Ga ada bukti sama sekali.
________________________________ From: Abbas <[email protected]> To: [email protected] Sent: Thu, May 12, 2011 9:40:52 AM Subject: [proletar] Re: Ziauddin Sardar: Between Two Masters: Qur’an or Science? Memang bener dicetak oleh manusia kok. Tapi isinya dari Allah. --- In [email protected], item abu <itemabu@...> wrote: > > Kalo lu make logika, maka akan kliatan bhw Quran penuh dg kesalahan2 yg > berarti > > Quran itu cuma bikinan orang doang. > > > > > > ________________________________ > From: Abbas <abas_amin08@...> > To: [email protected] > Sent: Wed, May 11, 2011 10:33:22 AM > Subject: [proletar] Re: Ziauddin Sardar: Between Two Masters: >Qur’an or > > Science? > > > Dan Allah Maha Logika > > --- In [email protected], item abu <itemabu@> wrote: > > > > Dgn orang Islam coba ngebuktikan kebenaran Quran make "sains" gaya > > Bucaille, > > orang Islam itu sebetulnya udah bilang bhw auloh itu tunduk pd sains. > > > > Abbas ini kliatannya masih punya logika, cuma sayangnya begitu Islam yg > >dinilai, > > > > logikanya ngedadak ngilang. > > > > > > > > > > > > ________________________________ > > From: Abbas <abas_amin08@> > > To: [email protected] > > Sent: Tue, May 10, 2011 10:17:26 AM > > Subject: [proletar] Re: Ziauddin Sardar: Between Two Masters: >Qur’an or > > > > Science? > > > > > > Justru Allah diluar semua hukum alam; tapi Allah sendiri yang mencipta > > segala > > > hukum alam ini; untuk kepentingan ciptaanNya. > > > > --- In [email protected], item abu <itemabu@> wrote: > > > > > > Kalo Quran itu berisi sains yg menunjukkan Quran itu dr auloh, berarti >auloh > > > > >itu > > > > > > tunduk pd hukum sains, hehehe... > > > > > > Sayangnya, orang Islam yg dungu2 itu umumnya ga bisa ngerti apa yg gua >bilang > > > > > > ini dan konsekuensinya. > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ________________________________ > > > From: Jusfiq <kesayangan.allah@> > > > To: [email protected] > > > Sent: Mon, May 2, 2011 10:29:42 PM > > > Subject: [proletar] Ziauddin Sardar: Between Two Masters: >Qur’an or > > >Science? > > > > > > > > > http://ziauddinsardar.com/2011/02/quran-science/ > > > > > > Between Two Masters: Qur'an or Science? > > > > > > The headline in the Bulletin of the Islamic Medical Association of South > >Africa > > > > > > > > announces a staggering discovery. Canadian scholar confirms Quran and >Ahadith > > > > > >on > > > > > > Human Embryology (1). The story tells us that a certain Dr Keith Moore, > > >Chairman > > > > > > of the anatomy department of the University of Torontos School of > > > Medicine, > > >has > > > > > > > > discovered the happy marriage between the Islamic revelation and >contemporary > > > > > > human developmental anatomy. I am amazed at the scientific accuracy of >these > > > > > statements which were made in the seventh centuryIt is quite reasonable > > > for > > > > Muslims to believe that these verses are revelations from God, Moore is > > >reported > > > > > > to have said. > > > > > > What has Keith Moore discovered that has excited the Muslim doctors, > >scientists > > > > > > > > and scholars so much? His paper, Highlights of human embryology in the >Koran > > > > >and > > > > > > the Hadith, was first presented at the Seventh Saudi Medical Meeting, and >has > > > > > > since then been reprinted in a number of places (2). It simply reads > > > modern > > > > biology into certain Quranic verses, describing the development of a > > > foetus > > >and > > > > > > > > illustrating them with clinical drawings and text book descriptions. For > > > example, the Quranic verse, verily, we fashioned man from a small > > > quantity >of > > > > > > mingled liquids (Nut-fatin Imthjin) (76:2) is explained by Moore as >referring > > > > > >to > > > > > > the mixture of a small quantity of sperms with the oocyte and its >associated > > > > > follicular fluid, or the male and female sexual secretion. The resulting > >mixed > > > > > > > drop, made up of the ovum and penetrating sperm, becomes the zygote, the > > > precursor of the embryo. Similarly, explanation, for example, is given of >the > > > > > > following verses, Verily, we created man from a product of wet earth; > > > then > > > placed him as a drop (of seed) (Nutfatun) in a safe lodging; then > > > fashioned > > >We > > > > > > > the drop a clot (alaga), then fashioned We the clot a little lump, > > > (Mudgha) > > > >then > > > > > > fashioned We the little lump bones (Izam), then clothed the bones with >flesh > > > > >and > > > > > > then produced it as another creation. So blessed be Allah, the best >Creator! > > > > > (23:12-14). Reading these verses, Moore made some clay models and