Linux-Misc Digest #777, Volume #25 Sat, 16 Sep 00 10:13:04 EDT
Contents:
Re: Batch for Linux (Tony Lawrence)
Re: Why Does the EXT2 filesystem not need defragmentation. (Floyd Davidson)
Re: partition table corrupt (john)
DOS Tree Command in Linux? ("Buck Turgidson")
Re: DOS Tree Command in Linux? (Hal Burgiss)
Re: DOS Tree Command in Linux? ("Buck Turgidson")
2 webservers behind firewall? HOW ("D. Abuan")
Re: inetd.conf--someone changed the file? (Steve)
Re: Test (Martin Bock)
Re: umounting depending on login (Robert Heller)
Re: DOS Tree Command in Linux? (Robert Heller)
Re: 2 drives, windowsnt with linux....how? (Robert Heller)
Re: Linksys Etherfast LNE100TX v4.0 (Peter Kelly)
Re: Not recognising 128 MB of Ram (repo)
Re: Batch for Linux (Christopher Browne)
Re: 2 drives, windowsnt with linux....how? (Larry Irons)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: Tony Lawrence <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Batch for Linux
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 08:10:39 -0400
Stuart Mika Hankel wrote:
>
> Hello. How can i make a batch for Linux?
> I've heard that i can make a 'script'. It's the same like BAT files for DOS?
> How can i generate it? What's the extension?
> I need to program two command line orders.
See http://pcunix.com/newtounix.html for that and a bunch of
other stuff you should know before you charge into this..
--
Tony Lawrence ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
SCO/Linux articles, help, book reviews, tests,
job listings and more : http://www.pcunix.com
------------------------------
From: Floyd Davidson <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Why Does the EXT2 filesystem not need defragmentation.
Date: 16 Sep 2000 03:32:55 -0800
Jean-David Beyer-valinux <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>Floyd Davidson wrote (in part):
>
>> There are some other considerations. Linux buffers disk reads,
>> and uses otherwise unused RAM for that purpose. Hence the more
>> RAM you have available for disk buffering, the faster your
>> programs will generally run.
>
>I suppose so, but it depends a lot on your access patterns. I
>suspect that most of the stuff in my buffers and cache are not
>useful: I am rummaging around in a large database, running a 2-hour
>populate of the database. All the data coming in are new, and I
>read precious little of the data that are already there. The
>indices are in the cache (I hope), and that can help, but since I
>am mostly inserting new records, I imagine that the cache is mostly
>full of useless stuff.
Your particular userid may not, but then again it might. Shell
scripts call binaries in /bin, /usr/bin, and /usr/local/bin
often, and various data files and configuration files are also
accessed often.
Hence the quantity of re-usable data may be low, but it is also
possible even though small it might account for a much higher
percentage of disk activity than you might expect.
Additionally, the other data that you are reading might well be
available in sequential reads... which means the others being
accessed from memory speeds up access to those that are read
from disk by not mixing non-sequential disk reads in the
process.
Suffice it to say that there is no doubt at least some benefit,
and it is essentially free because it uses a resource that would
otherwise be idle.
>> Linux will also swap out unused
>> processes, making the space in RAM they would otherwise take up
>> available for disk buffering. Hence you do want _some_ swap
>> space allocated.
>>
>> I have a system similar to yours, in that it has 256Mb of RAM
>> and often is lightly loaded. Here is what free says right now:
>>
>> total used free shared buffers cached
>> Mem: 257972 242560 15412 30872 62268 62000
>> -/+ buffers/cache: 118292 139680
>> Swap: 315048 15928 299120
>>
>> Which indicates that 16Mb has been swapped out, and is available
>> for disk buffering. (You can also get an idea how much swap I
>> might recommend. :-)
>
>Mine is:
>
> total: used: free: shared: buffers:
>cached:
>Mem: 529330176 526209024 3121152 89923584 207638528 190623744
>Swap: 279642112 17080320 262561792
>
>This seems to support my view that no matter what the amount of RAM
>(iff there is "enough"), Linux uses about 16 Megabytes of swap
>space. ;-)
Not really. It does mean that you and I have just about the
same amount of memory allocated to processes that are sleeping
virtually all of the time. Right now, on my box that happens to
be kflushd, kupdate, kpiod, kswapd, bash (five instances),
agetty (two instances), rpciod, lockd, startx, xinit, gnuserv,
and pppd.
Obviously I could run either more or fewer processes that would
result in the use of swap space. :-)
>> The actual virtual memory (RAM + swap) you *must* have amounts
>> to "more than the need for virtual memory will ever be". And
>> remember that if your vm use exceeds the RAM + swap total, your
>> system will crash.
