After looking at today’s little change[1] to one of TZDB’s HTML files, I
noticed that it cited Morrison et al’s 2020 paper but changed the
paper’s title to use straight quotes 'like this' instead of curved
quotes ‘like this’.
Although TZDB’s HTML files mostly use straight quotes, they’re not
methodical about it, and anyway straight quotes are to some extent a
relic of the 20th century and in HTML files we can now reliably use
curved quotes. So I composed a patch (attached) to be more consistent
about quoting, and to use curved quotes except in places where the
quotes are part of computer code and need to be straight.
I haven’t installed this patch, though, because it’s annoying to edit
HTML that looks like this:
strings like “Prague”,
“Praha”, “Прага”, and “布拉格”.
I’d rather edit HTML that looks like this:
strings like “Prague”, “Praha”, “Прага”, and “布拉格”.
Since the HTML files are already UTF-8 encoded (otherwise they wouldn’t
contain those non-ASCII letters) this shouldn’t be a problem with
today’s editors.
In 2014[2] I held off on making such a change because Garrett Wollman
wrote that XEmacs 21.4 does not support quotes ‘like this’ or “like
this”. However, XEmacs 21.4 has not been updated since 2009 and by now I
would think XEmacs users would be using either XEmacs 21.5 (even though
it’s still “beta”) or GNU Emacs, and both of these do support curved quotes.
So instead of installing this patch, I’m inclined to install a different
one in which HTML files use UTF-8 quotes “like this” rather than
harder-to-read HTML entities “like this”.
If this is OK we can also do something similar with other special
characters such as “–” instead of “–”.
Comments welcome. I am ccing this email to Garrett to see whether XEmacs
21.4 is still an issue with him.
[1]:
https://lists.iana.org/hyperkitty/list/[email protected]/message/BH63ZL5DHEBJPT2CC2GULVGXL5AR2IQY/
[2]: https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-June/046053.html
From f0141e5ed191856ca0a78bea5e80968e150911f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Eggert <[email protected]>
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2025 15:43:27 -0700
Subject: [PROPOSED] Quote HTML more consistently
---
theory.html | 302 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
tz-art.html | 366 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
tz-link.html | 117 ++++++++--------
3 files changed, 418 insertions(+), 367 deletions(-)
diff --git a/theory.html b/theory.html
index e9928e30..60c5e2d4 100644
--- a/theory.html
+++ b/theory.html
@@ -104,10 +104,10 @@ have more than two changes per year, these changes need not merely
flip back and forth between two alternatives, and the rules themselves
can change at times.
Whether and when a timezone changes its clock,
-and even the timezone's notional base offset from <abbr>UTC</abbr>,
+and even the timezone’s notional base offset from <abbr>UTC</abbr>,
are variable.
-It does not always make sense to talk about a timezone's
-"base offset", which is not necessarily a single number.
+It does not always make sense to talk about a timezone’s
+“base offset”, which is not necessarily a single number.
</p>
</section>
@@ -119,16 +119,18 @@ Each timezone has a name that uniquely identifies the timezone.
Inexperienced users are not expected to select these names unaided.
Distributors should provide documentation and/or a simple selection
interface that explains each name via a map or via descriptive text like
-"Czech Republic" instead of the timezone name "<code>Europe/Prague</code>".
+“Czech Republic” instead of the timezone name
+“<code>Europe/Prague</code>”.
If geolocation information is available, a selection interface can
locate the user on a timezone map or prioritize names that are
geographically close. For an example selection interface, see the
<code>tzselect</code> program in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code.
-Unicode's <a href="https://cldr.unicode.org";>Common Locale Data
+Unicode’s <a href="https://cldr.unicode.org";>Common Locale Data
Repository (<abbr>CLDR</abbr>)</a>
contains data that may be useful for other selection
interfaces; it maps timezone names like <code>Europe/Prague</code> to
-locale-dependent strings like "Prague", "Praha", "Прага", and "布拉格".
+locale-dependent strings like “Prague”,
+“Praha”, “Прага”, and “布拉格”.
</p>
<p>
@@ -143,7 +145,7 @@ among the following goals:
civil time.
</li>
<li>
- Indicate to experts where the timezone's clocks typically are.
+ Indicate to experts where the timezone’s clocks typically are.
</li>
<li>
Be robust in the presence of political changes.
@@ -167,11 +169,11 @@ Names normally have the format
<var>AREA</var><code>/</code><var>LOCATION</var>, where
<var>AREA</var> is a continent or ocean, and
<var>LOCATION</var> is a specific location within the area.
-North and South America share the same area, '<code>America</code>'.
-Typical names are '<code>Africa/Cairo</code>',
-'<code>America/New_York</code>', and '<code>Pacific/Honolulu</code>'.
+North and South America share the same area, <code>America</code>.
+Typical names are <code>Africa/Cairo</code>,
+<code>America/New_York</code>, and <code>Pacific/Honolulu</code>.
Some names are further qualified to help avoid confusion; for example,
-'<code>America/Indiana/Petersburg</code>' distinguishes Petersburg,
+<code>America/Indiana/Petersburg</code> distinguishes Petersburg,
Indiana from other Petersburgs in America.
</p>
@@ -184,25 +186,25 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
<ul>
<li>
Use only valid POSIX file name components (i.e., the parts of
- names other than '<code>/</code>').
- Do not use the file name components '<code>.</code>' and
- '<code>..</code>'.
+ names other than "<code>/</code>").
+ Do not use the file name components "<code>.</code>" and
+ "<code>..</code>".
Within a file name component, use only <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII";>ASCII</a> letters,
- '<code>.</code>', '<code>-</code>' and '<code>_</code>'.
+ "<code>.</code>", "<code>-</code>" and "<code>_</code>".
Do not use digits, as that might create an ambiguity with <a
- href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08_03";>POSIX's proleptic
- <code>TZ</code> strings</a>.
+ href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08_03";>POSIX’s
+ proleptic <code>TZ</code> strings</a>.
A file name component must not exceed 14 characters or start with
- '<code>-</code>'.
+ "<code>-</code>".
E.g., prefer <code>America/Noronha</code> to
<code>America/Fernando_de_Noronha</code>.
Exceptions: see the discussion of legacy names below.
</li>
<li>
- A name must not be empty, or contain '<code>//</code>', or
- start or end with '<code>/</code>'.
- Also, a name must not be '<code>Etc/Unknown</code>', as
+ A name must not be empty, or contain "<code>//</code>", or
+ start or end with "<code>/</code>".
+ Also, a name must not be "<code>Etc/Unknown</code>", as
<abbr>CLDR</abbr> uses that string for an unknown or invalid timezone.
</li>
<li>
@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
<li>
If one name <var>A</var> is an initial prefix of another
name <var>AB</var> (ignoring case), then <var>B</var> must not
- start with '<code>/</code>', as a regular file cannot have the
+ start with "<code>/</code>", as a regular file cannot have the
same name as a directory in POSIX.
For example, <code>America/New_York</code> precludes
<code>America/New_York/Bronx</code>.
@@ -281,8 +283,8 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
<code>Atlantic/Canaries</code>.
</li>
<li>
- Omit common suffixes like '<code>_Islands</code>' and
- '<code>_City</code>', unless that would lead to ambiguity.
+ Omit common suffixes like "<code>_Islands</code>" and
+ "<code>_City</code>", unless that would lead to ambiguity.
E.g., prefer <code>America/Cayman</code> to
<code>America/Cayman_Islands</code> and
<code>America/Guatemala</code> to
@@ -293,10 +295,10 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
country of Mexico has several time zones</a>.
