Linux-Misc Digest #211, Volume #25 Sun, 23 Jul 00 04:13:02 EDT
Contents:
Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers (Part 1 of 6)
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Subject: Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers (Part 1 of 6)
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Date: 23 Jul 2000 03:31:42 -0400
Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers
This is the list of Frequently Asked Questions for Linux, the free,
POSIX compatible operating system kernel that runs on many modern
computer systems. Linux uses free, GNU system utilities and
application software, although commercial programs are available
also. Originally written for 386/486/586 Intel/ISA bus machines,
Linux versions exist for Alpha, Sparc, MIPS, ARM, 680x0, PPC, and
many other platforms. ("What is Linux?") This FAQ is meant to be read
in conjunction with the Linux Documentation Project's HOWTO series.
("Where Can I Get Linux Material by FTP?" and, "Where Can I Get the
HOWTO's and Other Documentation?") The INFO-SHEET and META-FAQ also
list sources of Linux information. Please read them, and, "You Still
Haven't Answered My Question!" before posting to a Usenet news group.
You can also get Postscript, HTML, and SGML versions of this
document. ("Formats in Which This FAQ Is Available.")
=====================================================================
Table of Contents
1. Introduction and General Information
1.1. What is Linux?
1.2. Where Do I Start?
1.3. What Software Does Linux Support?
1.4. Does Linux Run on My Computer? What Hardware Is Supported?
1.5. What Ports to Other Processors Are There?
1.6. How Much Hard Disk Space Does Linux Need?
1.7. How Much Memory Does Linux Need?
1.8. How Much Memory Can Linux Use?
1.9. Does Linux Support the USB Bus?
1.10. Is Linux Public Domain? Copyrighted?
1.11. Is Linux *nix?
2. Topics of Current Interest.
2.1. What Resources Are There for Linux DeCSS and Other Open
Source DVD Software?
2.2. Where Is Information About Electronic Privacy Laws that
Affect ISP's?
