Re: CS>Adding peroxide to CS
From: Ode Coyote
Date: Sat, 21 Aug 2004 10:27:03
http://escribe.com/health/thesilverlist/m72781.html
> What happened to pure metallic silver suspended particles? Why
> only dissolved silver oxide?
> Ode
Ken, I'm sorry I have not responded to your earlier posts on
high-ppm cs, but I have had severe headaches which makes it
impossible to concentrate. Your posts contain enough information to
write a book, so I need to make sure I cover all the details.
On the issue of oxides vs metal particles, except for the gray
sludge created when ions plate out on the cathode, there is no
mechanism to create silver metal. You cannot, for example, write a
balanced equation that accounts for all charge transfers, except at
the cathode.
But the anode and cathode both get covered with the same soft black
stuff. This is various forms of silver hydroxide and silver oxide.
As you mentioned in a previous post, adding H2O2 produces a vigorous
reaction, whereas H2O2 combines with pure silver very slowly.
Here are the basic equations.
At the anode:
Ag(s) - e --> Ag(+)
The silver ions diffuse through the solution.
At the cathode:
H2O --> H(+) + OH(-)
2H(+) + 2e --> H2(g)
The hydrogen gas escapes, and the hydroxyl ions (OH(-)) diffuse
through the solution.
When a silver ion meets a hydroxyl ion, the two combine:
Ag(+) + OH(-) --> AgOH
The silver hydroxide may combine to form silver oxide:
2AgOH --> Ag2O + H2O
This process is most likely to occur where the ion concentration
is the highest.
The ion concentration is highest in a very thin layer right next to
the electrode, called the Nernst-Einstein Diffusion Layer. The
thickness depends on the current density, and may be several tens of
nanometers to micrometers thick.
The silver oxide is produced very close to the surface of the
electrode, so there is a 50% probability it will stick to the
electrode and form a soft black coating. Otherwise, it will diffuse
throughout the solution.
If silver oxide particles meet, they will stick together through van
DerWalls forces. When the particles get large enough, they absorb
the blue part of the spectrum which gives the cs a yellow tint.
Adding H2O2 to silver oxide converts the oxide to ions and oxygen
gas:
Ag2O + H2O2 --> Ag(+) + O2(g) + H2O2
And the solution turns clear.
If you run at very low current density, the Nernst Diffusion layer
is very thin and weak. This reduces the chance that silver ions will
meet hydroxyl ions to form silver oxide. This is why reducing the
current produces higher ionic cs than is possible with the 3 nines.
It also explains why the gray sludge forms at the cathode.
Since the rate of production of hydroxyl ions is low, there is a
better chance silver ions can get through the ion cloud and reach
the cathode. When they do, they accept an electron and become a
neutral atom. However, they are very close to the cathode, and have
a high probability of sticking. They may end up enclosing a bubble
of hydrogen gas which forms the gray sludge.
Best Wishes,
Mike Monett
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