</li>
<li>
- Use '<code>_</code>' to represent a space.
+ Use "<code>_</code>" to represent a space.
</li>
<li>
- Omit '<code>.</code>' from abbreviations in names.
+ Omit "<code>.</code>" from abbreviations in names.
E.g., prefer <code>Atlantic/St_Helena</code> to
<code>Atlantic/St._Helena</code>.
</li>
@@ -304,15 +306,15 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
Do not change established names if they only marginally violate
the above guidelines.
For example, do not change the existing name <code>Europe/Rome</code> to
- <code>Europe/Milan</code> merely because Milan's population has grown
- to be somewhat greater than Rome's.
+ <code>Europe/Milan</code> merely because Milan’s population has grown
+ to be somewhat greater than Rome’s.
</li>
<li>
If a name is changed, put its old spelling in the
- '<code>backward</code>' file as a link to the new spelling.
+ "<code>backward</code>" file as a link to the new spelling.
This means old spellings will continue to work.
Ordinarily a name change should occur only in the rare case when
- a location's consensus English-language spelling changes; for example,
+ a location’s consensus English-language spelling changes; for example,
in 2008 <code>Asia/Calcutta</code> was renamed to <code>Asia/Kolkata</code>
due to long-time widespread use of the new city name instead of the old.
</li>
@@ -328,11 +330,11 @@ have included the following:
<ul>
<li>
Older versions of this package used a different naming scheme.
-See the file '<code>backward</code>' for most of these older names
-(e.g., '<code>US/Eastern</code>' instead of '<code>America/New_York</code>').
+See the file "<code>backward</code>" for most of these older names
+(e.g., <code>US/Eastern</code> instead of <code>America/New_York</code>).
The other old-fashioned names still supported are
-'<code>WET</code>', '<code>CET</code>', '<code>MET</code>', and
-'<code>EET</code>' (see the file '<code>europe</code>').
+<code>WET</code>, <code>CET</code>, <code>MET</code>, and
+<code>EET</code> (see the file "<code>europe</code>").
</li>
<li>
@@ -340,13 +342,13 @@ Older versions of this package defined legacy names that are
incompatible with the first guideline of location names, but which are
still supported.
These legacy names are mostly defined in the file
-'<code>etcetera</code>'.
-Also, the file '<code>backward</code>' defines the legacy names
-'<code>Etc/GMT0</code>', '<code>Etc/GMT-0</code>', '<code>Etc/GMT+0</code>',
-'<code>GMT0</code>', '<code>GMT-0</code>' and '<code>GMT+0</code>',
-and the file '<code>northamerica</code>' defines the legacy names
-'<code>EST5EDT</code>', '<code>CST6CDT</code>',
-'<code>MST7MDT</code>', and '<code>PST8PDT</code>'.
+"<code>etcetera</code>".
+Also, the file "<code>backward</code>" defines the legacy names
+<code>Etc/GMT0</code>, <code>Etc/GMT-0</code>, <code>Etc/GMT+0</code>,
+<code>GMT0</code>, <code>GMT-0</code> and <code>GMT+0</code>,
+and the file "<code>northamerica</code>" defines the legacy names
+<code>EST5EDT</code>, <code>CST6CDT</code>,
+<code>MST7MDT</code>, and <code>PST8PDT</code>.
</li>
<li>
@@ -366,7 +368,7 @@ The file <code>zone1970.tab</code> lists geographical locations used
to name timezones.
It is intended to be an exhaustive list of names for geographic
regions as described above; this is a subset of the timezones in the data.
-Although a <code>zone1970.tab</code> location's
+Although a <code>zone1970.tab</code> location’s
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude";>longitude</a>
corresponds to
its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_mean_time";>local mean
@@ -396,7 +398,7 @@ on platforms that do not support proleptic <code>TZ</code> strings
like <code><+08>-8</code>;
no other source file other than <code>backward</code>
contains links to its zones.
-One of <code>etcetera</code>'s names is <code>Etc/UTC</code>,
+One of <code>etcetera</code>’s names is <code>Etc/UTC</code>,
used by functions like <code>gmtime</code> to obtain leap
second information on platforms that support leap seconds.
Another <code>etcetera</code> name, <code>GMT</code>,
@@ -408,7 +410,7 @@ is used by older code releases.
<h2 id="abbreviations">Time zone abbreviations</h2>
<p>
When this package is installed, it generates time zone abbreviations
-like '<code>EST</code>' to be compatible with human tradition and POSIX.
+like <code>EST</code> to be compatible with human tradition and POSIX.
Here are the general guidelines used for choosing time zone abbreviations,
in decreasing order of importance:
</p>
@@ -416,25 +418,25 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
<ul>
<li>
Use three to six characters that are ASCII alphanumerics or
- '<code>+</code>' or '<code>-</code>'.
+ "<code>+</code>" or "<code>-</code>".
Previous editions of this database also used characters like
- space and '<code>?</code>', but these characters have a
+ space and "<code>?</code>", but these characters have a
special meaning to the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell";>UNIX shell</a>
and cause commands like
- '<code><a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#set";>set</a>
- `<a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/date.html";>date</a>`</code>'
+ "<code><a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#set";>set</a>
+ `<a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/date.html";>date</a>`</code>"
to have unexpected effects.
Previous editions of this guideline required upper-case letters, but the
Congressman who introduced
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone";>Chamorro
- Standard Time</a> preferred "ChST", so lower-case letters are now
- allowed.
- Also, POSIX from 2001 on relaxed the rule to allow '<code>-</code>',
- '<code>+</code>', and alphanumeric characters from the portable
+ Standard Time</a> preferred “ChST”,
+ so lower-case letters are now allowed.
+ Also, POSIX from 2001 on relaxed the rule to allow "<code>-</code>",
+ "<code>+</code>", and alphanumeric characters from the portable
character set in the current locale.
- In practice ASCII alphanumerics and '<code>+</code>' and
- '<code>-</code>' are safe in all locales.
+ In practice ASCII alphanumerics and "<code>+</code>" and
+ "<code>-</code>" are safe in all locales.
<p>
In other words, in the C locale the POSIX extended regular
@@ -446,10 +448,10 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
</li>
<li>
Use abbreviations that are in common use among English-speakers,
- e.g., 'EST' for Eastern Standard Time in North America.
+ e.g., “EST” for Eastern Standard Time in North America.
We assume that applications translate them to other languages
as part of the normal localization process; for example,
- a French application might translate 'EST' to 'HNE'.
+ a French application might translate “EST” to “HNE”.
<p>
<small>These abbreviations (for standard/daylight/etc. time) are:
@@ -501,12 +503,12 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
</li>
<li>
<p>
- For times taken from a city's longitude, use the
+ For times taken from a city’s longitude, use the
traditional <var>x</var>MT notation.
- The only abbreviation like this in current use is '<abbr>GMT</abbr>'.
+ The only abbreviation like this in current use is <abbr>GMT</abbr>.
The others are for timestamps before 1960,
except that Monrovia Mean Time persisted until 1972.
- Typically, numeric abbreviations (e.g., '<code>-</code>004430' for
+ Typically, numeric abbreviations (e.g., <code>-</code>004430 for
MMT) would cause trouble here, as the numeric strings would exceed
the POSIX length limit.
</p>
@@ -558,28 +560,29 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
</p>
</li>
<li>
- Use '<abbr>LMT</abbr>' for local mean time of locations before the
- introduction of standard time; see "<a href="#scope">Scope of the
- <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a>".
