'a, O> {
+    fn try_new(
+        array: &'a GenericListArray<O>,
+        options: &EncoderOptions,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ArrowError> {
+        let (encoder, nulls) = make_encoder_impl(array.values().as_ref(), 
options)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            offsets: array.offsets().clone(),
+            encoder,
+            nulls,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, O: OffsetSizeTrait> Encoder for ListEncoder<'a, O> {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        let end = self.offsets[idx + 1].as_usize();
+        let start = self.offsets[idx].as_usize();
+        out.push(b'[');
+        match self.nulls.as_ref() {
+            Some(n) => (start..end).for_each(|idx| {
+                if idx != start {
+                    out.push(b',')
+                }
+                match n.is_null(idx) {
+                    true => out.extend_from_slice(b"null"),
+                    false => self.encoder.encode(idx, out),
+                }
+            }),
+            None => (start..end).for_each(|idx| {
+                if idx != start {
+                    out.push(b',')
+                }
+                self.encoder.encode(idx, out);
+            }),
+        }
+        out.push(b']');
+    }
+}
+
+struct DictionaryEncoder<'a, K: ArrowDictionaryKeyType> {
+    keys: ScalarBuffer<K::Native>,
+    encoder: Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, K: ArrowDictionaryKeyType> DictionaryEncoder<'a, K> {
+    fn try_new(
+        array: &'a DictionaryArray<K>,
+        options: &EncoderOptions,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ArrowError> {
+        let encoder = make_encoder(array.values().as_ref(), options)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            keys: array.keys().values().clone(),
+            encoder,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K: ArrowDictionaryKeyType> Encoder for DictionaryEncoder<'a, K> {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        self.encoder.encode(self.keys[idx].as_usize(), out)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Encoder for ArrayFormatter<'a> {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        out.push(b'"');
+        // Should be infallible
+        // Note: We are making an assumption that the formatter does not 
produce characters that require escaping

Review Comment:
   I saw some comments to this effect elsewhere. I wonder if it is possible to 
add a test that would fail if the invariant was broken in the future. I suspect 
the answer is no given it is not possible to specify format specifiers now 🤔 



##########
arrow-json/src/writer.rs:
##########
@@ -481,6 +463,7 @@ fn set_column_for_json_rows(
 
 /// Converts an arrow [`RecordBatch`] into a `Vec` of Serde JSON
 /// [`JsonMap`]s (objects)
+#[deprecated(note = "Use Writer")]

Review Comment:
   I can't figure out if the deprecation is needed for the new json writer, or 
did you just include it in the same PR for convenience?



