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On 1/4/12, Rahwana <[email protected]> wrote: > betul, luar biasa buas-nya... > > 2012/1/4 safin _blanc <[email protected]> > >> Sunnis and Shiites >> >> Dr. C. George Boeree >> >> >> >> >> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >> >> The major split in Islam is that between the majority Sunnis and the >> minority Shiites. The split goes back to events in the 7th century: >> >> After Mohammed’s death in 632, leadership of the Islamic community >> passed to Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, one of Mohammed’s closest companions. >> Some in the community felt that this succession was not legitimate, >> and that the title of caliph really belonged to Ali ibn Abi Talib. >> Ali’s claim was supported by the fact that he was Mohammed’s cousin, >> his adopted son, his first convert (at the age of nine), and husband >> of his daughter Fatima. Both sides believe that Mohammed specifically >> designated their man: Supporters of Abu became the Sunnis, those of >> ibn Ali the Shiites. >> >> The Caliphate passed from Abu Bakr to Umar, and from Umar to Ulthman. >> Ulthman at last passed the torch to Ali. When Ali was murdered in >> 661, the Caliphate passed to Muawiya, who would found the famous >> Umayyid Caliphate. Ali was buried in Najaf in what is now Iraq, and >> the site remains a major Shiite holy site. >> >> Sunni refers to the sunnas, or oral traditions and interpretations of >> the Koran -- a body of work similar to the Jewish Talmud. Sunnis >> believe that the position of Caliph should be a position to which one >> is elected by the religious leaders of the Islamic community, and not >> dependent on direct lineage from Mohammed. >> >> Shiite comes from the word shia, which means "the party (of Ali)." >> They are mostly found in Iran and Iraq, and among the Palestinians. >> They consider certain direct descendants of Ali - the Imams - >> infallible and the true inheritors of Mohammed. Ali was the first >> Imam, his son Hassan the second, his second son Hussein the third. >> Ali’s sons were killed in the conflict with Caliph Muawiya. However, >> their succession ended with the 12th Imam, who went into hiding in >> 940. Most Shiites believe that the 12th Imam will reemerge someday as >> the Mahdi or Messiah, and reassert his leadership of the Islamic >> world. In the meantime, ayatollahs are elected to serve as caretakers >> of the faith. >> >> Most Sunnis and Shiites are liberal, although not by western >> standards. In peaceful and prosperous times, there is little conflict >> between them. But both have more extreme factions as well. Some >> Shiites, for example, have a tradition of valuing martyrdom that came >> out of their early experiences of conflict with the Sunnis. The most >> famous Sunni extremist faction is the Wahhabi sect, of which Osama bin >> Laden is possibly a member. It is characterized by radical >> fundamentalism: The Koran is not to be interpreted but rather taken >> literally. There are to be no prayers or other appeals to prophets, >> saints, or any entity other than God. There are to be no images of or >> monuments to any supposed Islamic leaders, not even elaborate tombs >> for famous Moslems. And the Koran is to be the soul source of secular >> as well as religious law. >> >> Another famous group is the Sufi movement, which can be Sunni or >> Shiite. Sufis are mystics who believe that God’s love shines through >> everything, even ugliness and evil, and that by attaining a certain >> state of mind, one can directly experience this. In this sense, they >> resemble Zen Buddhism. Sufism is also noted for its use of stories >> that have layered meanings, much like the parables of Jesus. One >> subgroup of the Sufis is the “whirling dervishes,” whose mystical >> practice includes religious dance. >> >> ===== >> .. gw liat islam itu luarbiasa,.. >> .. . >> ===== >> >> >>>> >> >> ------------------------------------ >> >> Post message: [email protected] >> Subscribe : [email protected] >> Unsubscribe : [email protected] >> List owner : [email protected] >> Homepage : http://proletar.8m.com/Yahoo! 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