2.3. How Is the DocBook Version of the FAQ Produced?
2.4. Where Is Cygnus Solutions?
3. Network Sources and Resources
3.1. Where Can I Get the Latest Kernel Version?
3.2. Where Can I Get the HOWTO's and Other Documentation?
3.3. Where Should I Look on the World Wide Web for Linux Stuff?
3.4. What News Groups Are There for Linux?
3.5. What Other FAQ's Are There for Linux?
3.6. Where Can I Get Linux Material by FTP?
3.7. I Don't Have FTP Access. Where Do I Get Linux?
3.8. I Don't Have Usenet Access. Where Do I Get Information?
3.9. What Mailing Lists Are There?
3.10. Where Are Linux Legal Issues Discussed?
3.11. Are the News Groups Archived Anywhere?
3.12. Where Can I Find Out About Security Related Issues?
4. Compatibility with Other Operating Systems
4.1. Can Linux Share My Disk with DOS? OS/2? 386BSD? Win95?
4.2. How Do I Access Files on My DOS Partition Or Floppy?
4.3. Does Linux Support Compressed Ext2 file Systems?
4.4. Can I Use My Stacked/DBLSPC/Etc. DOS Drive?
4.5. Can I Access OS/2 HPFS Partitions from Linux?
4.6. Can Linux Access Amiga File Systems?
4.7. Can Linux Access BSD, SysV, Etc. UFS?
4.8. Can Linux Access SMB File Systems?
4.9. Can Linux Access Macintosh File Systems?
4.10. Can I Run Microsoft Windows Programs under Linux?
4.11. Where Can I Get Information about NFS Compatibility?
4.12. Can I Use True Type Fonts with Linux?
4.13. How Can I Boot Linux from MS-DOS?
4.14. How Can I Boot Linux from OS/2's Boot Manager?
5. File Systems, Disks, and Drives
5.1. How Can I Get Linux to Work with My Disk?
5.2. How Can I Undelete Files?
5.3. How Do I Make Backups?
5.4. How Do I Resize a Partition (Non-Destructively)?
5.5. Is There a Defragmenter for Ext2fs, Etc.?
5.6. How Do I Format and Create a File System on a Floppy?
5.7. Does Linux Support Virtualized File Systems Like RAID?
5.8. Does Linux Support File System Encryption?
5.9. I Get Nasty Messages about Inodes, Blocks, and the Like.
5.10. My Swap Area Isn't Working.
5.11. How Do I Add Temporary Swap Space?
5.12. How Do I Remove LILO So My System Boots DOS Again?
5.13. Why Can't I Use fdformat Except as Root?
5.14. My Ext2fs Partitions Are Checked Each Time I Reboot.
5.15. My Root File System Is Read-Only!
5.16. I Have a Huge /proc/kcore! Can I Delete It?
5.17. The AHA1542C Doesn't Work with Linux.
5.18. Where Do I Find the Journalling File System?
6. Porting, Compiling and Obtaining Programs
6.1. How Do I Compile Programs?
6.2. How Do I Install GNU Software?
6.3. Where Do I Get Java?
6.4. How Do I Port XXX to Linux?
6.5. What Is ld.so and Where Do I Get It?
6.6. How Do I Upgrade the Libraries without Trashing My System?
6.7. Has Anyone Ported/Compiled/Written XXX for Linux?
6.8. Can I Use Code or a Compiler Compiled for a 486 on My 386?
6.9. What Does "gcc -O6" Do?
6.10. Where Are linux/*.h and asm/*.h?
6.11. I Get Errors when I Try to Compile the Kernel.
6.12. How Do I Make a Shared Library?
6.13. My Executables Are (Very) Large.
6.14. Does Linux Support Threads or Lightweight Processes?
6.15. Where Can I Get lint for Linux?
6.16. Where Can I find Kermit for Linux?
6.17. I Want to Use Linux with My Cable Modem.
6.18. Is There an ICQ Program That Runs under Linux?
7. Solutions to Common Miscellaneous Problems
7.1. PPP Connection Dies when Sending Large Files.
7.2. Free Dumps Core.
7.3. How Do I Keep Track of All My Bookmarks in Netscape?
7.4. The Computer Has the Wrong Time.
7.5. Setuid Scripts Don't Seem to Work.
7.6. Free Memory as Reported by free Keeps Shrinking.
7.7. When I Add More Memory, the System Slows to a Crawl.
7.8. Some Programs (E.g. xdm) Won't Let Me Log in.
7.9. Some Programs Let Me Log in with No Password.
7.10. My Machine Runs Very Slowly when I Run GCC / X / ...
7.11. I Can Only Log in as Root.
7.12. My Screen Is All Full of Weird Characters Instead of
Letters.
7.13. I Have Screwed Up My System and Can't Log in to Fix It.
7.14. I Forgot the root Password.
7.15. I've Discovered a Huge Security Hole in rm!
7.16. lpr and/or lpd Don't Work.
7.17. Timestamps on Files on MS-DOS Partitions Are Set
Incorrectly
7.18. How Do I Get LILO to Boot the Kernel Image?
7.19. I Upgraded the Kernel and Now My PCMCIA Card Doesn't Work.
8. How Do I Do This or Find Out That...
8.1. How Do I Know If My Notebook Runs Linux?
8.2. How Do I Install Linux Using FTP?
8.3. How do I resume an interrupted FTP transfer?
8.4. How Can I Get Scrollback in Text Mode?
8.5. How Do I Get E-mail to Work?
8.6. How do I prevent Sendmail from pausing for up to a minute at
each command?
8.7. How Do I Switch Virtual Consoles? How Do I Enable Them?
8.8. How Do I Set the Time Zone?
8.9. How Do I Get Dial-up PPP to Work?
8.10. What Version of Linux and What Machine Name Am I Using?
8.11. What is a "core" File?
8.12. How Can I Enable or Disable Core Dumps?
8.13. How Do I Upgrade/Recompile My Kernel?
8.14. Can I Have More than 3 Serial Ports by Sharing Interrupts?
8.15. How Do I Update (For Example) the System's Perl
Documentation?