showed >them > > > > > >to > > > > > > be similar to the description of the verses. He starts with an embryo at > > > 28 > > > >days > > > > > > and shows that by the sixth week bones begin to form and muscles appear > > > on > >the > > > > > > > embryo. By the seventh week the bones give a human shape to the embryo. > > > The > > > >ears > > > > > > and eyes begin to form in the fourth week and are visible by the sixth, > > > or >42 > > > > > > days after the zygote has been formed. All these developments are in > >conformity > > > > > > > > with the Quranic description, Moore tells us. > > > > > > So what does all this prove? Does it confirm the Divine origins of the >Quran? > > > > > >Or > > > > > > does it merely tell us that the Quran is a treasure chest of scientific > >facts? > > > > > > > What is the function of the exercise? This incident throws considerable >light > > > > > >on > > > > > > the state of the Muslim mind: its acute inferiority complex; its > > > obsession > >with > > > > > > > > science and by extension with modernity; and its pathological concern > > > with > > > seeing the Quran as the end of knowledge rather than as a text that >provides > > >an > > > > > > > > ethical framework for the pursuit of knowledge. On the surface, such >attempts > > > > > >to > > > > > > legitimise modern science by equating it with the Quran, or to prove the > >divine > > > > > > > > origins of the Quran by showing that it contains scientifically valid >facts, > > > > > appear harmless, indeed, even commendable exercises. However, when > > > pursued >on > > >a > > > > > > > > nave basis, as is often done by Muslim scholars, such methods can be > >dangerous; > > > > > > > > and when undertaken deliberately, be it sincerely, often by non-Muslim > > >scholars, > > > > > > it can have mischievous consequences. > > > > > > The inference drawn by comparing the Quran and science is two-fold: if > > > the > > >facts > > > > > > and theories mentioned in the Quran, which was revealed 1400 years ago, > > > are > > > > supported by modern science, the Divine nature of the Quran is confirmed, >(if > > > > > > confirmation is indeed what we are looking for); and conversely, if > > > modern > > > scientific facts and theories find a reflection in the Quran, then modern > > > science must also have the same universal and eternal validity as the >Quran. > > >My > > > > > > > > counter arguments is simple and though it will be discussed in detail >towards > > > > > > the end, suffice it to say now that the Quran, which is a book of > > > guidance, > > > >does > > > > > > not need confirmation from any other source. For Muslims, it is a priori > >valid > > > > > > > and eternal. Any attempt at reading science in the Quran makes the > > > eternal > > > scripture subservient to science; and it elevates science to the level >where > > >it > > > > > > > > becomes the arbitrator of what is and what is not Truth. It further >enforces > > > > >the > > > > > > mythical notion that scientific theories are neutral, universal and >eternally > > > > > > valid. Moreover, trying to read science in the allegorical, metaphorical >and > > > > > symbolic verses of the Quran often stretches analogical reasoning beyond >its > > > > > limits and leads to absurd and in some cases, to quite contradictory > > >conclusions > > > > > > not intended by the Quran. It is apologia of the worst type. > > > > > > Apologetic Muslim authors trying to prove that the Quran is very > > > scientific > > >and > > > > > > > > modern often start by stating that the Quran places great emphasis, and > >indeed > > > > > > > it does, on the pursuit of knowledge and the use of reason. Some 750 >verses, > > > > > almost one-eighth of the Quran, in contrast to only 250 legislative > > > verse, > > > exhorts the believers to study nature, reflect, make the best use of >reason, > > > > > make scientific enterprise an integral part of the community life. It is > > >further > > > > > > pointed out that the Quran mentions several scientific facts and > > > theories, > >all > > > > > > > of which are supported by the most recent discoveries and advances. > > > > > > This type of apologetic literature, trying to give scientific > > > legitimation >to > > > > > > the Quran, goes back to the early sixties. In fact, one of the earliest > > > pamphlets came out of Cairo: On Cosmic Verses in the Quran by Muhammad > > > Jamaluddin El-Fandy (3). El-Fandy has a sense of religious superiority > > > that > > > > manifests itself in his attempts to prove that every astronomical > > > discovery > > >and > > > > > > > > scientific theory (that is in the 1950s) has already been mentioned in > > > the > > > Quran. He considers the Quran as the best example of scientific > > > expression > >(an > > > > > > > unsuitable claim as the ideal form of scientific expression is a >mathematical > > > > > > equation; and there certainly are no equations in the Quran). Thus, from > >almost > > > > > > > > any Quranic verse referring to any astronomical phenomenon, El-Fandy can >draw > > > > > > modern astronomical parallels and comparisons. For example, from the > > > verse, > > >all > > > > > > > > is He who raised the heavens without any pillars that you can see, and > >neither > > > > > > > can the night outstrip the day, and each revolve in an orbit, al-Fandy >draws > > > > >the > > > > > > following inference: > > > > > > If we consider the sky a name given to anything which is over our heads, >then > > > > > >it > > > > > > will surely mean the entire universe which surrounds us and which begins >with > > > > > > the space around the earth followed by the planets, the sun and other > > > stars > > > > found in the depth of space, in our galaxy or in other galaxies. All > > > these > > > heavenly bodies move in their orbits. This is the sky. It is created by >Allah > > > > > > and each body in the space is similar to the brick in its lofty > > > structure. > >All > > > > > > > these heavenly bodies split one after the other and are held in their > >relative > > > > > > > positions by centrifugal force and universal gravity. The gravity and > > > this > > > centrifugal force, produced by rotation in semi-circular orbits or >ellipses, > > > > > could be treated as actually built pillars. Although we may not detect > > > such > > > > forces with our eyes, yet that does not mean that they are not there in > > > any > > > > case, since we can measure and give their specifications correctly. If >anyone > > > > > >of > > > > > > us is granted a suitable sense in addition to the normal ones we have, he > >will > > > > > > > be able to feel these (tubes of forces) exactly as we can feel any > > > material > > > >body > > > > > > with our normal senses. (4). > > > El-Fandy does not stop here. He goes on to argue that the atmosphere can be > > > regarded as a pillar and that light itself is like a pillar, with the >colours > > > > > >of > > > > > > the > > > > > > spectrum being minor pillars! In the other verses of the Quran, El-Fandy > >finds > > > > > > > evidence for the creation of red giants, white dwarfs, existence of ether > >(?), > > > > > > > the evolution of the planets and the big bang theory. And there is more: > > >science > > > > > > supports the Quranic claim, writes al-Fandy, that life exists on other > >planets. > > > > > > > > After quoting numerous verse, including, And they Lord best knows those > > > who > > >are > > > > > > > > in the heavens and the earth and to Him submit whosoever is in the > > > heavens > >and > > > > > > > the earth, he ventures to describe what aliens may look like (here it is >not > > > > > clear whether he is drawing inferences from the Quran or science): > > > > > > If we try to define the shape or form which developed races living > > > outside > >our > > > > > > > planet will have, we should, in this case, and without inviting >complication > > >s > > > > > > > act on the assumption that nature has made no dissimilarity whatsoever in >its > > > > > > method. Accordingly, such creatures, in their attempt to make good show, > >share > > > > > > > with us the following: > > > > > > 1. The bodys reliance on an inner osteology made of hard material. > > > 2. The existence of a main centre for nerves (the brain) which > > > communicates > > > >with > > > > > > various parts of the body directives (thenerves). > > > 3. The best shelter for the brain which exists inside a safe movable > > > organ > > > either in the fore or the top part of the body > > > 4. Creatures dependence upon legs used in motion. > > > 5. The existence of a mouth for speaking and feeding (5) > > > > > > All this is not just bad science. It makes a mockery of the Quran. > > > However, > > > > compared to many others, El-Fandy is quite sane. Azizul Hasan Abbasi, a > > > Pakistani neuropsychiatrist, manages to find in the Quran modern cures > > > for > > > diabetes, tuberculosis, stomach ulcers, rheumatism, arthritis, blood > >pressure, > > > > > > > asthma, dysentery and paralysis! (6). > > > > > > In recent years, this rather banal comparative approach to science and >Islam > > > > >has > > > > > > been legitimised by the French surgeon, Maurice Bucaille. His book, The > >Bible, > > > > > > > the Quran and Science (7) is essential reading for Muslims with larger > > > than > > > >life > > > > > > inferiority complexes