>
>Is this true of Linux? In the old days (around mid 1980s), a
>UNIX system would not crash when you ran out of memory. The
>fork(2) routine would just give an error return. If a shell got
>that, it would just write "cannot fork", but the system would
>remain up. Of course, the sysadmin would start looking around
>for the memory hog. Somewhere around that time, they reserved
>a little memory and a process table slot for the super-user so
>that something could be done.
Sure the system "remains up", but it is in a worthless state
until the sysadmin determines what has been arbitrarily killed
off and what has not. The only sensible response is to reboot
immediately after discovering which process is hogging memory.
I may be a bit more liberal about the definition of "crash" than
most, but clearly a forced reboot even if it is at my leisure, is
a "crash".
>> (And if you use Netscrape, at some point the amount of vm it
>> uses will be all there is, no matter how much you have. In that
>> case you want enough that you'll notice it before the crash...)
>
>On my systems, Netscape uses around 24 Megabytes, but it does not
>grow unbounded, even when I open multiple windows with it. Others
>report memory leaks, but I have never seen any. Does the memory
>leak without appearing in the Netscape line of the top command?
I don't remember the specifics now, but it has been positively
identified. If I remember right it has something to do with
Java applets, which means if you access only the right web pages
it will never hit you at all. I can often go for a week or two
and never have a problem. Then I'll start searching for some
odd thing and after I've accessed a couple dozen odd sites I
notice that everything is slow to start up... and what I find is
that I have 200Mb of swap in use!
--
Floyd L. Davidson [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Ukpeagvik (Barrow, Alaska)
------------------------------
From: john <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: partition table corrupt
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 13:19:35 +0100
>The extended partition, Pcyl 0, entry 2, ends cylinder 2300. The last
>logical partition however ends at cylinder 2301, outside the extended
>partition. To correct this you can delete and recreate the swap
>partition a little smaller. You may have to run some Linux commands to
>get the swap space recognized. I do not know.
>
>Since cylinder 2301 is not used, another possibility would be to edit
>the partition table entry for the extended partition, but I do not
>know which tool to recommend for other than experts.
>
>Inside the extended partition you see some NB's in the CHS field. This
>indicates that the partition table CHS (cylinder/head/sector) values
>does not match the LBA values. Inside an extended partition type (ID)
>0F, the CHS values by definition should not be used, so this should be
>OK.
>
>The R0 values in the BS (boot sector) fields indicates that the
>relative entry in the boot sector is relative to sector 0. The normal
>value would be relative to the current partition table sector, but the
>boot sectors are OK.
>
>The NB in the BS field for the ext2 partition is a result of the
>actual partition size being a little smaller then the partition table
>entry. This is as it should be.
I have done what you said and made my swap file shorter and guess
what! it works. You are a genius mate. I can now go ahead and install
RedHat 6.2. No partion error anymore<smile>. I can not thank you
enough for your help.
All the best.
John
Scotland, uk
------------------------------
From: "Buck Turgidson" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: DOS Tree Command in Linux?
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 12:37:45 GMT
I want to generate a graphical or hierarchical representation of a directory
structure in linux. Is there a utility similar to the DOS "Tree" command to
do this?
Thanks much.
--
Remove Dr. Seuss prefix from address to reply
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Hal Burgiss)
Subject: Re: DOS Tree Command in Linux?
Reply-To: Hal Burgiss <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 12:50:24 GMT
On Sat, 16 Sep 2000 12:37:45 GMT, Buck Turgidson
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>I want to generate a graphical or hierarchical representation of a
>directory structure in linux. Is there a utility similar to the DOS
>"Tree" command to do this?
Emmm....have you tried 'tree'?
--
Hal B
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
--
------------------------------
From: "Buck Turgidson" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: DOS Tree Command in Linux?
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 13:07:02 GMT
Must not be on my path:
[~] $env | grep PATH
CLASSPATH=:/usr/local/JSDK2.0/lib/jsdk.jar:/usr/lib/apache/ApacheJServ.jar:/
home
/httpd/servlets/
PATH=/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/home/jerry/bin
[~] $tree
bash: tree: command not found
[~] $
Hal Burgiss <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
> On Sat, 16 Sep 2000 12:37:45 GMT, Buck Turgidson
> <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> >I want to generate a graphical or hierarchical representation of a
> >directory structure in linux. Is there a utility similar to the DOS
> >"Tree" command to do this?
>
> Emmm....have you tried 'tree'?
