Stephen Black had a TIPS email a few weeks ago in which he listed myths
that many students believe, one of which is that children can repress the
memory of having been sexually abused, only for this memory to resurface
for many years.

He and I got into an extended correspondence about whether the repression
of painful memories should really be regarded as a myth (from my point of
view, very enjoyable), and in the end it seemed to me that we differed not
so much in our interpretations of the evidence (though we did) as in our
fundamental assumptions about whether it was plausible that people could
inhibit or repress memories about traumatic events.  As we continued to
discuss this, it seemed to me that this might be part of a much wider
division between psychologists about the reality of repression�that is,
not simply whether memories can be repressed, but more broadly whether
emotions can be suppressed, so that people are not consciously aware of
them.

Because of my particular background in psychology (reading Freud as a
teenager), I�d always taken it for granted that psychologists accepted the
existence of emotional repression, but I�m now wondering whether this
remains a much more controversial issue than I had realized.  I wonder
what members of TIPS think about this?  Specifically, from your
experience, do you think there are still powerful divisions between
experimental psychologists about the existence of repression or other
defense mechanisms?  If so, what proportion of experimental psychologists
would you guess accept the reality of such processes?

Dave Lieberman

Note:  I�m really asking about psychologists� current beliefs, rather than
whether these beliefs are valid, but it�s perhaps worth mentioning (as a
further blow against Stephen, for daring to disagree with me) several
recent reviews that argue that while Freud�s overall theory is undoubtedly
vague, there is nevertheless convincing experimental evidence for the
existence of at least some of the defense mechanisms he postulated:

Westen, D. (1998).  The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud:  Toward a
psychodynamically informed psychological science.  Psychological Bulletin,
124, 333-371.

Baumeister, R. F., Dale, K., & Sommer, K. L. (1998).  Freudian defense
mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology:  Reaction
formation, projection, displacement, undoing, isolation, sublimation, and
denial.  Journal of Personality, 66, 1081-1124.

Cramer,  P. (2000).  Defense mechanisms in psychology today:  Further
processes for adaptation.  American Psychologist, 55, 637-646.

A common theme of these reviews is that defense mechanisms have been
widely accepted within social psychology, though they have often
masqueraded under other names such as the false consensus effect (a
version of projection) and positive illusions (a version of denial).

Does anyone know of recent reviews that reach the opposite conclusion,
that there is no convincing evidence for defense mechanisms to avoid
experiencing painful thoughts or emotions?

Dr. David A. Lieberman
Department of Psychology
University of Stirling
Stirling FK9 4LA
Scotland
U. K.

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