and has been translated into almost every Muslim > > >language, > > > > > > from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Urdu to Indonesian. Bucaille sets out to > > > do >a > > > > > detailed and thorough analysis of the holy scriptures in the light of >modern > > > > > knowledge. He focuses on four topics: astronomy, the earth, animal and > > >vegetable > > > > > > kingdom and human reproduction. The methodology followed is the well > > >established > > > > > > one of quoting the Quranic verse and then giving a scientific commentary > > > on > > > > them. Bucaille tries to be more objective and takes pains to point out > > > that > > >the > > > > > > > > Quran contains scientific information that was not available at the time > > > of > > > > revelation and, in fact, some of the information contained in it is >contrary > > >to > > > > > > > > what people believed at the time of the Prophet. After going through the > > > standard motions of examining verses about the orbit of the moon and the >sun, > > > > > > the water cycle, the reproduction procedure, he concludes: > > > > > > The Quran most definitely did not contain a single proposition at > > > variance > >with > > > > > > > > the most firmly established modern knowledge, nor did it contain any of > > > the > > > > ideas current at the time on the subjects it describes. Furthermore, >however, > > >a > > > > > > > > large number of facts are mentioned in the Quran which were not > > > discovered > > >until > > > > > > modern times. So many in fact, that on November 9, 1976, the present > > > author > > >was > > > > > > > > able to read before the French Academy of Medicine a paper on the > >Physiological > > > > > > > > and Embyological data in the Quran. The data like many others on > > > differing > > > subjects constituted a veritable challenge to human explanation in view > > > of > >what > > > > > > > > we know about the history of the various sciences through the ages. > > > Modern > >mans > > > > > > > > findings concerning the absence of scientific error are therefore in >complete > > > > > > agreement with the Muslims exegetes conception of the Quran as a Book of > > > Revelation. It is a consideration which implies that God could not > > > express >an > > > > > > erroneous idea. > > > > > > The bible, of course, did not meet the stringent criteria of modern >knowledge > > > > > > and the clear-cut conclusion of Bucaille is that it is impossible not to > >admit > > > > > > > the existence of scientific errors in the Bible. However, all this simply > > >states > > > > > > the obvious with a sense of real discovery: the Muslim belief that the >Quran, > > > > > >as > > > > > > the Word of Allah, cannot contain any errors and that the Bible, as it >exists > > > > > > today, is not true Divine revelation. > > > > > > But where Bucaille stops, Bucaillism takes over. A number of recent > > > studies > > > >have > > > > > > tried to look further for scientific facts and theories in the Quran. > > > Thus > > > Shamsul Haq, for example, manages to find the seeds of the theory of > >relativity > > > > > > > > and quantum ma=echanics in the Quran and produces Quranic evidence to >support > > > > > > the Big Bang Theory (The Quran and Modern Cosmology Science and > > > Technology >in > > > > > > the Islamic World 1 (1) 47-52 (1983). M Manzoor-I-Khuda manages to find > > > the > > > > theory of the development of the biosphere, the water cycles of life on >earth > > > > > >in > > > > > > the Quran (Creation and the Cosmos in Islamic Scientific Thought and > > > Muslim > > > > Achievements in Science, proceedings of the International Conference on > >Science > > > > > > > > in Islamic Polity, Islamabad, 1983, Vol 1, p96-113). Moore > > > notwithstanding, > > >the > > > > > > > > entire field of embryology has been discovered several times in the Quran. > > > > > > After all this scientific data and support for numerous theories, it > > > seems > >that > > > > > > > > the Quran has not left anything out. And to enforce the point that >scientific > > > > > > equations are not missing from the Book of Guidance, Rashad Khalifas > > >statistical > > > > > > analysis (Miracle of the Quran Islamic Productions International, St. >Louis, > > > > > Missouri, 1973) even provides that. Khalifa focuses on Quranic initials > >letters > > > > > > > > which appear at the beginning of some surahs (chapters) and feeds the > >frequency > > > > > > > > of occurrence of each letter into a computer. The letters are : Alif (A), >Ha > > > > > (H), Ra , Sin (S), Sad (S), Ta (T), Ayn (A), Qaf (Q), Kaf (K), Lam (L), > > > Mim > > > >(M), > > > > > > Nun (N), Ha (H), and Ya (Y). His