8.16. How Do I Configure Emacs to Start with My Default Settings?
8.17. How Do I Make a Rescue Floppy?
8.18. How Do I Remap My Keyboard to UK, French, Etc.?
8.19. How Do I Get NUM LOCK to Default to On?
8.20. How Do I Set (Or Reset) My Initial Terminal Colors?
8.21. How Can I Have More Than 128Mb of Swap?
9. Miscellaneous Information and Questions Answered
9.1. How Do I Program XYZ Under Linux?
9.2. What's All This about ELF? glibc?
9.3. How Do I Determine What Packages Are Installed on My System?
9.4. What Is a .gz file? And a .tgz? And .bz2? And... ?
9.5. What Does VFS Stand For?
9.6. What is a BogoMip?
9.7. What Online/Free Periodicals Exist for Linux?
9.8. How Many People Use Linux?
9.9. How Many People Use Linux? (Redux.)
9.10. How Should I Pronounce Linux?
9.11. Where Is the Linux Food Page?
9.12. Where Can I Find Out about Free Software Projects?
10. Frequently Encountered Error Messages
10.1. Modprobe Can't Locate Module, XXX, and Similar Messages.
10.2. Unknown Terminal Type "linux" and Similar.
10.3. INET: Warning: old style ioctl... called!
10.4. ld: unrecognized option '-m486'
10.5. GCC says, "Internal compiler error."
10.6. Make Says, "Error 139."
10.7. Shell-Init: Permission Denied when I Log in.
10.8. No Utmp Entry. You Must Exec ... when Logging in.
10.9. Warning--bdflush Not Running.
10.10. Warning: obsolete routing request made.
10.11. EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked file system.
10.12. EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached.
10.13. EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached.
10.14. df Says, "Cannot read table of mounted file systems."
10.15. fdisk Says, "Partition X has different physical/
logical..."
10.16. fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary.
10.17. fdisk Says Partition n Has an Odd Number of Sectors.
10.18. A Mtools Utility Says It Cannot Initialize Drive XYZ.
10.19. At the Start of Booting: Memory tight
10.20. My Syslog says, "end_request: I/O error, ...."
10.21. "You don't exist. Go away."
11. The X Window System
11.1. Does Linux Support X?
11.2. How Do I Get the X Window System to Work?
11.3. Where Can I Get a Ready-Made XF86Config for My System?
11.4. What Desktop Environments Run on Linux?
11.5. xterm Logins Show Up Strangely in who, finger.
12. How to Get Further Assistance
12.1. You Still Haven't Answered My Question!
12.2. What to Put in a Request for Help.
12.3. I Want to Mail Someone about My Problem.
13. Acknowledgments and Administrivia
13.1. Feedback Is Invited.
13.2. Formats in Which This FAQ Is Available.
13.3. Authorship and Acknowledgments.
13.4. Disclaimer and Copyright.
1. Introduction and General Information
1.1. What is Linux?
Linux is the kernel of operating systems that look like and perform
as well or better than the famous operating system from AT&T Bell
Labs. Linus Torvalds and a loosely knit team of volunteer hackers
from across the Internet wrote (and still are writing) Linux from
scratch. It has all of the features of a modern, fully fledged
operating system: true multitasking, virtual memory, shared
libraries, demand loading, shared, copy-on-write executables, proper
memory management, and TCP/IP networking.
Most people, however, refer to the operating system kernel, system
software, and application software, collectively, as "Linux," and the
convention is used in this FAQ as well.
Linux ran originally on 386/486/586-based PC's, using the hardware
facilities of the 80386 processor family (TSS segments, et al.) to
implement its features. There are now many ports to other hardware
platforms. ("What Ports to Other Processors Are There?")