+ Use “<abbr>LMT</abbr>”
+ for local mean time of locations before the
+ introduction of standard time; see “<a href="#scope">Scope of the
+ <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a>”.
</li>
<li>
If there is no common English abbreviation, use numeric offsets like
<code>-</code>05 and <code>+</code>0530 that are generated
- by <code>zic</code>'s <code>%z</code> notation.
+ by <code>zic</code>’s <code>%z</code> notation.
</li>
<li>
Use current abbreviations for older timestamps to avoid confusion.
For example, in 1910 a common English abbreviation for time
- in central Europe was 'MEZ' (short for both "Middle European
- Zone" and for "Mitteleuropäische Zeit" in German).
- Nowadays 'CET' ("Central European Time") is more common in
- English, and the database uses 'CET' even for circa-1910
+ in central Europe was MEZ (short for both “Middle European
+ Zone” and for “Mitteleuropäische Zeit” in German).
+ Nowadays CET (“Central European Time”) is more common in
+ English, and the database uses CET even for circa-1910
timestamps as this is less confusing for modern users and avoids
- the need for determining when 'CET' supplanted 'MEZ' in common
+ the need for determining when CET supplanted MEZ in common
usage.
</li>
<li>
- Use a consistent style in a timezone's history.
+ Use a consistent style in a timezone’s history.
For example, if a history tends to use numeric
abbreviations and a particular entry could go either way, use a
numeric abbreviation.
@@ -587,13 +590,13 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
<li>
Use
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time";>Universal Time</a>
- (<abbr>UT</abbr>) (with time zone abbreviation '<code>-</code>00') for
+ (<abbr>UT</abbr>) (with time zone abbreviation <code>-</code>00) for
locations while uninhabited.
- The leading '<code>-</code>' is a flag that the <abbr>UT</abbr> offset is in
+ The leading "<code>-</code>" is a flag that the <abbr>UT</abbr> offset is in
some sense undefined; this notation is derived
from <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3339";>Internet
<abbr title="Request For Comments">RFC</abbr> 3339</a>.
- (The abbreviation 'Z' that
+ (The abbreviation Z that
<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9557";>Internet
<abbr>RFC</abbr> 9557</a> uses for this concept
would violate the POSIX requirement
@@ -603,11 +606,11 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
<p>
Application writers should note that these abbreviations are ambiguous
-in practice: e.g., 'CST' means one thing in China and something else
-in North America, and 'IST' can refer to time in India, Ireland or
+in practice: e.g., CST means one thing in China and something else
+in North America, and IST can refer to time in India, Ireland or
Israel.
To avoid ambiguity, use numeric <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets like
-'<code>-</code>0600' instead of time zone abbreviations like 'CST'.
+<code>-</code>0600 instead of time zone abbreviations like CST.
</p>
</section>
@@ -618,7 +621,7 @@ The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database is not authoritative, and it
surely has errors.
Corrections are welcome and encouraged; see the file <code>CONTRIBUTING</code>.
Users requiring authoritative data should consult national standards
-bodies and the references cited in the database's comments.
+bodies and the references cited in the database’s comments.
</p>
<p>
@@ -640,7 +643,7 @@ Errors in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database arise from many sources:
clocks actually behaved; the vast majority of the necessary
information was lost or never recorded.
Thousands more timezones would be needed if
- the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database's scope were extended to
+ the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database’s scope were extended to
cover even just the known or guessed history of standard time; for
example, the current single entry for France would need to split
into dozens of entries, perhaps hundreds.
@@ -652,9 +655,9 @@ Errors in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database arise from many sources:
href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674286146";>The
Global Transformation of Time, 1870–1950</a></cite>,
Vanessa Ogle writes
- "Outside of Europe and North America there was no system of time
+ “Outside of Europe and North America there was no system of time
zones at all, often not even a stable landscape of mean times,
- prior to the middle decades of the twentieth century".
+ prior to the middle decades of the twentieth century”.
See: Timothy Shenk, <a
href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanessa-ogle";>Booked:
A Global History of Time</a>. <cite>Dissent</cite> 2015-12-17.
@@ -672,8 +675,8 @@ href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanes
For the UK the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database relies on
years of first-class work done by
Joseph Myers and others; see
- "<a href="https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/";>History of
- legal time in Britain</a>".
+ “<a href="https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/";>History of
+ legal time in Britain</a>”.
Other countries are not done nearly as well.
</li>
<li>
@@ -698,13 +701,13 @@ href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanes
entries are often accurate for only a small subset of that region.
For example, <code>Europe/London</code> stands for the United
Kingdom, but its pre-1847 times are valid only for locations that
- have London's exact meridian, and its 1847 transition
+ have London’s exact meridian, and its 1847 transition
to <abbr>GMT</abbr> is known to be valid only for the L&NW and
the Caledonian railways.
</li>
<li>
The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database does not record the
- earliest time for which a timezone's
+ earliest time for which a timezone’s
data entries are thereafter valid for every location in the region.
For example, <code>Europe/London</code> is valid for all locations
in its region after <abbr>GMT</abbr> was made the standard time,
@@ -715,7 +718,7 @@ href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanes
</li>
<li>
The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database does not record a
- region's boundaries, and in many cases the boundaries are not known.
+ region’s boundaries, and in many cases the boundaries are not known.
For example, the timezone
<code>America/Kentucky/Louisville</code> represents a region
around the city of Louisville, the boundaries of which are
@@ -788,7 +791,7 @@ href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanes
non-hour-based system at night.
And even today, some local practices diverge from the Gregorian
calendar with 24-hour days. These divergences range from
- relatively minor, such as Japanese bars giving times like "24:30" for the
+ relatively minor, such as Japanese bars giving times like 24:30 for the
wee hours of the morning, to more-significant differences such as <a
href="https://theworld.org/stories/2015-01-30/if-you-have-meeting-ethiopia-you-better-double-check-time";>the
east African practice of starting the day at dawn</a>, renumbering
@@ -826,7 +829,7 @@ href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanes
<li>
Civil time was not based on atomic time before 1972, and we do not
know the history of
- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_rotation">earth's
+ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_rotation">earth’s
rotation</a> accurately enough to map <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units";><abbr
title="International System of Units">SI</abbr></a> seconds to
@@ -834,7 +837,8 @@ href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanes
to more than about one-hour accuracy.
See: Morrison LV, Stephenson FR, Hohenkerk CY, Zawilski M.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0776";>Addendum 2020
- to 'Measurement of the Earth's rotation: 720 BC to AD 2015'</a>.
+ to ‘Measurement of the Earth’s rotation:
+ 720 BC to AD 2015’</a>.
<cite>Proc Royal Soc A</cite>. 2021;477:20200776.
Also see: Espenak F. <a
href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/uncertainty2004.html";>Uncertainty
@@ -863,12 +867,12 @@ href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanes
<p>
In short, many, perhaps most, of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
-database's pre-1970 and future timestamps are either wrong or
+database’s pre-1970 and future timestamps are either wrong or
misleading.
Any attempt to pass the
<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database off as the definition of time
should be unacceptable to anybody who cares about the facts.
-In particular, the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database's
+In particular, the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database’s
<abbr>LMT</abbr> offsets should not be considered meaningful, and
should not prompt creation of timezones
merely because two locations
@@ -887,7 +891,7 @@ Code compatible with this package is already
primary use of this package is to update obsolete time-related files.