additional data includes the total > > > number >of > > > > > > letters in each of 114 Surahs of the Quran and the number of verse in > > > each > > > Surah. He manipulates the data to calculate the percentage value and >average > > > > > frequency of occurrence for each of the 14 letters in each verse of the > >Quran. > > > > > > > For the multi-lettered Quranic initials, such as Ta Ha, Ta Sin and Ya > > > Sin, >he > > > > > > calculates the absolute frequency of occurrence, percentage of the >frequency > > > > > value for each of the 114 Surahs, and the average occurrence per verse > > > for > >each > > > > > > > > of the multi-lettered Quranic initials in each sura. Finally he arranges >all > > > > >the > > > > > > Surahs of the Quran in the ascending order of the absolute frequency of > > > occurrence of each Quranic initial and percentage frequency of occurrence >for > > > > > > each of the 14 sets of Quranic initials. What does Khalifa find? That the > > > chapters which begin with the Quranic initials also contain the highest > > > frequency of the specific letters used at the beginning of the Surah. For > > > example, Surah Qaf contains the highest frequency of the letter qaf than >any > > > > > other Surah of the Quran or there is not one Surah in the Quran where all > >three > > > > > > > > values of nun are higher than their counterparts in the non-initialled >Surah, > > > > > > al-Qqalam. The analysis for Quranci initials Alif Lam Mim which occur in >four > > > > > > Makkan and two Medinan Surahs shows that the four Makkan Surahs are >superior > > >to > > > > > > > > all Makkan Surahs in the overall frequency of Alif Lam Mim. > > > > > > So what can we conclude from this? In Khalifa's own words: > > > "The Qur'anic initials as a whole have shown us that every word, indeed >every > > > > > > letter, in the Qur'an was carefully calculated. The Qur'an itself states >this > > > > > > fact very clearly in the first verse of Surah HudPlacement of the > > > Qur'anic > > > initials in their specific locations proves the existence of advance > >knowledge > > > > > > > of the distribution pattern of the alphabet throughout the Qur'an. No one >can > > > > > > claim that such advance knowledge is attainable by man; any man. > > > > > > To translate this into physical, tangible evidence, the computer was > > > asked >to > > > > > > calculate the number of manipulations one should master in order to write > > > a > > > > mathematically controlled book such as the Qur'an. The composition of the > > >Qur'an > > > > > > involves 114 chapters where 14 alphabet letters were distributed > > > according >to > > > > > > specific combinations. According to the well known mathematical formula, >the > > > > > number of manipulations involved in this case equals 11414This value, > > > 626,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,(626b septillions) is certainly > > > beyond > >the > > > > > > > capacity of any creature, including today's most sophisticated computers. > >When > > > > > > > we look at this number we can readily appreciate the divine statement in > >Surah > > > > > > > Al-Isra (The Night Journey), verse 88 â€" Say, if all the humans >and all > > >the > > > > >jinns > > > > > > banded together in order to produce a verse like this, they will surely >fail. > > > > > > Furthermore, this is the number of controlled manipulations of a specific > > > distribution pattern of the alphabet, without placing them in useful > >sentences. > > > > > > > > To place these mathematically distributed alphabetic letters in useful > > >sentences > > > > > > is another complete job" > > > > > > On the basis of his analysis, Khalifa can also prove that the present > > > order > > >of > > > > > > > recording the Qur'anic chapters is divinely inspired, the locations of > > > revelation of the Qur'anic chapters, whether Makkan or Medinan, can be >proved > > > > > >to > > > > > > be correct, the Qur'an's specific way of dividing each Surah into verses > > > is > > > > divinely prescribed ("the average per verse value is a highly significant > > > property throughout the Qur'an"), that the opening statement "Bismillah > > > r-Rahmani-r-Rahim" (In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful) > > > is > > >an > > > > > > > integral part of each Surah, except Surah Al-Tawba and even the > > > particular > >way > > > > > > > of spelling certain words in the Qur'an has a mathematical significance. > > > > > > All this adds nothing to the sum of our knowledge. It does, however > > > equate > > > Qur'anic truth with the mathematical `truth' and makes the Qur'an appear >more > > > > > > and more like a contemporary data-base. From