Linus Torvalds is working on a Linux distribution specifically
designed for mobile computers and the Crusoe Smart Microprocessor
developed by Transmeta. There is a API specification and developer's
kit that are available from Transmeta. There is more information at
http://www.transmeta.com/. The Crusoe is a microprocessor chip that
provides low power consumption, power management features,
workstation performance, and in-software configuration, but it's not
a complete system, so it's probably mostly harmless.
See the Linux INFO-SHEET for more details. ("Where Can I Get the
HOWTO's and Other Documentation?")
The Linux kernel is distributed under the GNU General Public License.
("Is Linux Public Domain? Copyrighted?")
There is a historical archive of all versions of the Linux kernel at
http://ps.cus.umist.ac.uk/~rhw/kernel.versions.html.
=====================================================================
1.2. Where Do I Start?
There are a handful of major Linux distributions. For information
about them, and how they are installed, see Matthew Welsh's
Installation and Getting Started, or IGS for short. It's located at
the Linux Documentation Project Home Page, http://www.linuxdoc.org/,
and on the Linux FAQ home page, http://www.mainmatter.com/
Postings on the comp.os.linux.* Usenet News groups, including the
FAQ, are archived on http://www.deja.com/usenet/. Search for
"comp.os.linux" to retrieve articles from the Linux News groups. ("
What News Groups Are There for Linux?")
The information in IGS is somewhat dated now. More up-to-date
information about first-time Linux installation is located in the
LDP's Installation HOWTO, also located at the LDP Home Page.
Commercial distributions have begun to appear on the shelves of many
book and electronics stores in the last six months, at least in the
U.S., and some hardware vendors now ship systems with Linux
pre-installed.
There is a very thorough installation guide on line at http://
heather.cs.ucdavis.edu/~matloff/linux.html.
Some distributions can still be installed via anonymous FTP from
various Linux archive sites, but in many cases, the size of the
distribution makes this impractical. ("Where Can I Get Linux Material
by FTP?") There are also a large number of other releases which are
distributed less globally that suit special local and national needs.
=====================================================================
1.3. What Software Does Linux Support?
Linux supports GCC, Emacs, the X Window System, all the standard Unix
utilities, TCP/IP (including SLIP and PPP), and all of the hundreds
of programs that people have compiled or ported to it.
There is a DOS emulator, called DOSEMU. The latest stable release is
0.98.3. The FTP archives are at ftp://ftp.dosemu.org/dosemu The Web
site is http://www.dosemu.org.
The emulator can run DOS itself and some (but not all) DOS
applications. Be sure to look at the README file to determine which
version you should get. Also, see the DOSEMU-HOWTO (slightly dated at
this point--it doesn't cover the most recent version of the program),
at ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO.
Work has been progressing on an emulator for Microsoft Windows
binaries. ("Can I Run Microsoft Windows Programs under Linux?")
iBCS2 (Intel Binary Compatibility Standard) emulator code for SVR4
ELF and SVR3.2 COFF binaries can be included in the kernel as a
compile-time option. There is information at ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub
/linux/BETA/ibcs2/README.
For more information see the INFO-SHEET, which is one of the HOWTO's
("Where Can I Get the HOWTO's and Other Documentation?" and "How Do I
Port XXX to Linux?")
Some companies have commercial software available, including Motif,
WordPerfect, and Framemaker. They often announce their availability
on comp.os.linux.announce-- try searching the archives. ("Are the
News Groups Archived Anywhere?")
=====================================================================
1.4. Does Linux Run on My Computer? What Hardware Is Supported?
Giving Linux a try requires a machine with an Intel '386, '486, or
'586 processor with at least 2Mb of RAM and a single floppy drive. To
do anything useful, more RAM and disk space is needed. ("How Much
Memory Does Linux Need?")
VESA Local Bus and PCI are supported.
