Linux-Misc Digest #834, Volume #25 Fri, 22 Sep 00 12:13:02 EDT
Contents:
Query RPM database for date an update was made? ("D. D. Brierton")
Re: Implications (Andreas K�h�ri)
2 SCSI cards in one machine (Larry Irons)
Re: Wierd things happen with makewhatis.... (Dave Barcelo)
Error Messages With PAM (Jeff Grossman)
Re: Query RPM database for date an update was made? (Robert Lynch)
Re: kernel recompile needed, but Mandrake has modified the source... ("Russ")
Re: automount (Florian E.J. Fruth)
Kernel's compilation (=?iso-8859-1?Q?Jean=2DSt=E9phane?= Lebrun)
Mounting a Windows Millennium partition (David Lanier)
Re: End-User Alternative to Windows (chrisv)
Re: shutting down a process at shutdown (Ralph Churchill)
shut down using keys (Claus Atzenbeck)
Re: 2 SCSI cards in one machine (nobody)
Re: automount (Dances With Crows)
users using mount command.... (Dave Barcelo)
Freezes with 2.4.0-test9 series (Robert Lynch)
Re: shutting down a process at shutdown (NAVARRO LOPEZ)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: "D. D. Brierton" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: alt.os.linux.mandrake
Subject: Query RPM database for date an update was made?
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 15:19:10 +0100
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
I was checking over all of the emails the nightly and weekly cron jobs
send my root account, and amongst the usual messages was the following
rather worrying one.
Security Warning: the md5 checksum for one of your SUID files has
changed,
�������maybe an intruder modified one of these suid binary in order to
�������put in a backdoor...
���������������- Checksum changed files : /usr/X11R6/bin/xlock
I think that the change is due to a security patch downloaded using
MandrakeUpdate. Is there a way of querying the RPM database to establish
if /usr/X11R6/bin/xlock was indeed updated the day before the security
check generated the warning message?
Thanks in advance,
Darren
---
======================================================================
D. D. Brierton Department of Philosophy, University of Edinburgh
[EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~ddb
======================================================================
------------------------------
Crossposted-To:
comp.os.linux.advocacy,comp.os.linux.setup,comp.software.config-mgmt,comp.software-eng
Subject: Re: Implications
From: Andreas K�h�ri <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Date: 22 Sep 2000 16:34:53 +0100
In article <%0Iy5.12646$[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
paul snow <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>Implications
>========
>
>So suppose that you are required to come up with a model that explains not
>only what your software does (which various OO technologies do with varying
>success), but also where your software comes from.
Your software comes from you.
>This requirement would
>force you past the von Neumann model, where the program store P defines the
>execution environment E:
I fail to see the connection to the von Neumann model.
The program store does not define an execution environment.
>
> P --> E
>
>Non-trivial computer systems are constructed from a collection of
>software, installed in some order.
If you're not talking about microcode, cache protocols or the like,
then I would say that this is nonsense. The complexity of a computer
system does not depend on e.g. the operating system it runs.
>So in non-trivial computer systems, there always
>exists some independent definition of P. Call this definition X.
>
> X --> P --> E
>
>Furthermore, X is not generally a single source. If X is a disk image
>applied to the hard drive (the P of a computer system), then X may in fact
>be a single source. But usually it isn't.
(void)
>
>So X is made up of a set of components representing the number of installs n
>required to build up P in a given computer system.
>
> X = {X(1), X(2), X(3),...,X(n)}
>
>Our current software architectures do not model X. In fact, they doesn't
>tend to model installation and integration at all. IT spends 75 percent of
>their money in this area, but it doesn't seem to be important enough to
>study.
Eh, what's "software architecture"? I know that the hardware
architecture does not model X (the software). That's because it's not
its task.
>
>With open software, modeling X is even more important, since the various
>components of X come from different sources, and in many different releases
>and versions. Understanding and modeling how this is done will lead to
>better solutions and mechanisms for software development and distribution.
Buggerit.
Why do we want to model software?! Please, tell me! Oh, don't bother
BTW, I just killfiled you anyway so I won't see your answer.