here, it appears, the next > >logical > > > > > > > > stop ought to be to present the Qur'an as a scientific text book. And >Afzalur > > > > > > Rahman (Qur'anic Sciences, The Muslim schools Trust, London 1981) has >obliged > > > > > >us > > > > > > with exactly that. Rahman, whose knowledge of science as well as his > > > understanding of the Qur'an is on a par with a child at nursery school: >"The > > > > > Qur'an provides a complete picture of the material universe and what is > >beyond > > > > > > > in a scientific and rational manner, appealing to the scientific and >rational > > > > > > manner, appealing to the scientific mind as well as to the ordinary >layman." > > >He > > > > > > > > finds almost every secondary school science subject, from heat, light, >sound > > >to > > > > > > > > even electricity, in the Qur'an and presents them as a long list of > > > subject > > > > headings with appropriate Qu'ranic quotations. The book is meant to be > > > used > > >in > > > > > > > schools (and probably is) and prepare the next generation of Muslims > > >scientists! > > > > > > The only thing now left for Bucaillism is to be institutionalised and > > >introduced > > > > > > in the school curricula. Muhammad Abdus Sami and Muslim Sajjad (Planning > > > Curricula for Natural Sciences: The Islamic Perspective, Institute of >Policy > > > > > Studies, Islamabad, 1983) have produced a plan to accomplish this goal. >Every > > > > > > chapter of every textbook on physics, chemistry, biology and Zoology > > > should > > > > contain the appropriate verse from the Qur'an. But unlike Rahman, the two > > > Pakistani scientists foresee some problems: for example, how are we going >to > > > > > treat the theory of evolution? "This theory seeks to provide essentially > > > a > > > rational belief in God." Maybe there are, after all, a few things in >science > > > > > that do not tally with what the Qur'an tells us! > > > > > > Bucaillism appeals particularly to the older generation of Muslim >scientists, > > > > > > scholars and intellectuals because of its psychological message value. It > > > reinforces their faith in the Qur'an and Islam on the one hand, and >confirms > > > > > their belief in the superiority and universal validity of western > > > science, >on > > > > > > the other. Their naivete is well reflected by Candide: "all is well in > > > this > > > >best > > > > > > of all possible worlds." > > > > > > However, the dangers inherent in Bucaillism are very grave. There is the > > >obvious > > > > > > fact that it generates a strangely dumbfounding theology â€" as >all > > >scientific > > > > > > > knowledge is contained in the Qur'an, simply studying the Qur'an from a > > > scientific perspective will reveal everything and lead to new theories > > > and > > > discoveries. While the Qur'an obviously contains some passing references > > > to > > > > natural facts, it is by no means a textbook of science. It is a book of > > > guidance. It provides motivation and only motivation, for the pursuit of > > > knowledge. Knowledge begins with the Qur'an and does not end with it. > > > > > > But, more importantly, by equating the Qur'an with science, Bucaillism > >elevates > > > > > > > > science to the realm of the sacred and makes Divine Revelation subject to >the > > > > > > verification of western science. Apart form the fact that the Qur'an > > > needs >no > > > > > > justification from modern science, Bucaillism opens the Qur'an to the >counter > > > > > > argument of Popper's criteria of refutation: would the Qur'an be proved >false > > > > > > and written off just as Bucaille writes off the Bible, if a particular > > > scientific fact does not tally with it or if a particular fact mentioned > > > in > > >the > > > > > > > > Qur'an is refuted by modern science? And what if a particular theory, > > > which > > >is > > > > > > > "confirmed" by the Qur'an and is in vogue today is abandoned tomorrow for > > > another theory that presents an opposite picture? Does that mean that the > > >Qur'an > > > > > > is valid today but will not be valid tomorrow? > > > > > > Moreover, by raising science to the level of sacred knowledge, Bucaillism > > > effectively undermines any criticism of science. Because the pursuit of > > > knowledge is so strongly emphasised in the Qur'an, most Muslim scientists > > > already possess a sense of reverence towards modern science. Bucaillism >takes > > > > > > this reverence to a new level: a whole generation of Muslim scientists do >not > > > > > > just accept all science as Good and True, but attack anyone who shows a > > >critical > > > > > > or sceptical attitude towards science. Furthermore, the