MCA (IBM's proprietary bus) and ESDI hard drives are mostly
supported. There is further information on the MCA bus and what cards
Linux supports on the Micro Channel Linux Web page, http://
www.dgmicro.com/mca. See also ("Where Should I Look on the World Wide
Web for Linux Stuff?")
Linux runs on most current laptops, with a decent X display. Refer to
How do I know if my notebook runs Linux? For details of exactly which
PC's, video cards, disk controllers, etc. work see the INFO-SHEET and
the Hardware-HOWTO. ("Where Can I Get the HOWTO's and Other
Documentation?")
There is a port of Linux to the 8086, known as the Embeddable Linux
Kernel Subset (ELKS). This is a 16-bit subset of the Linux kernel
which will mainly be used for embedded systems. See http://
www.linux.org.uk/Linux8086.html for more information. Linux will
never run fully on an 8086 or '286, because it requires
task-switching and memory management facilities not found on these
processors.
Linux supports multiprocessing with Intel MP architecture. See the
file Documentation/smp.tex in the Linux kernel source code
distribution.
See the question below for a (probably incomplete) list of hardware
platforms Linux has been ported to.
=====================================================================
1.5. What Ports to Other Processors Are There?
There is a reasonably complete list of Linux ports at http://
www.ctv.es/USERS/xose/linux/linux_ports.html, and at http://
www.linuxhq.com/dist-index.html.
A project has been underway for a while to port Linux to suitable
68000-series based systems like Amigas and Ataris. The Linux/m68K FAQ
is located at http://www.clark.net/pub/lawrencc/linux/faq/faq.html.
The URL of the Linux/m68k home page is http://www.linux-m68k.org.
There is a m68k port for the Amiga by Jes Sorensen, which is located
at ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/os/linux/680x0/redhat/. The installation
FAQ for the package, by Ron Flory, is at http://www.feist.com/
~rjflory/linux/rh/.
There is also a linux-680x0 mailing list. ("What Mailing Lists Are
There?")
There is (or was) a FTP site for the Linux-m68k project on
ftp.phil.uni-sb.de/pub/atari/linux-68k, but this address may no
longer be current.
Debian GNU/Linux is being ported to Alpha, Sparc, PowerPC, and ARM
platforms. There are mailing lists for all of them. See http://
www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe
One of the Linux-PPC project pages has moved recently. Its location
is http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe. http://
www.linuxppc.org, and the archive site is ftp://ftp.linuxppc.org/
linuxppc.
There is a Linux-PPC support page at http://www.cs.nmt.edu/~linuxppc/
. There you will find the kernel that is distributed with Linux.
Apple now supports MkLinux development on Power Macs, based on OSF
and the Mach microkernel. See http://www.mklinux.apple.com.
There are two sites for the Linux iMac port: http://w3.one.net/~johnb
/imaclinux, and http://www.imaclinux.net:8080/content/index.html.
A port to the 64-bit DEC Alpha/AXP is at http://www.azstarnet.com/
~axplinux/. There is a mailing list at vger.rutgers.edu. ("What
Mailing Lists Are There?")
Ralf Baechle is working on a port to the MIPS, initially for the
R4600 on Deskstation Tyne machines. The Linux-MIPS FTP sites are ftp:
//ftp.fnet.fr/linux-mips and ftp://ftp.linux.sgi.com/pub/mips-linux.
Interested people may mail their questions and offers of assistance
to mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED].
There is (or was) also a MIPS channel on the Linux Activists mail
server and a linux-mips mailing list. ("What Mailing Lists Are There?
")
There are currently two ports of Linux to the ARM family of
processors. One of these is for the ARM3, fitted to the Acorn A5000,
and it includes I/O drivers for the 82710/11 as appropriate. The
other is to the ARM610 of the Acorn RISC PC. The RISC PC port is
currently in its early to middle stages, owing to the need to rewrite
much of the memory handling. The A5000 port is in restricted beta
testing. A release is likely soon.