>
>Fun Implications
>===========
>
>This math may remind some (those with a biological background) of DNA. It
>should. I would claim that all process based systems are forced into this
>model, by definition. X forms the DNA for a computer system. Genes are the
>components of DNA, much like some X(i) is a component of X.
>
>Thus there is a very literal genetic component to computer systems because
>both a living cell and a computer system are process based systems.
>
>The genetic nature of computer systems can not be circumvented.
>
>Really Fun Implications
>===============
>
>So software is defined by the "genes" of a computer system, the installation
>medium. That means that a software package, like what I might buy at a
>computer store, represents genetic material.
That is a valid picture of it, yes.
>
>The biological term for the exchange of genetic material is... sex.
Ok.
>
>Adding software to my software library is a literal form of computer sex.
Whatever turns you on.
>
>So all along, our computers have been using us to spread their genetic
>material, like bees.
No. Computers are, by definition, unable to use anything. It has no
free will and can not think. It can't plan or spread its software or
write license agreements or produce new operating systems. A computer
will do whatever you tell it to do. If you tell it to do whatever it
wants to do, you must first tell it about the options it has. It's an
it. It will always be limited.
>
>We are also their agents for developing new genetic material, and we are the
>environmental agents that supply the developmental pressures that drive some
>genetic material to extinction, while other material (like Linux perhaps?)
>flourishes.
Nope.
>
>And most of the alternatives to Linux require people pay for their
>software...
>
>
>Paul Snow
>[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>
Intresting views, but really off topic.
*plonk*, sir.
What a strange person...
/A
--
Andreas K�h�ri, <URL:http://hello.to/andkaha/>. Junk mail, no.
========================================================================
What part of "GNU" did you not understand? <URL:http://www.gnu.org/>
------------------------------
From: Larry Irons <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.hardware
Subject: 2 SCSI cards in one machine
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 08:53:05 -0600
I have a Linux computer running Caldera OpenLinux 2.3. It has been
running fine for over a year with one Adaptec 2940 SCSI card with 5 SCSI
hard drives attached. We have added a 2nd Adaptec 2930 SCSI card with a
SCSI 8mm tape drive. At boot the BIOS for both drives is recognized as
well as all of the devices. One Hard drive SCSI card is on irq 11 and
the tape SCSI card is on irq 5. There are no device conflicts for irqs.
There are no device conflicts for i/o ports.
Linux does not see the 2nd SCSI controller, but it sees the first one. I
do a "dmesg" and there is no mention of the second controller.
There are no additional LILO boot parms for the Adaptec aic78xx driver
regarding irqs and i/o ports. Currently the SCSI driver for the
controller is being loaded as a module. Is there anything that I can do
to get the 2nd controller to be recognized by the kernel?
Larry
--
Larry Irons
Senior Geophysicist
Tricon Geophysics Inc.
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------
From: Dave Barcelo <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Wierd things happen with makewhatis....
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 09:53:34 -0500
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
"David .." wrote:
> Dave Barcelo wrote:
> >
> > Hi,
> > I have a RH6.2 system and whenever makewhatis gets run I get this
> > error:
> > [root@daffy /usr/sbin]# ./makewhatis
> > /dev/zzy/file6: paths must precede expression
> > Usage: /dev/zzy/file6 [path...] [expression]
> >
> > Can someone shed some light?
>
> Have you tried using makewhatis from root instead of from within
> /usr/sbin
> Or maybe use "slocate" instead of makewhatis
>
> [root@daffy]# /usr/sbin/makewhatis
> Or: slocate -u
>
> --
> Confucius say: He who play in root, eventually kill tree.
> Registered with the Linux Counter. http://counter.li.org
> ID # 12
Yes I tried both of those. slocate works but I want to update the whatis
db, not the locate db.