To do this, you may need to compile the time zone compiler
<code>zic</code> supplied with this package instead of using the
-system <code>zic</code>, since the format of <code>zic</code>'s
+system <code>zic</code>, since the format of <code>zic</code>’s
input is occasionally extended, and a platform may still be shipping
an older <code>zic</code>.
</p>
@@ -958,14 +962,14 @@ with problems that were fixed in later POSIX editions.
are 3 or more characters specifying the standard
and daylight saving time (<abbr>DST</abbr>) zone abbreviations.
Starting with POSIX.1-2001, <var>std</var> and <var>dst</var>
- may also be in a quoted form like '<code><+09></code>';
+ may also be quoted in angle brackets, like <code><+09></code>;
this allows "<code>+</code>" and "<code>-</code>" in the names.
</dd>
<dt><var>offset</var></dt><dd>
is of the form
- '<code>[±]<var>hh</var>:[<var>mm</var>[:<var>ss</var>]]</code>'
+ <code>[±]<var>hh</var>:[<var>mm</var>[:<var>ss</var>]]</code>
and specifies the offset west of <abbr>UT</abbr>.
- '<var>hh</var>' may be a single digit;
+ <var>hh</var> may be a single digit;
0≤<var>hh</var>≤24.
The default <abbr>DST</abbr> offset is one hour ahead of
standard time.
@@ -978,10 +982,10 @@ with problems that were fixed in later POSIX editions.
</dd>
<dt><var>time</var></dt><dd>
takes the form
- '<var>hh</var><code>:</code>[<var>mm</var>[<code>:</code><var>ss</var>]]'
+ <var>hh</var><code>:</code>[<var>mm</var>[<code>:</code><var>ss</var>]]
and defaults to 02:00.
This is the same format as the offset, except that a
- leading '<code>+</code>' or '<code>-</code>' is not allowed.
+ leading "<code>+</code>" or "<code>-</code>" is not allowed.
</dd>
<dt><var>date</var></dt><dd>
takes one of the following forms:
@@ -998,7 +1002,7 @@ with problems that were fixed in later POSIX editions.
for the <var>d</var>th day of week <var>n</var> of
month <var>m</var> of the year, where week 1 is the first
week in which day <var>d</var> appears, and
- '<code>5</code>' stands for the last week in which
+ "<code>5</code>" stands for the last week in which
day <var>d</var> appears (which may be either the 4th or
5th week).
Typically, this is the only useful form; the <var>n</var>
@@ -1013,8 +1017,8 @@ with problems that were fixed in later POSIX editions.
Zealand after 2007.
It says that standard time (<abbr>NZST</abbr>) is 12 hours ahead
of <abbr>UT</abbr>, and that daylight saving time
- (<abbr>NZDT</abbr>) is observed from September's last Sunday at
- 02:00 until April's first Sunday at 03:00:
+ (<abbr>NZDT</abbr>) is observed from September’s last Sunday at
+ 02:00 until April’s first Sunday at 03:00:
</p>
<pre><code>TZ='NZST-12NZDT,M9.5.0,M4.1.0/3'</code></pre>
@@ -1067,12 +1071,12 @@ However POSIX.1-2024, like earlier POSIX editions, has some limitations:
</li>
<li>
In POSIX, there is no tamper-proof way for a process to learn the
- system's best idea of local (wall clock) time.
+ system’s best idea of local (wall clock) time.
This is important for applications that an administrator wants
used only at certain times – without regard to whether the
user has fiddled the
<code>TZ</code> environment variable.
- While an administrator can "do everything in <abbr>UT</abbr>" to
+ While an administrator can “do everything in <abbr>UT</abbr>” to
get around the problem, doing so is inconvenient and precludes
handling daylight saving time shifts – as might be required to
limit phone calls to off-peak hours.
@@ -1083,8 +1087,7 @@ However POSIX.1-2024, like earlier POSIX editions, has some limitations:
</li>
<li>
POSIX does not define the <abbr>DST</abbr> transitions
- for <code>TZ</code> values like
- "<code>EST5EDT</code>".
+ for settings like <code>TZ='EST5EDT'</code>.
Traditionally the current <abbr>US</abbr> <abbr>DST</abbr> rules
were used to interpret such values, but this meant that the
<abbr>US</abbr> <abbr>DST</abbr> rules were compiled into each
@@ -1126,7 +1129,7 @@ However POSIX.1-2024, like earlier POSIX editions, has some limitations:
If the <code>TZ</code> environment variable uses the geographical format,
it is used in generating
the name of a file from which time-related information is read.
- The file's format is <dfn><abbr>TZif</abbr></dfn>,
+ The file’s format is <dfn><abbr>TZif</abbr></dfn>,
a timezone information format that contains binary data; see
<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/9636";>Internet
<abbr>RFC</abbr> 9636</a>.
@@ -1140,18 +1143,18 @@ However POSIX.1-2024, like earlier POSIX editions, has some limitations:
<p>
When the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code was developed in the 1980s,
it was recognized that allowing the <code>TZ</code> environment
- variable to take on values such as '<code>America/New_York</code>'
- might cause "old" programs (that expect <code>TZ</code> to have a
+ variable to take on values such as <code>America/New_York</code>
+ might cause old programs (that expect <code>TZ</code> to have a
certain format) to operate incorrectly; consideration was given to using
some other environment variable (for example, <code>TIMEZONE</code>)
- to hold the string used to generate the <abbr>TZif</abbr> file's name.
+ to hold the string used to generate the <abbr>TZif</abbr> file’s name.
In the end, however, it was decided to continue using
<code>TZ</code>: it is widely used for time zone purposes;
separately maintaining both <code>TZ</code>
and <code>TIMEZONE</code> seemed a nuisance; and systems where
- "new" forms of <code>TZ</code> might cause problems can simply
- use legacy <code>TZ</code> values such as "<code>EST5EDT</code>" which
- can be used by "new" programs as well as by "old" programs that
+ new forms of <code>TZ</code> might cause problems can simply
+ use legacy settings such as <code>TZ='EST5EDT'</code> which
+ can be used by new programs as well as by old programs that
assume pre-POSIX <code>TZ</code> values.
</p>
</li>
@@ -1194,20 +1197,20 @@ The vestigial <abbr>API</abbr>s are:
The POSIX <code>tzname</code> variable does not suffice and is no
longer needed.
It is planned to be removed in a future edition of POSIX.
- To get a timestamp's time zone abbreviation, consult
+ To get a timestamp’s time zone abbreviation, consult
the <code>tm_zone</code> member if available; otherwise,
- use <code>strftime</code>'s <code>"%Z"</code> conversion
+ use <code>strftime</code>’s <code>"%Z"</code> conversion
specification.
</li>
<li>
The POSIX <code>daylight</code> and <code>timezone</code>
variables do not suffice and are no longer needed.
They are planned to be removed in a future edition of POSIX.
- To get a timestamp's <abbr>UT</abbr> offset, consult
+ To get a timestamp’s <abbr>UT</abbr> offset, consult
the <code>tm_gmtoff</code> member if available; otherwise,
subtract values returned by <code>localtime</code>
and <code>gmtime</code> using the rules of the Gregorian calendar,
- or use <code>strftime</code>'s <code>"%z"</code> conversion
+ or use <code>strftime</code>’s <code>"%z"</code> conversion
specification if a string like <code>"+0900"</code> suffices.