For more, up-to-date information, read the newsgroup
comp.sys.acorn.misc. There is a FAQ at http://www.arm.uk.linux.org.
The Linux SPARC project is a hotbed of activity. There is a FAQ
available from Jim Mintha's Linux for SPARC Processors page, http://
www.geog.ubc.ca/sparclinux.html. The SPARC/Linux archives are at ftp:
//vger.rutgers.edu/pub/linux/Sparc.
The Home Page of the UltraSPARC port ("UltraPenguin") is located at
http://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/linux/ultrapenguin-1.0/.
There is also a port ("Hardhat") to SGI/Indy machines. The URL is
http://www.linux.sgi.com/.
=====================================================================
1.6. How Much Hard Disk Space Does Linux Need?
About 10Mb for a very minimal installation, suitable for trying
Linux, and not much else.
You can fit an installation that includes X into 80Mb. Installing
Debian GNU/Linux takes 500Mb--1GB, including kernel source code, some
space for user files, and spool areas.
Installing a commercial distribution that has a desktop GUI
environment, commercial word processor, and front-office productivity
suite, will claim an additional 1 GB of disk space, approximately.
=====================================================================
1.7. How Much Memory Does Linux Need?
At least 4MB, and then you will need to use special installation
procedures until the disk swap space is installed. Linux will run
comfortably in 4MB of RAM, although X Apps will run slowly because
they need to swap out to disk.
Some recent applications, like the later versions of Netscape,
require as much as 64MB of physical memory.
There is a distribution, "Small Linux," that will run on machines
with 2MB of RAM. Refer to Where can I get Linux material by FTP?
=====================================================================
1.8. How Much Memory Can Linux Use?
A number of people have asked how to address more than 64 MB of
memory, which is the default upper limit. Place the following in your
lilo.conf file:
append="mem=XXM"
Where "XX" is the amount of memory, specified as megabytes; for
example, '128M'. For further details, see the lilo manual page.
=====================================================================
1.9. Does Linux Support the USB Bus?
Linux supports a few dozen USB devices at present, and work is
underway to develop device drivers for additional hardware devices.
There is a Web page devoted to the subject, at http://
www.linux-usb.org/. In addition, there is a LDP HOWTO. See also, ("
Where Should I Look on the World Wide Web for Linux Stuff?")
=====================================================================
1.10. Is Linux Public Domain? Copyrighted?
The Linux trademark belongs to Linus Torvalds. He has placed the
Linux kernel under the GNU General Public License, which basically
means that you may freely copy, change, and distribute it, but you
may not impose any restrictions on further distribution, and you must
make the source code available.
This is not the same as Public Domain. See the Copyright FAQ, ftp://
rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/law/copyright, for details.
Full details are in the file COPYING in the Linux kernel sources
(probably in /usr/src/linux on your system).
The licenses of the utilities and programs which come with the
installations vary. Much of the code is from the GNU Project at the
Free Software Foundation, and is also under the GPL.
Note that discussion about the merits or otherwise of the GPL should
be posted to the news group gnu.misc.discuss, and not to the
comp.os.linux hierarchy.
For other legal questions, see ("Where Are Linux Legal Issues
Discussed?")
=====================================================================
1.11. Is Linux *nix?
Not officially, until it passes the Open Group's certification tests,
and supports the necessary API's. Even very few of the commercial
operating systems have passed the Open Group tests. For more
information, see http://www.unix-systems.org/what_is_unix.html.
[Bob Friesenhahn]
=====================================================================
2. Topics of Current Interest.
2.1. What Resources Are There for Linux DeCSS and Other Open Source
DVD Software?
The free DeCSS software that decodes DVD's was developed for MS
Windows and Apple systems, and Linux support was in the works, until
the granting of injunctions in the Motion Picture Association of
America and DVD Content Control Association's lawsuits that restrain
distribution of the software.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation http://www.eff.org is coordinating
legal defense for computer users that were imprisoned or otherwise
affected by the lawsuits. The international law that is being used to
prosecute the distributors of DeCSS is yet untested, defendants say.