------------------------------
From: Jeff Grossman <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: linux.redhat.misc
Subject: Error Messages With PAM
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 07:54:12 -0700
Every time I log in or out with telnet, I get the following error:
Sep 19 05:55:19 apple PAM_pwdb[23187]: (login) session opened for user
jeff by (uid=0)
Sep 19 05:55:19 apple pam_console[23187]: can't find device or X11
socket to examine for 0
Sep 19 21:34:34 apple PAM_pwdb[23187]: (login) session closed for user
jeff
Sep 19 21:34:34 apple pam_console[23187]: can't find device or X11
socket to examine for 0
Does anybody know how I can fix this?
Thanks,
Jeff
---
Jeff Grossman ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
------------------------------
From: Robert Lynch <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: alt.os.linux.mandrake
Subject: Re: Query RPM database for date an update was made?
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 08:11:49 -0700
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
"D. D. Brierton" wrote:
>
> I was checking over all of the emails the nightly and weekly cron jobs
> send my root account, and amongst the usual messages was the following
> rather worrying one.
>
> Security Warning: the md5 checksum for one of your SUID files has
> changed,
> maybe an intruder modified one of these suid binary in order to
> put in a backdoor...
> - Checksum changed files : /usr/X11R6/bin/xlock
>
> I think that the change is due to a security patch downloaded using
> MandrakeUpdate. Is there a way of querying the RPM database to establish
> if /usr/X11R6/bin/xlock was indeed updated the day before the security
> check generated the warning message?
>
> Thanks in advance,
>
> Darren
>
> ---
> ======================================================================
> D. D. Brierton Department of Philosophy, University of Edinburgh
> [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~ddb
> ======================================================================
I have this script in /usr/local/bin:
$ cat /usr/local/bin/when_rpm
#!/bin/sh # 10-18-99 useful but tedious by hand
/bin/rpm -qa --queryformat '%{NAME}, installed
%{INSTALLTIME:date}\n'
Output is:
$ when_rpm |more
redhat-logos, installed Mon 03 Apr 2000 07:50:51 AM PDT
e2fsprogs, installed Mon 03 Apr 2000 07:49:22 AM PDT
...
Hope this solves your problem.
Bob L.
--
Robert Lynch-Berkeley CA [EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------
Reply-To: "Russ" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
From: "Russ" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: kernel recompile needed, but Mandrake has modified the source...
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 10:03:12 -0500
Take a look at debian.
www.debian.org
All GNU, all the time.
Russ
"Bruce LaZerte" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
news:bsV3ehsibPZd-pn2-7l0p8sdn9BhF@ASUSTwo...
> What to do?
-- Whack --
>
> Is there another linux distribution out there that only uses standard
> kernels, equivalent to those found on ftp.kernel.org? Given the monolithic
> linux kernel and the necessity to recompile it when updating certain
device
> drivers, this would be nice feature.
>
> Thanks, bruce
>
> ----------------------
> Bruce LaZerte
> Muskoka,Ontario,Canada
> mail at fwr dot on dot ca
------------------------------
From: Florian E.J. Fruth <fejf@gmx*/dev/null*.de>
Subject: Re: automount
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 17:22:58 +0200
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> hello
>
>
> I want to do an automount with my cdrom and DAT in suse.
> how?
>
> please
> Fred.
1. man autofs
2. /etc/rc.config -> search for automounter
3. /etc/auto.*
fejf
--
Words u don't want to hear from your sysadmin:
Ooops. Save your work - FAST !
------------------------------
From: =?iso-8859-1?Q?Jean=2DSt=E9phane?= Lebrun <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Kernel's compilation
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 17:26:45 +0200
Hello,
I installed the Mandrake 7.0, and I want to recompil the kernel for use
the second processor and the soundblaster 64 AWE.
I'm logged as root,
cd /usr/src/linux
make menuconfig
make dep
make mrproper
make bzImage (14 minutes)
make modules (45 minutes)
make modules_install
make bzlilo (=> creation of /vmlinuz, check in /etc/lilo.conf
that image=/vmlinuz)
make bzdisk (=> cr�ation de la disquette de boot)
reboot
Then, it doesn't work at all since 2 days. And now, I don't know what I
can do.
If you want other informations, explain to me how to get them because
I'm a newbie.
If someone can help me, thanks.