belief in a > >universally > > > > > > > > beneficial science leads to a pestiferous kind of fatalism: since science >is > > > > > universal and for the benefit of all humankind, it will eventually make > > > its > > >way > > > > > > > > to Muslim societies and serve their needs! > > > > > > Science is not the pursuit of Truth and its "discoveries", and "facts" do > >not, > > > > > > > and cannot have the same validity as the verse of the Qur'an. Science is > > > a > > > problem solving enterprise: it is a method, a technique, for solving >problems > > > > > > within a given paradigm and worldview. Just as Abdus Sami and Sajjad find > >that > > > > > > > the theory of evolution is a rational attempt to undermine belief in God, > > > a > > > > great deal in the modern system of science is an exercise in control and > > > domination of nature and men. When Bacon said that nature yields her >secrets > > > > > under torture, he made torture and suppression an integral and legitimate > >part > > > > > > > of modern science. Science, as it exists and is practised today, is >designed > > >to > > > > > > > > keep a particular culture and its worldview dominant. Reading the verses > > > of > > >the > > > > > > > > Qur'an into modern science is not going to change its essential character >and > > > > > > style. > > > > > > That there is something magically objective and neutral about the >Scientific > > > > > Method is a cruel hoax; and bias-free observation is a myth. Nothing "out > > >there" > > > > > > can be perceived without filtering it through our worldview and culture. > > > Scientists too often modify their observation with their own ideas and > > > prejudices, values and norms of their society. Not just observation but > > > experimentation too cannot be made in a cultural vacuum, but have meaning >and > > > > > > significance solely in the framework of a theory itself set in the >conceptual > > > > > > picture of a worldview. Putting a theory into a mathematical code does > > > not > > >strip > > > > > > the value content of a proposition of modern science. On the contrary, > > > the > > > nature of mathematics is such that its application to the world through > >science > > > > > > > > is purely fortuitous. Mathematical propositions, including the geometric > > > propositions of Euclid, are a priori analytic â€" that is to > > > say, >that > > >their > > > > > status is determined merely by analysing the term of the proposition. > > > That > >one > > > > > > > plus one equals two can be determined as conforming to the principle that >one > > > > > > plus one means two. That some theories can be codified in mathematical > > > expression is a matter of scientific convenience. The laws of nature are >not > > > > > expressed in mathematical formulae, in indelible ink across the heavens; >they > > > > > > are manufactured in ballpoints in laboratories and institutes. > > > > > > The fact that some of these manufactured laws and theories agree with > > > what > >the > > > > > > > Qur'an says is not in itself of any significance. It is a non-statement. >The > > > > > Qur'an promotes the pursuit of knowledge within a framework of values: it >is > > > > > these values which should be the focus of our attention and which should > >shape > > > > > > > our scientific activity. Only by turning these values into a living > > > reality > > >can > > > > > > > > we truly be honest to the Qur'an and fulfil our obligations towards it. > > > > > > References > > > > > > 1. April 1985. > > > 2. Including, Africa Events May 1985. > > > 3. The Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs, 1961. > > > 6. The Quran and Mental Hygiene, Karachi, undated. > > > 7. Seghers, Paris, 1976; and North American Trust Publication, >Indianapolis, > > > > > 1978. > > > > > > From > > > This essay appeared in Inquiry Vol 2 No 8 37-41 August 1985 > > > Share > > > 468 ad > > > Follow Us on FacebookFollow Us on TwitterFollow Us on RSS > > > > > > Contact ZiauddinSardar > > > > > > Recent Posts > > > > > > Welcome to postnormal times > > > The Idea of Justice > > > Displaced Homes > > > Reading The Qur'an > > > 367 > > > > > > Sign up to our newsletter. > > > Email: > > > > > > Copyright © 2009 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] > > > > > > > > > > > > > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] > > > > > > > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] ------------------------------------ Post message: [email protected] Subscribe : [email protected] Unsubscribe : [email protected] List owner : [email protected] Homepage : http://proletar.8m.com/Yahoo! 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