</li>
<li>
@@ -1232,9 +1235,9 @@ The vestigial <abbr>API</abbr>s are:
<li>
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_7_Unix";>7th Edition
UNIX</a> <code>timezone</code> function is not present in this
- package; it is impossible to reliably map <code>timezone</code>'s
- arguments (a "minutes west of <abbr>GMT</abbr>" value and a
- "daylight saving time in effect" flag) to a time zone
+ package; it is impossible to reliably map <code>timezone</code>’s
+ arguments (a “minutes west of <abbr>GMT</abbr>” value and a
+ “daylight saving time in effect” flag) to a time zone
abbreviation, and we refuse to guess.
Programs that in the past used the <code>timezone</code> function
may now examine <code>localtime(&clock)->tm_zone</code>
@@ -1264,7 +1267,7 @@ The vestigial <abbr>API</abbr>s are:
The functions that are conditionally compiled
if <code>STD_INSPIRED</code> is nonzero should, at this point, be
looked on primarily as food for thought.
- They are not in any sense "standard compatible" – some are
+ They are not in any sense “standard compatible” – some are
not, in fact, specified in <em>any</em> standard.
They do, however, represent responses of various authors to
standardization proposals.
@@ -1295,11 +1298,11 @@ The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data supply the following interfaces:
<ul>
<li>
A set of timezone names as per
- "<a href="#naming">Timezone identifiers</a>" above.
+ “<a href="#naming">Timezone identifiers</a>” above.
</li>
<li>
- Library functions described in "<a href="#functions">Time and date
- functions</a>" above.
+ Library functions described in “<a href="#functions">Time and date
+ functions</a>” above.
</li>
<li>
The programs <code>tzselect</code>, <code>zdump</code>,
@@ -1321,7 +1324,7 @@ The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data supply the following interfaces:
</li>
<li>
The version number of the code and data, as the first line of
- the text file '<code>version</code>' in each release.
+ the text file "<code>version</code>" in each release.
</li>
</ul>
@@ -1349,7 +1352,7 @@ For example, even though the <samp>Asia/Bangkok</samp> timezone
currently includes Chang Mai, Hanoi, and Phnom Penh, this is not part
of the stable interface and the timezone can split at any time.
If a calendar application records a future event in some location other
-than Bangkok by putting "<samp>Asia/Bangkok</samp>" in the event's record,
+than Bangkok by putting <samp>Asia/Bangkok</samp> in the event’s record,
the application should be robust in the presence of timezone splits
between now and the future time.
</p>
@@ -1383,7 +1386,7 @@ commonly used by
<a href="https://www.ntp.org";><abbr title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</abbr></a>
software that adjusts the kernel clock.
However, kernel-clock twiddling approximates UTC only roughly,
-and systems needing more precise UTC can use this package's leap
+and systems needing more precise UTC can use this package’s leap
second support directly.
</p>
@@ -1404,7 +1407,7 @@ also need to consult a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file,
conventionally named <samp><abbr>Etc/UTC</abbr></samp>
(<samp><abbr>GMT</abbr></samp> in previous versions),
to see whether leap second corrections are needed.
-To convert an application's <code>time_t</code> timestamps to or from
+To convert an application’s <code>time_t</code> timestamps to or from
POSIX <code>time_t</code> timestamps (for use when, say,
embedding or interpreting timestamps in portable
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing)"><code>tar</code></a>
@@ -1427,7 +1430,7 @@ So if you configure your kernel to count leap seconds, you should also
discard <samp>zoneinfo</samp> and rename <samp>zoneinfo-leaps</samp>
to <samp>zoneinfo</samp>.
Alternatively, you can install just one set of <abbr>TZif</abbr> files
-in the first place; see the <code>REDO</code> variable in this package's
+in the first place; see the <code>REDO</code> variable in this package’s
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makefile";>makefile</a>.
</p>
</section>
@@ -1442,7 +1445,7 @@ An excellent resource in this area is Edward M. Reingold
and Nachum Dershowitz, <cite><a
href="https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition";>Calendrical
Calculations: The Ultimate Edition</a></cite>, Cambridge University Press (2018).
-Other information and sources are given in the file '<code>calendars</code>'
+Other information and sources are given in the file "<code>calendars</code>"
in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> distribution.
They sometimes disagree.
</p>
@@ -1452,20 +1455,20 @@ They sometimes disagree.
<h2 id="planets">Time and time zones off Earth</h2>
<p>
The European Space Agency is <a
-href='https://www.esa.int/Applications/Navigation/Telling_time_on_the_Moon'>considering</a>
+href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Navigation/Telling_time_on_the_Moon";>considering</a>
the establishment of a reference timescale for the Moon, which has
days roughly equivalent to 29.5 Earth days, and where relativistic
effects cause clocks to tick slightly faster than on Earth.
Also, <abbr title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</abbr>
has been <a
-href='https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Celestial-Time-Standardization-Policy.pdf'>ordered</a>
+href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Celestial-Time-Standardization-Policy.pdf";>ordered</a>
to consider the establishment of Coordinated Lunar Time (<abbr>LTC</abbr>).
It is not yet known whether the US and European efforts will result in
multiple timescales on the Moon.
</p>
<p>
-Some people's work schedules have used
+Some people’s work schedules have used
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars";>Mars time</a>.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) coordinators kept Mars time on
and off during the
@@ -1483,12 +1486,13 @@ had only limited use.
</p>
<p>
-A Mars solar day is called a "sol" and has a mean period equal to
+A Mars solar day is called a “sol” and has a mean period equal to
about 24 hours 39 minutes 35.244 seconds in terrestrial time.
It is divided into a conventional 24-hour clock, so each Mars second
equals about 1.02749125 terrestrial seconds.
-(One MER worker noted, "If I am working Mars hours, and Mars hours are
-2.5% more than Earth hours, shouldn't I get an extra 2.5% pay raise?")
+(One MER worker noted, “If I am working Mars hours, and Mars hours are
+2.5% more than Earth hours,
+shouldn’t I get an extra 2.5% pay raise?”)
</p>
<p>
@@ -1496,7 +1500,7 @@ The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_meridian";>prime
meridian</a> of Mars goes through the center of the crater
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airy-0";>Airy-0</a>, named in
honor of the British astronomer who built the Greenwich telescope that
-defines Earth's prime meridian.
+defines Earth’s prime meridian.
Mean solar time on the Mars prime meridian is
called Mars Coordinated Time (<abbr>MTC</abbr>).
</p>
@@ -1504,13 +1508,15 @@ called Mars Coordinated Time (<abbr>MTC</abbr>).
<p>
Each landed mission on Mars has adopted a different reference for
solar timekeeping, so there is no real standard for Mars time zones.
-For example, the MER mission defined two time zones "Local
-Solar Time A" and "Local Solar Time B" for its two missions, each zone
+For example, the MER mission defined two time zones
+“Local Solar Time A” and “Local Solar Time B”
+for its two missions, each zone
designed so that its time equals local true solar time at
approximately the middle of the nominal mission.
The A and B zones differ enough so that an MER worker assigned to
-the A zone might suffer "Mars lag" when switching to work in the B zone.
-Such a "time zone" is not particularly suited for any application
+the A zone might suffer “Mars lag”
+when switching to work in the B zone.
+Such a “time zone” is not particularly suited for any application
other than the mission itself.
</p>
@@ -1524,13 +1530,13 @@ sequential count of Mars solar days elapsed since about 1873-12-29
<p>
In our solar system, Mars is the planet with time and calendar most
-like Earth's.
+like Earth’s.
On other planets, Sun-based time and calendars would work quite
differently.