##########
arrow-json/src/writer/encoder.rs:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+use arrow_array::cast::AsArray;
+use arrow_array::types::*;
+use arrow_array::*;
+use arrow_buffer::{ArrowNativeType, NullBuffer, OffsetBuffer, ScalarBuffer};
+use arrow_cast::display::{ArrayFormatter, FormatOptions};
+use arrow_schema::{ArrowError, DataType, FieldRef};
+use half::f16;
+use lexical_core::FormattedSize;
+use serde::Serializer;
+use std::io::Write;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct EncoderOptions {
+    pub explicit_nulls: bool,
+}
+
+pub trait Encoder {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>);
+}
+
+pub fn make_encoder<'a>(
+    array: &'a dyn Array,
+    options: &EncoderOptions,
+) -> Result<Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>, ArrowError> {
+    let (encoder, nulls) = make_encoder_impl(array, options)?;
+    assert!(nulls.is_none(), "root cannot be nullable");
+    Ok(encoder)
+}
+
+fn make_encoder_impl<'a>(
+    array: &'a dyn Array,
+    options: &EncoderOptions,
+) -> Result<(Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>, Option<NullBuffer>), ArrowError> {
+    macro_rules! primitive_helper {
+        ($t:ty) => {{
+            let array = array.as_primitive::<$t>();
+            let nulls = array.nulls().cloned();
+            (Box::new(PrimitiveEncoder::new(array)) as _, nulls)
+        }};
+    }
+
+    Ok(downcast_integer! {
+        array.data_type() => (primitive_helper),
+        DataType::Float16 => primitive_helper!(Float16Type),
+        DataType::Float32 => primitive_helper!(Float32Type),
+        DataType::Float64 => primitive_helper!(Float64Type),
+        DataType::Boolean => {
+            let array = array.as_boolean();
+            (Box::new(BooleanEncoder(array.clone())), array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::Null => (Box::new(NullEncoder), array.logical_nulls()),
+        DataType::Utf8 => {
+            let array = array.as_string::<i32>();
+            (Box::new(StringEncoder(array.clone())) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::LargeUtf8 => {
+            let array = array.as_string::<i64>();
+            (Box::new(StringEncoder(array.clone())) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::List(_) => {
+            let array = array.as_list::<i32>();
+            (Box::new(ListEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::LargeList(_) => {
+            let array = array.as_list::<i64>();
+            (Box::new(ListEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+
+        DataType::Dictionary(_, _) => downcast_dictionary_array! {
+            array => (Box::new(DictionaryEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as 
_,  array.logical_nulls()),
+            _ => unreachable!()
+        }
+
+        DataType::Map(_, _) => {
+            let array = array.as_map();
+            (Box::new(MapEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as _,  
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+
+        DataType::Struct(fields) => {
+            let array = array.as_struct();
+            let encoders = fields.iter().zip(array.columns()).map(|(field, 
array)| {
+                let (encoder, nulls) = make_encoder_impl(array, options)?;
+                Ok(FieldEncoder{
+                    field: field.clone(),
+                    encoder, nulls
+                })
+            }).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, ArrowError>>()?;
+
+            let encoder = StructArrayEncoder{
+                encoders,
+                explicit_nulls: options.explicit_nulls,
+            };
+            (Box::new(encoder) as _, array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        d => match d.is_temporal() {
+            true => {
+                // Note: the implementation of Encoder for ArrayFormatter 
assumes it does not produce
+                // characters that would need to be escaped within a JSON 
string, e.g. `'"'`.
+                // If support for user-provided format specifications is 
added, this assumption
+                // may need to be revisited
+                let options = FormatOptions::new().with_display_error(true);
+                let formatter = ArrayFormatter::try_new(array, &options)?;
+                (Box::new(formatter) as _, array.nulls().cloned())
+            }
+            false => return Err(ArrowError::InvalidArgumentError(format!("JSON 
Writer does not support data type: {d}"))),
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn encode_string(s: &str, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+    let mut serializer = serde_json::Serializer::new(out);
+    serializer.serialize_str(s).unwrap();
+}
+
+struct FieldEncoder<'a> {
+    field: FieldRef,
+    encoder: Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>,
+    nulls: Option<NullBuffer>,
+}
+
+struct StructArrayEncoder<'a> {
+    encoders: Vec<FieldEncoder<'a>>,
+    explicit_nulls: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Encoder for StructArrayEncoder<'a> {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        out.push(b'{');
+        let mut is_first = true;
+        for field_encoder in &mut self.encoders {
+            let is_null = field_encoder.nulls.as_ref().is_some_and(|n| 
n.is_null(idx));
+            if is_null && !self.explicit_nulls {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if !is_first {
+                out.push(b',');
+            }
+            is_first = false;
+
+            encode_string(field_encoder.field.name(), out);
+            out.push(b':');
+
+            match is_null {
+                true => out.extend_from_slice(b"null"),
+                false => field_encoder.encoder.encode(idx, out),
+            }
+        }
+        out.push(b'}');
+    }
+}
+
+trait PrimitiveEncode: ArrowNativeType {
+    type Buffer;
+
+    // Workaround https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/61415
+    fn init_buffer() -> Self::Buffer;
+
+    fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8];

Review Comment:
   I think it would help to document what encode does here
   ```suggestion
       /// Encode the primitive value as bytes, returning a reference to that 
slice. 
       /// `buf` is temporary space that may be used
       fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8];
   ```



