I suspect that leakage current is causing the Darlington driver (2-stage 
high current-gain amplifier) to turn on. With a base resistor (see 
datasheet), any leakage current into the base can still get amplified, 
because some of it will leak into the Darlington-pair and get amplified. A 
scope will give you a good idea what the leakage looks like; could be a 
series of "glitches" when the bulb turns on for a short time.

With no base resistance, all leakage-current into the base gets shunted 
away so it never gets amplified.

How high is your VCC supply for the neon bulbs ? It's certainly well-above 
the 100V spec for the driver, and despite the voltage-drop across the tube, 
there are occasional higher-energy electrons that can go thru the tube with 
a lower-than-normal voltage drop and they will greatly increase the leakage 
current.

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