-For example, although Mercury's
+For example, although Mercury’s
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_period";>sidereal
rotation period</a> is 58.646 Earth days, Mercury revolves around the
-Sun so rapidly that an observer on Mercury's equator would see a
+Sun so rapidly that an observer on Mercury’s equator would see a
sunrise only every 175.97 Earth days, i.e., a Mercury year is 0.5 of a
Mercury day.
Venus is more complicated, partly because its rotation is slightly
@@ -1556,8 +1562,8 @@ Sources for time on other planets:
<ul>
<li>
Michael Allison and Robert Schmunk,
- "<a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/notes.html";>Technical
- Notes on Mars Solar Time as Adopted by the Mars24 Sunclock</a>"
+ “<a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/notes.html";>Technical
+ Notes on Mars Solar Time as Adopted by the Mars24 Sunclock</a>”
(2020-03-08).
</li>
<li>
@@ -1567,19 +1573,19 @@ Sources for time on other planets:
</li>
<li>
Jia-Rui Chong,
- "<a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jan-14-sci-marstime14-story.html";>Workdays
- Fit for a Martian</a>", <cite>Los Angeles Times</cite>
+ “<a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jan-14-sci-marstime14-story.html";>Workdays
+ Fit for a Martian</a>”, <cite>Los Angeles Times</cite>
(2004-01-14), pp A1, A20–A21.
</li>
<li>
Tom Chmielewski,
- "<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/02/jet-lag-is-worse-on-mars/386033/";>Jet
- Lag Is Worse on Mars</a>", <cite>The Atlantic</cite> (2015-02-26)
+ “<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/02/jet-lag-is-worse-on-mars/386033/";>Jet
+ Lag Is Worse on Mars</a>”, <cite>The Atlantic</cite> (2015-02-26)
</li>
<li>
Matt Williams,
- "<a href="https://www.universetoday.com/37481/days-of-the-planets/";>How
- long is a day on the other planets of the solar system?</a>"
+ “<a href="https://www.universetoday.com/37481/days-of-the-planets/";>How
+ long is a day on the other planets of the solar system?</a>”
(2016-01-20).
</li>
</ul>
diff --git a/tz-art.html b/tz-art.html
index 15ba7f4e..a3e36c6b 100644
--- a/tz-art.html
+++ b/tz-art.html
@@ -9,25 +9,26 @@
<h2>Documentaries</h2>
<ul>
<li>
-"<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84aWtseb2-4";>Daylight
-Saving Time Explained</a>" (2011; 6:39) lightly covers daylight saving
-time's theory, history, pros and cons. Among other things, it explains
-Arizona's daylight-saving enclaves quite well.</li>
+“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84aWtseb2-4";>Daylight
+Saving Time Explained</a>” (2011; 6:39) lightly covers daylight saving
+time’s theory, history, pros and cons. Among other things, it explains
+Arizona’s daylight-saving enclaves quite well.</li>
<li>
-"<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5wpm-gesOY";>The Problem
-with Time & Timezones – Computerphile</a>" (2013; 10:12) delves
+“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5wpm-gesOY";>The Problem
+with Time & Timezones – Computerphile</a>” (2013; 10:12) delves
into problems that programmers have with timekeeping.</li>
<li>
-"<a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/28375932.html";>All The Time In The World:
-Explaining The Mysteries Of Time Zones</a>" (2017; 2:15)
+“<a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/28375932.html";>All The Time
+In The World: Explaining The Mysteries Of Time Zones</a>” (2017; 2:15)
briefly says why France has more time zones than Russia.
<li>
-"<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRz-Dl60Lfc";>Why Denmark used to be
-.04 seconds behind the world</a>" (2019; 6:29) explains why the United Kingdom
-— and, once, Denmark — haven't always exactly followed their own
+“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRz-Dl60Lfc";>Why
+Denmark used to be .04 seconds behind the world</a>” (2019; 6:29)
+explains why the United Kingdom — and, once, Denmark —
+haven’t always exactly followed their own
laws about civil time.
<li>
-"About Time" (1962; 59 minutes) is part of the
+“About Time” (1962; 59 minutes) is part of the
Bell Science extravaganza, with Frank Baxter, Richard Deacon, and Les Tremayne.
Its advisor was Richard Feynman, and it was voiced by Mel Blanc.
(<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154110/";>IMDb entry</a>.)</li>
@@ -39,15 +40,16 @@ In the 1946 movie <em>A Matter of Life and Death</em>
(U.S. title <em>Stairway to Heaven</em>)
there is a reference to British Double Summer Time.
The time does not play a large part in the plot;
-it's just a passing reference to the time when one of the
-characters was supposed to have died (but didn't).
+it’s just a passing reference to the time when one of the
+characters was supposed to have died (but didn’t).
(<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038733/";>IMDb entry.</a>)
(Dave Cantor)
<li>
The 1953 railway comedy movie <em>The Titfield Thunderbolt</em> includes a
-play on words on British Double Summer Time. Valentine's wife wants
-him to leave the pub and asks him, "Do you know what time it is?"
-And he, happy where he is, replies: "Yes, my love. Summer double time."
+play on words on British Double Summer Time. Valentine’s wife wants
+him to leave the pub and asks him, “Do you know what time it is?”
+And he, happy where he is, replies:
+“Yes, my love. Summer double time.”
(<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046436/";>IMDb entry.</a>)
(Mark Brader, 2009-10-02)
</li>
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ last hour of 1999. (So this movie teaches us that 0.1 × 60 = 10.)
(Mark Brader, 2009-10-02)
</li>
<li>
-One mustn't forget the
+One mustn’t forget the
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4EUTMPuvHo";>trailer</a>
(2014; 2:23) for the movie <em>Daylight Saving</em>.
</li>
@@ -73,74 +75,82 @@ One mustn't forget the
<h2>TV episodes</h2>
<ul>
<li>
-An episode of <em>The Adventures of Superman</em> entitled "The Mysterious
-Cube," first aired 1958-02-24, had Superman convincing the controllers
+An episode of <em>The Adventures of Superman</em> entitled “The Mysterious
+Cube”, first aired 1958-02-24, had Superman convincing the controllers
of the Arlington Time Signal to broadcast ahead of actual time;
doing so got a crook trying to be declared dead to
emerge a bit too early from the titular enclosure.
(<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0506628/";>IMDb entry</a>.)
</li>
<li>
-"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chimes_of_Big_Ben";>The Chimes
-of Big Ben</a>", <em>The Prisoner</em>, episode 2, ITC, 1967-10-06.
+“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chimes_of_Big_Ben";>The Chimes
+of Big Ben</a>”, <em>The Prisoner</em>, episode 2, ITC, 1967-10-06.
Our protagonist tumbles to
-the fraudulent nature of a Poland-to-England escape upon hearing "Big
-Ben" chiming on Polish local time.
+the fraudulent nature of a Poland-to-England escape upon hearing Big
+Ben chiming on Polish local time.
(<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0679185/";>IMDb entry.</a>)
</li>
<li>
-"The Susie", <em>Seinfeld</em>, season 8, episode 15, NBC, 1997-02-13.
+“The Susie”, <em>Seinfeld</em>,
+season 8, episode 15, NBC, 1997-02-13.
Kramer decides that daylight saving time
-isn't coming fast enough, so he sets his watch ahead an hour.
+isn’t coming fast enough, so he sets his watch ahead an hour.