There is a DeCSS Resource Site at http://www.pzcommunications.com/
main.htm, which is maintained by PZ Communications, one of the
defendants in the DVD CCA case.
Another suit, against the magazine 2600, is being covered by the New
York Times on the Web, the latest article of which is http://
www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/07/cyber/cyberlaw/14law.html Access
to the Web site is free but requires registration.
=====================================================================
2.2. Where Is Information About Electronic Privacy Laws that Affect
ISP's?
The U.S. Federal Trade Commission has issued a report to Congress
that recommends regulations to guarantee privacy for customers of
Internet Service Providers. The text of the report is at http://
www.ftc.gov/acoas/papers/finalreport.htm. The FTC E-commerce site is
at http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-internet.htm/
The New York Times on the Web has a resource page of electronic
privacy information resources at http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/
reference/index-privacy.html Access is free but requires
registration.
The Electronic Privacy Information Center maintains a Web page at
http://www.epic.org/. The site also has pointers to information about
international laws that affect cryptographic software.
=====================================================================
2.3. How Is the DocBook Version of the FAQ Produced?
At present, the Linux FAQ uses the OASIS DocBook SGML DTD. HTML
output is produced using James Clark's Jade DSSSL parser with
modified versions of Norman Walsh's modular style sheets. Question
numbers are generated with Perl. The text version is formatted with
lynx, and split in to segments using the standard GNU text utilities,
and are posted to Usenet. The DocBook utilities are located at ftp://
ftp.freesoftware.com/pub/sourceware/docbook-tools/.
=====================================================================
2.4. Where Is Cygnus Solutions?
Probably on the other side of that black hole for which all
successful new start-ups are destined. The Cygnus URL leads to Red
Hat Software's home page at the moment. The FTP archives are at ftp:/
/ftp.freesoftware.com/pub/sourceware/
=====================================================================
3. Network Sources and Resources
3.1. Where Can I Get the Latest Kernel Version?
Make that versions. The 2.0. series kernels are still available for
older machines. Following Linus's even/odd versioning scheme, the
latest production kernel is 2.2.x. The updates to this kernel are bug
fixes. Active development is proceeding on the 2.3.x versions of the
kernel, and a feature freeze has recently been announced for the 2.4
series production kernels.
Linux kernel version 2.2. was released on January 25, and a bug fix
version 2.2.1 was released several days later. New versions are
always being released. The kernel contains numerous improvements in
features and performance compared to the kernel versions 2.0.x.
Among the 2.2 kernel's many improvements are a video frame buffer,
faster (although bigger) memory management, support for more hardware
devices, improved security, and improved POSIX compatibility. The
Linux kernel, in many of these instances, is superior to commercial
OS's.
To read more about the features in kernel version 2.2.x, the
unofficial, draft press releases are located at http://www.tip.net.au
/~edlang/linux/linux2.2pr.html.
If you want to download the source code, FTP to ftp.xx.kernel.org,
where "xx" is the two-letter Internet domain abbreviation of your
country; e.g., "us" for United States, "ca" for Canada, or "de" for
Germany. Kernel versions 2.2.x are archived in the directory pub/
linux/kernel/v2.2, as are patches for the prerelease versions. The
kernel source code is archived as a .tar.gz file, and as a .tar.bz2
file.
Follow the instructions in any of the standard references to compile
the 2.2 kernel, as you would with any other custom kernel. The
Documentation subdirectory also contains information by the authors
of various subsystems and drivers, and much of that information is
not documented elsewhere.
If you want to participate in kernel development, the latest 2.3
version kernels are available from ftp.kernel.org as well. Make sure
you sign on to the linux-kernel mailing list to find out what people
are working on. ("What Mailing Lists Are There?")