##########
arrow-json/src/writer/encoder.rs:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+use arrow_array::cast::AsArray;
+use arrow_array::types::*;
+use arrow_array::*;
+use arrow_buffer::{ArrowNativeType, NullBuffer, OffsetBuffer, ScalarBuffer};
+use arrow_cast::display::{ArrayFormatter, FormatOptions};
+use arrow_schema::{ArrowError, DataType, FieldRef};
+use half::f16;
+use lexical_core::FormattedSize;
+use serde::Serializer;
+use std::io::Write;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct EncoderOptions {
+    pub explicit_nulls: bool,
+}
+
+pub trait Encoder {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>);
+}
+
+pub fn make_encoder<'a>(
+    array: &'a dyn Array,
+    options: &EncoderOptions,
+) -> Result<Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>, ArrowError> {
+    let (encoder, nulls) = make_encoder_impl(array, options)?;
+    assert!(nulls.is_none(), "root cannot be nullable");
+    Ok(encoder)
+}
+
+fn make_encoder_impl<'a>(
+    array: &'a dyn Array,
+    options: &EncoderOptions,
+) -> Result<(Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>, Option<NullBuffer>), ArrowError> {
+    macro_rules! primitive_helper {
+        ($t:ty) => {{
+            let array = array.as_primitive::<$t>();
+            let nulls = array.nulls().cloned();
+            (Box::new(PrimitiveEncoder::new(array)) as _, nulls)
+        }};
+    }
+
+    Ok(downcast_integer! {
+        array.data_type() => (primitive_helper),
+        DataType::Float16 => primitive_helper!(Float16Type),
+        DataType::Float32 => primitive_helper!(Float32Type),
+        DataType::Float64 => primitive_helper!(Float64Type),
+        DataType::Boolean => {
+            let array = array.as_boolean();
+            (Box::new(BooleanEncoder(array.clone())), array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::Null => (Box::new(NullEncoder), array.logical_nulls()),
+        DataType::Utf8 => {
+            let array = array.as_string::<i32>();
+            (Box::new(StringEncoder(array.clone())) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::LargeUtf8 => {
+            let array = array.as_string::<i64>();
+            (Box::new(StringEncoder(array.clone())) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::List(_) => {
+            let array = array.as_list::<i32>();
+            (Box::new(ListEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        DataType::LargeList(_) => {
+            let array = array.as_list::<i64>();
+            (Box::new(ListEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as _, 
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+
+        DataType::Dictionary(_, _) => downcast_dictionary_array! {
+            array => (Box::new(DictionaryEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as 
_,  array.logical_nulls()),
+            _ => unreachable!()
+        }
+
+        DataType::Map(_, _) => {
+            let array = array.as_map();
+            (Box::new(MapEncoder::try_new(array, options)?) as _,  
array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+
+        DataType::Struct(fields) => {
+            let array = array.as_struct();
+            let encoders = fields.iter().zip(array.columns()).map(|(field, 
array)| {
+                let (encoder, nulls) = make_encoder_impl(array, options)?;
+                Ok(FieldEncoder{
+                    field: field.clone(),
+                    encoder, nulls
+                })
+            }).collect::<Result<Vec<_>, ArrowError>>()?;
+
+            let encoder = StructArrayEncoder{
+                encoders,
+                explicit_nulls: options.explicit_nulls,
+            };
+            (Box::new(encoder) as _, array.nulls().cloned())
+        }
+        d => match d.is_temporal() {
+            true => {
+                // Note: the implementation of Encoder for ArrayFormatter 
assumes it does not produce
+                // characters that would need to be escaped within a JSON 
string, e.g. `'"'`.
+                // If support for user-provided format specifications is 
added, this assumption
+                // may need to be revisited
+                let options = FormatOptions::new().with_display_error(true);
+                let formatter = ArrayFormatter::try_new(array, &options)?;
+                (Box::new(formatter) as _, array.nulls().cloned())
+            }
+            false => return Err(ArrowError::InvalidArgumentError(format!("JSON 
Writer does not support data type: {d}"))),
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn encode_string(s: &str, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+    let mut serializer = serde_json::Serializer::new(out);