</li>
<li>
-"20 Hours in America", <em>The West Wing</em>, season 4, episodes 1–2,
+“20 Hours in America”, <em>The West Wing</em>,
+season 4, episodes 1–2,
2002-09-25, contained a <a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-J1NHzQ1sgc";>scene</a> that
saw White House staffers stranded in Indiana; they thought they had time to
catch Air Force One but were done in by intra-Indiana local time changes.
</li>
<li>
-"In what time zone would you find New York City?" was a $200 question on
+“In what time zone would you find New York City?”
+was a $200 question on
the 1999-11-13 United States airing of <em>Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?</em>,
-and "In 1883, what industry led the movement to divide the U.S. into four time
-zones?" was a $32,000 question on the 2001-05-23 United States airing of
+and “In 1883, what industry led the movement to divide the
+U.S. into four time zones?”
+was a $32,000 question on the 2001-05-23 United States airing of
the same show. At this rate, the million-dollar time-zone
question should have been asked 2002-06-04.
</li>
<li>
-A private jet's mid-flight change of time zones distorts Alison Dubois'
-premonition in the "We Had a Dream" episode of <em>Medium</em>
+A private jet’s mid-flight change of time zones distorts Alison
+Dubois’ premonition in the “We Had a Dream” episode
+of <em>Medium</em>
(originally aired 2007-02-28).
</li>
<li>
-A criminal's failure to account for the start of daylight saving is pivotal
-in "<a href="https://monk.fandom.com/wiki/Mr._Monk_and_the_Rapper";>Mr. Monk
-and the Rapper</a>" (first aired 2007-07-20).
+A criminal’s failure to account for the start of daylight saving
+is pivotal in
+“<a href="https://monk.fandom.com/wiki/Mr._Monk_and_the_Rapper";>Mr. Monk
+and the Rapper</a>” (first aired 2007-07-20).
</li>
<li>
-In the <em>30 Rock</em> episode "Anna Howard Shaw Day"
+In the <em>30 Rock</em> episode “Anna Howard Shaw Day”
(first broadcast 2010-02-11),
-Jack Donaghy's date realizes that a Geneva-to-New-York business phone call
+Jack Donaghy’s date realizes that a Geneva-to-New-York business phone call
received in the evening must be fake given the difference in local times.
</li>
<li>
-In the "Run by the Monkeys" episode of <em>Da Vinci's Inquest</em>
+In the “Run by the Monkeys” episode of
+<em>Da Vinci’s Inquest</em>
(first broadcast 2002-11-17),
a witness in a five-year-old fire case realizes they may not have set
their clock back when daylight saving ended on the day of the fire,
introducing the possibility of an hour when arson might have occurred.
</li>
<li>
-In "The Todd Couple" episode of <em>Outsourced</em> (first aired 2011-02-10),
-Manmeet sets up Valentine's Day teledates for 6:00 and 9:00pm;
+In “The Todd Couple” episode of <em>Outsourced</em>
+(first aired 2011-02-10),
+Manmeet sets up Valentine’s Day teledates for 6:00 and 9:00pm;
since one is with a New Yorker and the other with a San Franciscan,
hilarity ensues.
(Never mind that this should be 7:30am in Mumbai, yet for some reason the show
-proceeds as though it's also mid-evening there.)
+proceeds as though it’s also mid-evening there.)
</li>
<li>
-In the "14 Days to Go"/"T Minus..." episode of
+In the “14 Days to Go”/“T Minus...” episode of
<em>You, Me and the Apocalypse</em>
(first aired 2015-11-11 in the UK, 2016-03-10 in the US),
the success of a mission to deal with a comet
@@ -149,39 +159,42 @@ hinges on whether or not Russia observes daylight saving time.
the episode first aired in the week before the switch to <abbr>DST</abbr>.)
</li>
<li>
-"The Lost Hour", <em>Eerie, Indiana</em>, episode 10, NBC, 1991-12-01.
-Despite Indiana's then-lack of <abbr>DST</abbr>,
+“The Lost Hour”, <em>Eerie, Indiana</em>,
+episode 10, NBC, 1991-12-01.
+Despite Indiana’s then-lack of <abbr>DST</abbr>,
Marshall changes his clock with unusual consequences.
-See "<a
+See “<a
href="https://www.avclub.com/eerie-indiana-was-a-few-dimensions-ahead-of-its-time-1819833380";><em>Eerie,
-Indiana</em> was a few dimensions ahead of its time</a>".
+Indiana</em> was a few dimensions ahead of its time</a>”.
</li>
<li>
-"Time Tunnel", <em>The Adventures of Pete & Pete</em>, season 2, episode 5,
-Nickelodeon, 1994-10-23.
+“Time Tunnel”, <em>The Adventures of Pete & Pete</em>,
+season 2, episode 5, Nickelodeon, 1994-10-23.
The two Petes travel back in time an hour
on the day that <abbr>DST</abbr> ends.
</li>
<li>
-"King-Size Homer", <em>The Simpsons</em>, episode 135, Fox, 1995-11-05.
-Homer, working from home, remarks "8:58, first
-time I've ever been early for work. Except for all those daylight
-savings days. Lousy farmers."
+“King-Size Homer”, <em>The Simpsons</em>,
+episode 135, Fox, 1995-11-05.
+Homer, working from home, remarks “8:58, first
+time I’ve ever been early for work. Except for all those daylight
+savings days. Lousy farmers.”
</li>
<li>
<em>Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</em>, season 2, episode 5, 2015-03-08,
-asked, "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=br0NW9ufUUw";>Daylight Saving
-Time – How Is This Still A Thing?</a>"
+asked, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=br0NW9ufUUw";>Daylight
+Saving Time – How Is This Still A Thing?</a>”
</li>
<li>
-"Tracks", <em>The Good Wife</em>, season 7, episode 12,
+“Tracks”, <em>The Good Wife</em>, season 7, episode 12,
CBS, 2016-01-17.
The applicability of a contract hinges on the
time zone associated with a video timestamp.
</li>
<li>
-"Justice", <em>Veep</em>, season 6, episode 4, HBO, 2017-05-07.
-Jonah's inability to understand <abbr>DST</abbr> ends up impressing a wealthy
+“Justice”, <em>Veep</em>, season 6, episode 4, HBO, 2017-05-07.
+Jonah’s inability to understand <abbr>DST</abbr>
+ends up impressing a wealthy
backer who sets him up for a 2020 presidential run.
</li>
</ul>
@@ -198,7 +211,8 @@ Available versions include
<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/103";>an English
translation</a>, and
<a href="https://fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/tdm80j";>the original French</a>
-"with illustrations from the original 1873 French-language edition".
+“with illustrations from the original 1873 French-language
+edition”.
</li>
<li>
Nick Enright, <em>Daylight Saving</em>, 1989.
@@ -208,24 +222,25 @@ A fast-paced comedy about love and loneliness as the clocks turn back.
Umberto Eco,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_of_the_Day_Before";><em>The
Island of the Day Before</em></a>
-(<em>L'isola del giorno prima</em>), 1994.
-"...the story of a 17th century Italian nobleman trapped near an island
+(<em>L’isola del giorno prima</em>), 1994.
+“...the story of a 17th century Italian nobleman trapped near an island
on the International Date Line. Time and time zones play an integral
-part in the novel." (Paul Eggert, 2006-04-22)
+part in the novel.” (Paul Eggert, 2006-04-22)
</li>
<li>
John Dunning, <a
href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Two-OClock-Eastern-Wartime/John-Dunning/9781439171530";><em>Two
-O'Clock, Eastern Wartime</em></a>, 2001.
+O’Clock, Eastern Wartime</em></a>, 2001.
