re:
http://www.garlic.com/~lynn/2014c.html#62 Optimization, CPU time, and related 
issues

aka the internal operation of the machine ... and the execution elements
actually being managed ... are becoming less & less directly related to
the external instruction architecture.

for instance, risk architectures have had significant performance
advantage over i86 (having pioneered super scalar, out-of-order
execution, branch prediction, speculative execution, etc) ... however
for the last several generations of server chips ... i86 has gone to
hardware layer that translates i86 instructions into risk micro-ops for
execution ... which has largely mitigated the difference in throughput
between risk and i86. the more sophisticated compilers will include some
level of model of the internal execution characteristics as part of code
generation.

-- 
virtualization experience starting Jan1968, online at home since Mar1970

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