+    serializer.serialize_str(s).unwrap();
+}
+
+struct FieldEncoder<'a> {
+    field: FieldRef,
+    encoder: Box<dyn Encoder + 'a>,
+    nulls: Option<NullBuffer>,
+}
+
+struct StructArrayEncoder<'a> {
+    encoders: Vec<FieldEncoder<'a>>,
+    explicit_nulls: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Encoder for StructArrayEncoder<'a> {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        out.push(b'{');
+        let mut is_first = true;
+        for field_encoder in &mut self.encoders {
+            let is_null = field_encoder.nulls.as_ref().is_some_and(|n| 
n.is_null(idx));
+            if is_null && !self.explicit_nulls {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if !is_first {
+                out.push(b',');
+            }
+            is_first = false;
+
+            encode_string(field_encoder.field.name(), out);
+            out.push(b':');
+
+            match is_null {
+                true => out.extend_from_slice(b"null"),
+                false => field_encoder.encoder.encode(idx, out),
+            }
+        }
+        out.push(b'}');
+    }
+}
+
+trait PrimitiveEncode: ArrowNativeType {
+    type Buffer;
+
+    // Workaround https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/61415
+    fn init_buffer() -> Self::Buffer;
+
+    fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8];
+}
+
+macro_rules! integer_encode {
+    ($($t:ty),*) => {
+        $(
+            impl PrimitiveEncode for $t {
+                type Buffer = [u8; Self::FORMATTED_SIZE];
+
+                fn init_buffer() -> Self::Buffer {
+                    [0; Self::FORMATTED_SIZE]
+                }
+
+                fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8] {
+                    lexical_core::write(self, buf)
+                }
+            }
+        )*
+    };
+}
+integer_encode!(i8, i16, i32, i64, u8, u16, u32, u64);
+
+macro_rules! float_encode {
+    ($($t:ty),*) => {
+        $(
+            impl PrimitiveEncode for $t {
+                type Buffer = [u8; Self::FORMATTED_SIZE];
+
+                fn init_buffer() -> Self::Buffer {
+                    [0; Self::FORMATTED_SIZE]
+                }
+
+                fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8] {
+                    if self.is_infinite() || self.is_nan() {
+                        b"null"
+                    } else {
+                        lexical_core::write(self, buf)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        )*
+    };
+}
+float_encode!(f32, f64);
+
+impl PrimitiveEncode for f16 {
+    type Buffer = <f64 as PrimitiveEncode>::Buffer;
+
+    fn init_buffer() -> Self::Buffer {
+        f64::init_buffer()
+    }
+
+    fn encode(self, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> &[u8] {
+        self.to_f64().encode(buf)
+    }
+}
+
+struct PrimitiveEncoder<N: PrimitiveEncode> {
+    values: ScalarBuffer<N>,
+    buffer: N::Buffer,
+}
+
+impl<N: PrimitiveEncode> PrimitiveEncoder<N> {
+    fn new<P: ArrowPrimitiveType<Native = N>>(array: &PrimitiveArray<P>) -> 
Self {
+        Self {
+            values: array.values().clone(),
+            buffer: N::init_buffer(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<N: PrimitiveEncode> Encoder for PrimitiveEncoder<N> {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        out.extend_from_slice(self.values[idx].encode(&mut self.buffer));
+    }
+}
+
+struct BooleanEncoder(BooleanArray);
+
+impl Encoder for BooleanEncoder {
+    fn encode(&mut self, idx: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        match self.0.value(idx) {

Review Comment:
   I was pretty confused at first trying to figure out why this doesn't check 
for null, but then I saw the null check is handled in the outer loop



##########
arrow-json/src/writer/encoder.rs:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+use arrow_array::cast::AsArray;
+use arrow_array::types::*;
+use arrow_array::*;
+use arrow_buffer::{ArrowNativeType, NullBuffer, OffsetBuffer, ScalarBuffer};
+use arrow_cast::display::{ArrayFormatter, FormatOptions};
+use arrow_schema::{ArrowError, DataType, FieldRef};
+use half::f16;
+use lexical_core::FormattedSize;
+use serde::Serializer;
+use std::io::Write;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct EncoderOptions {
+    pub explicit_nulls: bool,
+}
+
+pub trait Encoder {

Review Comment:
   Could you please document the expectations on nullability here? 
Specifically, it seems like this code assumes that this is invoked with `idx` 
for non-null entries, which was not clear to me on my first read of this code



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