Best regards
Jean-St�phane Lebrun
/*
* Hardware
*/
bi pentium pro 200 MHz, 128 Mo
+ PCI cards :
- Adaptec 2940 UW :
. on Ultra Wide connector : ID 0 and 1 for 2 hard drives
. on Wide connector : ID 5 and 6 for a CDROM and a burner
- Matrox Mystique 4 Mo
+ ISA cards :
- Soundblaster 64 AWE
- Adaptec 1505 (for a Agfa scanner)
- Controler card for a second parallel port.
/*
* Error messages when booting from the floppy
*/
...
scsi: 0 hosts.
scsi: detected total.
md.c: sizeof(mdp_super_t) = 4096
Partition check
autodetecting RAID arrays
autorun ...
... autorun DONE.
request_module[block_major_8]: Root fs not mounted
VFS: cannot open root device 08:07
Kernel panic: VFS : Unable to mount root fs on 08:07
/*
* Error messages when booting from the hard drive
*/
...
scsi: 0 hosts.
scsi: detected total.
md.c: sizeof(mdp_super_t) = 4096
Partition check
RAMDisk: compressed image found at block 0
autodetecting RAID arrays
autorun ...
... autorun DONE.
VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem)
Loading aic7xxx module
/lib/aic7xxx.o: kernel_module version mismatch
/lib/aic7xxx.o was compiled for kernel version 2.2.14-1mdklinus
while this kernel is version 2.2.14-15mdk
autodetecting RAID arrays
autorun ...
... autorun DONE.
kmod: failed to exec /sbin/modprobe -s -k block_major_8, errno = 2
VFS: cannot open root device 08:07
Kernel panic: VFS : Unable to mount root fs on 08:07
------------------------------
From: David Lanier <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Mounting a Windows Millennium partition
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 15:30:04 -0000
I use RH 6.2 installed on primary master, and Windows Millennium installed
on secondary master hdd. Before Win Me I had Win 95 and had no problems
mounting the drive in Linux as a DOS VFAT drive using Linuxconf. However,
since I have reformatted my win drive for a true FAT32 filesystem, I can no
logner mount it. When booting Linux, the drive is listed in the boot
sequence as hdc, but in Linuxconf, it (hdc) doesn't appear at all. I also
have a secondary slave drive that was formatted as a DOS FAT16 partition
and it appears as hdd in Linux. I am able to mount it with no problems.
Any ideas on a workaround to mount a Windows Millennium partition?
Thanks,
David
--
Posted via CNET Help.com
http://www.help.com/
------------------------------
From: chrisv <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: alt.os.linux,comp.os.linux.advocacy
Subject: Re: End-User Alternative to Windows
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 15:35:12 GMT
On Fri, 22 Sep 2000 00:44:05 +0100, Garry Knight
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>I remember sitting in my local launderette building a Forth-based OS for the
>Spectrum by writing opcodes into a pocket notebook (which, of course, in those
>days was made of paper). Ah, the good ol' days... :o)
You think that's bad, in tech school (early 80's) we each had to build
a simple Z80 computer. Programming this computer was done via direct
machine-code (of course). The really bad part was that loading the
program into memory consisted of flipping switches on a 8-position DIP
switch for each byte, followed by a press of a button to load that
byte in. Talk about stupid!
------------------------------
From: Ralph Churchill <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: shutting down a process at shutdown
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 15:38:10 GMT
For anyone who cares: here's the solution:
You need a start script in those run-levels where you wish oracle to
start (e.g. 3,4,5) and a kill script in the run-level(s) where you wish
oracle to be shutdown (i.e. 6--the shutdown run-level). The theory that
kill scripts are called when you LEAVE a run level IS NOT VALID (at
least not for RedHat 6.2...). Therefore, I had my scripts in the right
places, however... I had a problem with my script in /etc/rc.d/init.d. I
had a "start" and "stop", but I did not have a "status". init works by
checking the "status" to see if the process is running before sending a
"stop". So, without a "status", "stop" wasn't getting called at shutdown
because it appeared that the process wasn't running! This explains why
"stop" worked from the commandline, but not when entering run-level 6.