>
> --
> Hal B
> [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> --
------------------------------
From: "D. Abuan" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.networking
Subject: 2 webservers behind firewall? HOW
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 13:12:39 GMT
I have two webservers behind a Redhat 6.2 PC running IP Masquerading. I
know how to port forward one webserver
if there is a request to my external PC's IP address at port 80. But I want
to set up another one....running NT (for
my room mate who wants to run IIS) how can I set this up????
--
------------------------------
From: Steve <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: inetd.conf--someone changed the file?
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 13:35:21 GMT
Hypnotist wrote:
>
> i changed the setting in /etc/ineted.conf and it worked as intended.
> but strange thing happened. the file suddenly changed back to what it
> was like before i edit it! for example, i commented out the finger
> service and did a "killall -HUP inetd", 12 hours later it became
> uncommented. same thing happen to /etc/issue.net.
> i don't think anyone has access to my sistem, so what exactly is going on?
>
On many distributions, /etc/rc.d/rc.local overwrites /etc/issue and
/etc/issue.net every time you reboot. (Edit rc.local to fix this.) Yours
also might be configured to overwrite /etc/inetd.conf, or you may simply
have misspelled the filename, as you did in your posting.
------------------------------
From: Martin Bock <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Test
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 14:38:21 +0200
On Sat, 16 Sep 2000 21:58:43 -0400 Rombo <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>Test
Thank you
--
Martin
God is dead!............Nietzsche
URL: www.martin-bock.de Nietzsche is dead!......God
eMail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Nietzsche is God!.......The Dead
------------------------------
From: Robert Heller <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: umounting depending on login
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 13:54:38 GMT
mike <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
In a message on Sat, 16 Sep 2000 01:20:57 GMT, wrote :
m> I have a couple people (besides myself) which log onto my machine. By
m> default all disks are mounted when the machine is booted up. I'd like to
m> fix it so that when these other two log in some of the disks are umounted.
m> How can I do that automatically?
Why do you want to *un mount* disks when someone logs in?
Unless you have screwy modes set, you should not need to do this.
What *does* make sense is the case where some of the file systems are
NFS file systems, in which case what you want is the NFS Automount hack
-- NFS disks mounted on demand (access) and then un mounted after a
inactivity timeout period.
m>
m> Thanks...
m>
m> Mike
m> --
m>
m>
m>
m> ------------------------
m> hardymi@[EMAIL PROTECTED]
m>
m> Auntie Em: Hate you, hate Kansas; took the dog - Dorothy
m>
m>
m>
m>
m>
m>
--
\/
Robert Heller ||InterNet: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/~heller || [EMAIL PROTECTED]
http://www.deepsoft.com /\FidoNet: 1:321/153
------------------------------
From: Robert Heller <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: DOS Tree Command in Linux?
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 13:54:39 GMT
"Buck Turgidson" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
In a message on Sat, 16 Sep 2000 13:07:02 GMT, wrote :
"T> Must not be on my path:
"T>
"T> [~] $env | grep PATH
"T> CLASSPATH=:/usr/local/JSDK2.0/lib/jsdk.jar:/usr/lib/apache/ApacheJServ.jar:/
"T> home
"T> /httpd/servlets/
"T> PATH=/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/home/jerry/bin
"T> [~] $tree
"T> bash: tree: command not found
"T> [~] $
Or just not installed:
sauron.deepsoft.com% rpm -qf /usr/bin/tree
tree-1.2-4
tree-x.x-x.i386.rpm is probably sitting on your distro's CD... Or can
be downloaded from a RedHat mirror site.
"T>
"T>
"T>
"T>
"T> Hal Burgiss <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
"T> news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
"T> > On Sat, 16 Sep 2000 12:37:45 GMT, Buck Turgidson
"T> > <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
"T> > >I want to generate a graphical or hierarchical representation of a
"T> > >directory structure in linux. Is there a utility similar to the DOS
"T> > >"Tree" command to do this?
"T> >
"T> > Emmm....have you tried 'tree'?
"T> >
"T> > --
"T> > Hal B
"T> > [EMAIL PROTECTED]
"T> > [EMAIL PROTECTED]
"T> > --
"T>
"T>
"T>
--
\/
Robert Heller ||InterNet: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/~heller || [EMAIL PROTECTED]
http://www.deepsoft.com /\FidoNet: 1:321/153
------------------------------
From: Robert Heller <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: 2 drives, windowsnt with linux....how?
