Buat yang masih merokok.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/
120611193309.htm
Never Too Late to Quit: Quitting Smoking Reduces Mortality, Even in
An analysis of available medical literature suggests smoking was linked to
increased mortality in older patients and that smoking cessation was associated
with reduced mortality at an older age, according to a new report. (Credit: ©
tuja66 / Fotolia)
ScienceDaily (June 11, 2012) An analysis of available medical literature
suggests smoking was linked to increased mortality in older patients and that
smoking cessation was associated with reduced mortality at an older age,
according to a report published in the June 11 issue of Archives of Internal
Medicine, a JAMA Network publication.
Smoking is a known risk factor for many chronic diseases, including
cardiovascular disease and cancer, however, the epidemiological evidence mostly
relies on studies conducted among middle-aged adults, according to the study
background.
"We provide a thorough review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the impact
of smoking on all-cause mortality in people 60 years and older, paying
particular attention to the strength of the association by age, the impact of
smoking cessation at older age, and factors that might specifically affect
results of epidemiological studies on the impact of smoking in an older
population," Carolin Gellert and her colleagues from the German Cancer Research
Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, note in the study.
The authors identified 17 studies from seven countries (the U.S., China,
Australia, Japan, England, Spain and France) that were published between 1987
and 2011. The follow-up time of the studies ranged from 3 to 50 years and the
size of the study populations ranged from 863 to 877,243 participants.
In summarizing the results from the 17 studies, the authors note an 83 percent
increased relative mortality for current smokers and a 34 percent increased
relative mortality for former smokers compared with never smokers.
"In this review and meta-analysis on the association of smoking and all-cause
mortality at older age, current and former smokers showed an approximately
2-fold and 1.3-fold risk for mortality, respectively," the authors note. "This
review and meta-analysis demonstrates that the relative risk for death notably
decreases with time since smoking cessation even at older age."
This analysis was conducted in the context of the CHANCES project funded in the
FP7 Framework Programme of DG-RESEARCH in the European Commission. The project
is coordinated by the Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece. Please see
the article for additional information, including other authors, author
contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.
Invited Commentary: Risk of Tobacco Deaths
In a commentary, Tai Hing Lam, M.D., of the University of Hong Kong, writes:
"Most smokers grossly underestimate their own risks. Many older smokers
misbelieve that they are too old to quit or too old to benefit from quitting."
"Because of reverse causality and from seeing deaths of old friends who had
quit recently, some misbelieve that quitting could be harmful. A simple,
direct, strong and evidence-based warning is needed," Lam continues.
"If you have helped two smokers quit, you have saved (at least) one life," the
author concludes.
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Story Source:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by American Medical
Association (AMA), via Newswise.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further
information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Carolin Gellert et al. Smoking and All-Cause Mortality in Older People:
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine, June 11,
2012; 172[11]:837-844 DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1397
Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the
following formats:
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American Medical Association (AMA) (2012, June 11). Never too late to quit:
Quitting smoking reduces mortality, even in older patients. ScienceDaily.
Retrieved June 12, 2012, from http://www.sciencedaily.com
/releases/2012/06/120611193309.htm
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis
or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of
ScienceDaily or its staff.
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