Thanks for all the help!
RMC
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
Before you buy.
------------------------------
From: Claus Atzenbeck <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: shut down using keys
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 17:54:00 +0200
With <ctrl> + <alt> + <del> I can restart the computer.
How can I shut down the computer using some key combination?
Thanks for your help!
Claus.
------------------------------
From: nobody <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.hardware
Subject: Re: 2 SCSI cards in one machine
Date: 22 Sep 2000 08:59:36 -0700
Larry Irons <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
> I have a Linux computer running Caldera OpenLinux 2.3. It has been
> running fine for over a year with one Adaptec 2940 SCSI card with 5 SCSI
> hard drives attached. We have added a 2nd Adaptec 2930 SCSI card with a
> SCSI 8mm tape drive. At boot the BIOS for both drives is recognized as
> well as all of the devices. One Hard drive SCSI card is on irq 11 and
> the tape SCSI card is on irq 5. There are no device conflicts for irqs.
> There are no device conflicts for i/o ports.
>
> Linux does not see the 2nd SCSI controller, but it sees the first one. I
...<snip>...
I've had 2 SCSI controllers on one machine in the past, but they were
from different companies (Buslogic and Adaptec), and one was an ISA
card, the other a PCI card. Because I was loading different low level
drivers, I was able to pass parameters to the 2nd driver in the insmod
call to tell it where the 2nd card was. The 2nd card was only used as
a generic device (for a scanner) and invoked as /dev/sgd when I did a
scan using SANE.
Hope that helps.
------ Remove "UhUh" and "Spam" to get my real email address -----
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Dances With Crows)
Subject: Re: automount
Date: 22 Sep 2000 16:02:45 GMT
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
On Fri, 22 Sep 2000 07:01:48 GMT, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
>I want to do an automount with my cdrom and DAT in suse.
>how?
More specifics, please. First off, automatically mounting a CD-ROM is
usually a bad idea... if you put an audio CD into the drive, any attempt
to mount that CD will fail, as audio CDs don't contain filesystems.
There is a kernel option called "Kernel automounter support" that might
prove useful to you, as well as several utilities that keep watch on
certain directories like /mnt/cdrom and attempt to mount the CD-ROM if a
process attempts to access /mnt/cdrom.
wrt the DAT, you very rarely mount tapes. Most tapes don't even contain
filesystems! If you wish to do something like back up a directory or
partition to your tape drive every night at 2:00am, there's a very
useful utility called "cron" which can perform that action in
conjunction with tar/cpio/afio and/or mt.
--
Matt G|There is no Darkness in Eternity/But only Light too dim for us to see
Brainbench MVP for Linux Admin / Those who do not understand Unix are
http://www.brainbench.com / condemned to reinvent it, poorly.
=============================/ ==Henry Spencer
------------------------------
From: Dave Barcelo <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: users using mount command....
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 11:02:57 -0500
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Is there an alternative to using the mount command for mounting floppies
besides using mtools. It is incredibly annoying when my users don't
unmount there floppies and just take there disk and leave.
------------------------------
From: Robert Lynch <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Freezes with 2.4.0-test9 series
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 09:03:33 -0700
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
I have been running various 2.4.0-test9 kernels, which work well,
but I seem to be getting random freezes which lock up my computer
totally, requiring a reboot.
I can't be sure it is the new kernels that are actually doing
this, but obviously this is not a common occurence when running
Linux.
FWIW. Bob L.
--
Robert Lynch-Berkeley CA [EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------
From: NAVARRO LOPEZ <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: shutting down a process at shutdown
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2000 17:40:03 +0200
Hi Ralph:
Ralph Churchill wrote:
>
> > You see, linux' idea is not to enter runlevel 6 on shutdown,
> > but to leave runlevel 2 first.
>
> I'm reading a number of conflicting suggestions... some say that you
> should NEVER put a kill in the same dir as a start, others say the
> opposite. Some say, 6 is reboot, other say leaving 5 is reboot!!! Which
> is it! I'm using RedHat 6.2 and I'm doing exactly what all the other
> services are doing and it is NOT working.