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 13:54:39 GMT
acerbus_dae <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
In a message on Sat, 16 Sep 2000 06:55:27 GMT, wrote :
a> Im planning on buying a new Dell system with twin 10gig drives, and Id
a> like NT installed to one disk, and suse/other on the next...Trouble is
a> Ive never had to do that before, and even though I dont think there
a> will be any serious problems, Id just like to know if theres anything I
a> should expect to deal with...
a>
a> LILO will need to still be on the first drive correct? Anything I
a> should worry about along the way?
Actually not. Unless you install NT over MS-DOS or Win95, NT needs its
own boot loader in the MBR. This is not really a problem. This is what
you do:
Have Dell install NT on the first disk (/dev/hda or /dev/sda) and leave
the second disk (/dev/hdb or /dev/sdb) alone.
When you get the box, deal with the final install stuff for NT -- the
first time you boot NT, it will want to do some fussing that Dell cannot
do: local networking (if any), admin password, etc. Once this is done
you can proceed to install Linux.
Install Linux on the second disk as per the install instructions for
your distro. Be careful about the 1024 cylinder limit! (make a small
root (/) or /boot partition early in the disk).
*MAKE A BOOT FLOPPY* Repeat: *MAKE A BOOT FLOPPY*. Repeat again: *MAKE A BOOT
FLOPPY*. This is important!
Then install Lilo in the boot sector of the root file system *DON'T*
INSTALL LILO IN THE MBR* -- if you do, you will have to re-install NT
from scratch.
Once Linux has been installed, boot from the boot floppy (don't forget
to *MAKE A BOOT FLOPPY*).
When linux comes up, do this:
dd if=/dev/hdb1 bs=512 count=1 of=/tmp/linux.img
('/dev/hdb1' is presumed to be the partition your root file system lives
on, replace /dev/hdb1 with /dev/sdb1 if you have SCSI disks.)
Now copy /tmp/linux.img to someplace NT can access. If the NT system
has a FAT16 file system, mount it and copy /tmp/linux.img there. Or
else copy it to a blank, formatted MS-DOS floppy.
Now shutdown Linux and boot NT.
Copy linux.img from the FAT16 file system (or the floppy) to C:\ or
someplace convenient. You now need to edit NT's boot config file
(C:\boot.ini *I think*) and add a line to reference C:\linux.img (or
whatever it is called). Give a suitable boot label (i.e. 'Suse 6.2' or
'Tux Rules' or whatever).
And there you are.
a>
a>
a> Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
a> Before you buy.
a>
--
\/
Robert Heller ||InterNet: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/~heller || [EMAIL PROTECTED]
http://www.deepsoft.com /\FidoNet: 1:321/153
------------------------------
From: Peter Kelly <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.hardware
Subject: Re: Linksys Etherfast LNE100TX v4.0
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 13:58:21 GMT
On Sat, 09 Sep 2000 09:12:01 -0500, "Robert E. Blair" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
wrote:
When you say that you have the latest drivers, which drivers are
these? More importantly, which kernel are you using? I had to go to
2.4.0 to get mine to work. Once I did that, however, everything
worked great. Now, if I can just figure out iptables....
Peter
>Has the card been assigned an IRQ? This might indicate that the
>hardware is not getting the resources it needs to function properly.
>Check /proc/pci for details of what the card has latched onto at boot.
>
>Mike Pullen wrote:
>
>> I can not get this network card to be recognized. I am using the
>> latest tulip drivers per the manual and web page. I am receiving the
>> following error:
>>
>> insmod tulip
>>
>> tulip.c: init_mod.c: Device or resouce busy
>>
>> Any ideas?
>> --
>> Mike Pullen
When responding by email, please change the no-spam to disco.
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Spam really sucks.
------------------------------
From: repo <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Not recognising 128 MB of Ram
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 14:04:17 +0000
macarena99 wrote:
>
> Hi
>
> I am running Red Hat 6.2 on my computer with 128 MB of Ram. But when i
> look up the info on my memory, it states that total memory is 62.6 MB.
> How do i enable 128 MB of Ram on my system.
>
> Thanks in advance
> Arun
Arun
At the LILO prompt type Linux mem=xxMB
or
log in as root or su
edit /etc/liloconf
add
append="mem=xxM"
save /etc/lilo.conf
type /sbin/lilo
reboot
type free to see if it works.
--
Good Luck
Repo
ICQ 69588792
http://www.crosswinds.net/~beginnerslinux/
http://beginnerslinux.org/
Redhat 6.0 Kernel 2.2.5-15
4:03pm up 5 days, 19:30, 2 users, load average: 0.47, 0.52, 0.53
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Christopher Browne)
Subject: Re: Batch for Linux
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 13:59:41 GMT
Centuries ago, Nostradamus foresaw a time when Stuart Mika Hankel would say:
>Hello. How can i make a batch for Linux?