There is a story about the features of the 2.4 series kernels at
http://features.linuxtoday.com/stories/8191.html.
=====================================================================
3.2. Where Can I Get the HOWTO's and Other Documentation?
Look in the following places, and the sites that mirror them.
* http://www.linuxdoc.org/
* ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/OS/Linux/doc/HOWTO/
* ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/docs/HOWTO/
* ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/
For a list of Linux FTP sites, see, ("Where Can I Get Linux Material
by FTP?")
If you don't have access to FTP, try the FTP-by-mail servers at
mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED], mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED], or
mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED].
A complete list of HOWTO's is available in the file HOWTO-INDEX at
http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/howtos.html. The
mini-HOWTO's are indexed at http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX
/mini.html.
In addition, translations available from ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/
Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations/ and mirrors worldwide. The HOWTO's and
other documentation have been translated into the following
languages:
Chinese (zh) Croatian (hr) French (fr)
German (de) Hellenic (el) Indonesian (id)
Italian (it) Japanese (ja) Korean (ko)
Polish (pl) Slovenian (sl) Spanish (es)
Swedish (sv) Turkish (tr)
More of these documents are always in preparation. Please get in
touch with the coordinators if you are interested in writing one.
Contact and submission information is at http://www.linuxdoc.org/
mailinfo.html.
There is also a LDP HOWTO page at http://howto.tucows.org/.
The Guide Series produced by the Linux Documentation Project is
available from http://www.linuxdoc.org/. Please read them if you are
new to Unix and Linux.
And, of course, a number of people have written documentation
independently of the LDP:
* Linux Administrators Security Guide, by Kurt Seifried. http://
www.freek.com/lasg/.
* Newbie's Linux Manual. http://www.linuxdoc.org/nlm/.
* One-Page Linux Manual. http://www.powerup.com.au/~squadron/.
* Short beginners' manual for Linux. Also available in Dutch. http:
//www.stuwww.kub.nl/people/b.vannunen/linux-man.php3.
* Virtual Frame buffer HOWTO, by Alex Buell. http://
www.tahallah.demon.co.uk/programming/prog.html.
* X11 & TrueType Fonts, by Peter Kleiweg. http://www.let.rug.nl/
~kleiweg/.
There is a FAQ for Linux kernel developers at http://www.tux.org/html
/.
To find out about Linux memory management, including performance
tuning, see Rik van Riel's Web page at http://humbolt.geo.uu.nl/
Linux-MM/.
The Linux Consultants HOWTO has a directory of Linux consultants at
http://www.linuxports.com/.
Gary's Encyclopedia lists over 4,000 Linux related links. Its URL is
http://members.aa.net/~swear/pedia/index.html.
There is also a FAQ specifically for the Red Hat Linux distribution,
at http://www.best.com/~aturner/jRedHat-FAQ/faq_index.html.
And the Home Page of this FAQ (by default, The Linux FAQ) is the
Mainmatter Press, http://www.mainmatter.com/.
=====================================================================
3.3. Where Should I Look on the World Wide Web for Linux Stuff?
In addition to the Linux Documentation Project Home Page, http://
www.linuxdoc.org/, there are many pages that provide beginning and
advanced information about Linux.
These two pages provide a good starting point for general Linux
information: Linux International's Home Page, at http://www.li.org/,
and the Linux Online's Linux Home Page at http://www.linux.org/.
Both of these pages provide links to other sites, information about
general information, distributions, new software, documentation, and
news.
--
<a href="coffee://localhost/cream/">stop</a> http://www.mainmatter.com/
------------------------------
** FOR YOUR REFERENCE **
The service address, to which questions about the list itself and requests
to be added to or deleted from it should be directed, is:
Internet: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
You can send mail to the entire list (and comp.os.linux.misc) via:
Internet: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Linux may be obtained via one of these FTP sites:
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sunsite.unc.edu pub/Linux
End of Linux-Misc Digest
******************************