>
> RMC
>
> Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
> Before you buy.
Well, some poster of a Spanish linux newsgroup stays that the better
consil you can give to a newbie is 'man man', that is, what man pages
are intended for...
...and about init levels, well, let's try... (I'm a RH 6.2 user too)
prompt>man init
[...]
RUNLEVELS
A runlevel is a software configuration of the system which
allows only a selected group of processes to exist. The
processes spawned by init for each of these runlevels are defined
in the /etc/inittab file. Init can be in one of
eight runlevels: 0-6 and S or s. The runlevel is changed by
having a privileged user run telinit, which sends appro�
priate signals to init, telling it which runlevel to change to.
Runlevels 0, 1, and 6 are reserved. Runlevel 0 is used to halt
the system, runlevel 6 is used to reboot the system, and
runlevel 1 is used to get the system down into single user
mode. Runlevel S is not really meant to be used directly,
but more for the scripts that are executed when entering runlevel
1. For more information on this, see the manpages for
shutdown(8) and inittab(5).
Runlevels 7-9 are also valid, though not really documented. This
is because "traditional" Unix variants don't use them.
In case you're curious, runlevels S and s are in fact the same.
Internally they are aliases for the same runlevel.
[...]
So, there're 7 "usual" runlevels, from 0 to 6. While runlevels 0, 1 and
6 are reserved, the other four can be used in any way the sysadmin
wants, so you can start/stop anything you want at any or all the
runlevels 2,3,4 and 5. But, it's true that for historical reasons
there's a "suppoused to be" standard configuration for those runlevels,
which is:
0 - halt (forced, you can't change this)
1 - single user mode (forced)
2 - full functionality but network related services (optional, but most
commonly)
3 - full functionality console mode (that is, the whole bunch except for
X, optional too, but most commonly)
4 - reserved (traditonally the runlevel 4 was left empty so the sysadmin
has all freedom for her experiments, special configuration -no user
services but network in order to deliver cold network backups, for
instance-)
5 - the *reeeeeal* whole bunch (user services, network and graphic
console mode).
6 - reboot (reserved - most of it is just symlinks to runlevel 0).
Well, these are from the SystemV init process and, although I can't
point you to a "legal" document from top of my mind, you can trust me:
it goes this way.
And about the Kill and Start, I should say that once you know a bit more
about how changing runlevels works (what about 'apropos inittab', now?)
it comes clear that of course you can have a Sservice and a Kservice at
the same runlevel!! Sservice will work at the time you *go into* that
runlevel, while Kservice will be called when you *go out* a given
runlevel. So, the most clear example, is always good idea having a
Sservice and a Kservice for the Xwindow system at the runlevel 5 (unless
you don't follow the ancient's voice about runlevel 5 being the graphic
mode -well, most exactly for the graphical X login system, say xdm-) so,
you can be sure xdm will be started when you go in level 5 (that's
mandatory) and killed when you go out of it.
And what about the numbers? The way to understand it is looking at the
Sservice entries at any runlevel: the lower the number the sooner the
service is started. The exact number doesn't matter, they are
understood in a relative manner, so if a service depends on any other,
its start number should be higher (let's say Samba or NFS which depend
on the network being up and running). So, for instance, my level 3
shows, among others, S10network, S50inet and S80sendmail, that is, first
goes network, then the superdaemon, and finally the mail daemon).
Usually, the K for a service has the same number that the S, since the
Kservices are runned from top to bottom, then the "high level" services
are stopped first while the "basic" services (which are the first to be
started) are the last to be stopped. Again, number meaning is only
relative, but it is a good mnemonic using the same ones unless there's a
good reason not to do so.
--
SALUD,
Jes�s
***
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
***
------------------------------
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You can send mail to the entire list (and comp.os.linux.misc) via:
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Linux may be obtained via one of these FTP sites:
ftp.funet.fi pub/Linux
tsx-11.mit.edu pub/linux
sunsite.unc.edu pub/Linux
End of Linux-Misc Digest
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