>I've heard that i can make a 'script'. It's the same like BAT files for DOS?
>How can i generate it? What's the extension?
>I need to program two command line orders.
BAT files are reminiscent of script files, albeit where the canonical
scripting languages are actually somewhat powerful languages...
There is no such thing as an "extension" on Unix/Linux; that is an
artifact of the MS-DOS FAT filesystem.
On Linux, while it is _conventional_ for C source code to end with the
".c" suffix, and object code to end with ".o", and the likes; those are
NOT "extensions,"
Executable files are not expected to have any sort of "extension" or
"suffix;" the fact that they are executable is indicated by the
file permissions (see "man chmod"), and the start of the file will
indicate an "execution signature," whether by containing a binary
prefix that is recognized by the kernel, or by starting with the
characters #!, which is the convention to indicate that the file
contains some form of "script."
The scripting language that is _guaranteed_ to be available on
virtually _any_ Linux (save for fairly obscure distributions) is
GNU Bash; you might try "man bash" to get information on that
language.
Korn shell (ksh) is ubiquitous on commercial Unixes, and is available
on virtually all Linux distributions; csh/tcsh are the other "real
popular" option, albeit deprecated for scripting. Perhaps the
most powerful of the bunch is zsh, which is the "most-hacked-on shell
language."
The convention for making a Bash script would be to find where Bash
is via "which bash" and then writing a script such as:
#!/bin/bash
# Simple bash script that lists all the full filesystems
export OURHOME=/tmp
cd $OURHOME
df > spaceinfo.$$
grep "100\%" spaceinfo.$$ > full.$$
cat full.$$
rm spaceinfo.$$ full.$$
Save as "myscript"
Then
% chmod a+x myscript
% ./myscript
%
On my system, there weren't any full filesystems, so this showed
nothing.
--
[EMAIL PROTECTED] - <http://www.ntlug.org/~cbbrowne/scripting.html>
All extremists should be taken out and shot.
------------------------------
From: Larry Irons <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: 2 drives, windowsnt with linux....how?
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 14:06:55 GMT
acerbus_dae wrote:
> Im planning on buying a new Dell system with twin 10gig drives, and Id
> like NT installed to one disk, and suse/other on the next...Trouble is
> Ive never had to do that before, and even though I dont think there
> will be any serious problems, Id just like to know if theres anything I
> should expect to deal with...
>
> LILO will need to still be on the first drive correct? Anything I
> should worry about along the way?
>
> Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
> Before you buy.
I have a dual boot Linux and NT on one machine, and dual boot Windows
2000/98 and Linux. The first one uses one hard drive that is partitioned,
and the second has two drives. Either way here are your boot options -
Lilo - This can work. You have to setup the "other" category in the
lilo.conf file to chain boot the NT loader on the first drive. I reommend
reading a HOWTO on this one.
BootMagic - This is what I use. It will boot different partitions or
drives. Very easy to use. It usually recognizes the different OSs on each
bootable partition/drive. I use that both with a single drive and dual
drive Win and Linux systems. I think that it comes with some Caldera
distributions. Boot Magic also comes with PartitionMagic (highly reommend,
too). You can also buy BootMagic separately at computer stores, or via
download.
NT Boot Loader - Yes, I have used the NT Boot Loader to load Linux from the
same drive. I believe it can work with a dual-drive system. The NT loader
loads a 512-byte file that is the Lilo boot program from the root directory
of the C: drive. I called mine bootsect.lnx. You can edit the c:\boot.ini
file to place it in the boot list. Under Linux you create this file by
using "dd" to copy it to the C: partition or to a floppy and then transfer
it to the NT partition. There is a HOWTO on this and I highly reocmmend
reading it.
loadlin - Loadlin only works under DOS, but I have used this on Win 95/98
to boot linux from a menu configuration in the "config.sys". You can also
make a DOS diskette with loadlin for booting Linux.
Lilo boot diskette - You could also make a lilo boot diskette to boot linux
from the second hard drive. I have done this a backup in case something
goes wrong.
I know these aren't the final detailed answers, but it gives you some
approaches to the problem. Good Luck!
Larry
--
Larry Irons
A Direct Descendant of William the Conqueror, Charlemagne, Clovis, Edward
III, Edward I Longshanks, King John, and Tonantius Ferreolus
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
http://www.irons-assoc.com/
------------------------------
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End of Linux-Misc Digest
******************************