Mystery, history, daylight saving time, and old-time radio.
</li>
<li>
-Surrealist artist Guy Billout's work "Date Line" appeared on page 103
-of the 1999-11 <em>Atlantic Monthly</em>.
+Surrealist artist Guy Billout’s work “Date Line”
+appeared on page 103 of the 1999-11 <em>Atlantic Monthly</em>.
</li>
<li>
-"Gloom, Gloom, Go Away" by Walter Kirn appeared on page 106 of <em>Time</em>
-magazine's 2002-11-11 issue; among other things, it proposed
+“Gloom, Gloom, Go Away” by Walter Kirn appeared on page 106 of
+<em>Time</em> magazine’s 2002-11-11 issue;
+among other things, it proposed
year-round <abbr>DST</abbr> as a way of lessening wintertime despair.
</li>
<li>
@@ -237,17 +252,17 @@ href="https://craphound.com/est/download/";><em>Eastern Standard Tribe</em></a>,
<h2>Music</h2>
<ul>
<li>
-Recordings of "Save That Time," Russ Long, Serrob Publishing, BMI:
+Recordings of “Save That Time”, Russ Long, Serrob Publishing, BMI:
<ul>
<li>
-Karrin Allyson, <em>I Didn't Know About You</em> (1993), track 11, 3:44.
+Karrin Allyson, <em>I Didn’t Know About You</em> (1993), track 11, 3:44.
Concord Jazz CCD-4543.
Karrin Allyson, vocal;
Russ Long, piano;
Gerald Spaits, bass;
Todd Strait, drums.
-CD notes "additional lyric by Karrin Allyson;
-arranged by Russ Long and Karrin Allyson".
+CD notes “additional lyric by Karrin Allyson;
+arranged by Russ Long and Karrin Allyson”.
ADO ★,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/i-didnt-know-about-you-mw0000618657";>AMG</a>
★★★★, Penguin ★★★⯪.
@@ -264,10 +279,10 @@ ADO ★⯪,
★★★, Penguin ★★★.
</li>
<li>
-Joe Williams, <em>Here's to Life</em> (1994), track 7, 3:58.
+Joe Williams, <em>Here’s to Life</em> (1994), track 7, 3:58.
Telarc Jazz CD-83357.
Joe Williams, vocal; The Robert Farnon [39 piece] Orchestra.
-Also in a 3-CD package "Triple Play", Telarc CD-83461.
+Also in a 3-CD package “Triple Play”, Telarc CD-83461.
ADO •,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/heres-to-life-mw0000623648";>AMG</a>
★★, Penguin ★★★.
@@ -290,8 +305,8 @@ Holly Cole Trio, Blame It On My Youth (1992). Manhattan CDP 7 97349 2, 37:45.
Holly Cole, voice;
Aaron Davis, piano;
David Piltch, string bass.
-Lyrical reference to "Eastern Standard Time" in
-Tom Waits's "Purple Avenue".
+Lyrical reference to “Eastern Standard Time” in
+Tom Waits’s “Purple Avenue”.
ADO ★★⯪,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/blame-it-on-my-youth-mw0000274303";>AMG</a>
★★★, Penguin unrated.
@@ -314,12 +329,12 @@ drums;
Lionel Hampton, vibraphone;
Cab Calloway, Joe Williams, vocal;
Buck Clayton, arrangements.
-Tunes include "Old Man Time", "Time After Time",
-"Sometimes I'm Happy",
-"A Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight",
-"Four or Five Times", "Now's the Time",
-"Time on My Hands", "This Time It's Us",
-and "Good Time Charlie".
+Tunes include “Old Man Time”, “Time After Time”,
+“Sometimes I’m Happy”,
+“A Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight”,
+“Four or Five Times”, “Now’s the Time”,
+“Time on My Hands”, “This Time It’s Us”,
+and “Good Time Charlie”.
ADO ★★★,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/old-man-time-mw0000269353";>AMG</a>
★★★★⯪, Penguin ★★★.
@@ -356,75 +371,82 @@ ADO ★,
</li>
<li>
The Get Up Kids, <em>Eudora</em> (2001). Vagrant 357, 65:12.
-Includes the song "Central Standard Time."
+Includes the song “Central Standard Time”.
Thanks to Colin Bowern for this information.
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/eudora-mw0000592063";>AMG</a>
★★⯪.
</li>
<li>
-Coldplay, "Clocks" (2003).
+Coldplay, “Clocks” (2003).
Capitol 52608, 4:13.
Won the 2004 Record of the Year honor at the
Grammy Awards. Co-written and performed by Chris Martin,
great-great-grandson of <abbr>DST</abbr> inventor William Willett.
-The song's first line is "Lights go out and I can't be saved".
+The song’s first line is
+“Lights go out and I can’t be saved”.
</li>
<li>
-Jaime Guevara, "<a
+Jaime Guevara, “<a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfN4Fe_A50U";>Qué
-hora es</a>" (1993), 3:04.
-The song protested "Sixto Hour" in Ecuador
-(1992–3). Its lyrics include "Amanecía en mitad de la noche, los
-guaguas iban a clase sin sol" ("It was dawning in the middle of the
-night, the buses went to class without sun").
+hora es</a>” (1993), 3:04.
+The song protested “Sixto Hour” in Ecuador
+(1992–3).
+Its lyrics include “Amanecía en mitad de la noche, los
+guaguas iban a clase sin sol” (“It was dawning in the middle of the
+night, the buses went to class without sun”).
</li>
<li>
Irving Kahal and Harry Richman,
-"There Ought to be a Moonlight Saving Time" (1931).
+“There Ought to be a Moonlight Saving Time” (1931).
This musical standard was a No. 1 hit for Guy Lombardo
in 1931, and was also performed by Maurice Chevalier, Blossom Dearie
-and many others. The phrase "Moonlight saving time" also appears in
-the 1995 country song "Not Enough Hours in the Night" written by Aaron
+and many others. The phrase “Moonlight saving time” also appears in
+the 1995 country song “Not Enough Hours in the Night”
+written by Aaron
Barker, Kim Williams and Rob Harbin and performed by Doug
Supernaw.
</li>
<li>
The Microscopic Septet, <em>Lobster Leaps In</em> (2008).
Cuneiform 272, 73:05.
-Includes the song "Twilight Time Zone."
+Includes the song “Twilight Time Zone”.
ADO ★★,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/lobster-leaps-in-mw0000794929";>AMG</a>
★★★⯪.
</li>
<li>
-Bob Dylan, <em>The Times They Are a-Changin'</em> (1964).
+Bob Dylan, <em>The Times They Are a-Changin’</em> (1964).
Columbia CK-8905, 45:36.
ADO ★⯪,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-times-they-a-changin-mw0000202344";>AMG</a>
★★★★⯪.
-The title song is also available on "Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits" and "The Essential Bob Dylan."
+The title song is also available on “Bob Dylan’s Greatest
+Hits” and “The Essential Bob Dylan”.
</li>
<li>
Luciana Souza, <em>Tide</em> (2009). Universal Jazz France B0012688-02, 42:31.
ADO ★★⯪,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/tide-mw0000815692";>AMG</a>
★★★⯪.
-Includes the song "Fire and Wood" with the lyric
-"The clocks were turned back you remember/Think it's still November."
+Includes the song “Fire and Wood” with the lyric
+“The clocks were turned back you remember/Think it’s still
+November.”
</li>
<li>
-Ken Nordine, <em>You're Getting Better: The Word Jazz Dot Masters</em> (2005).
+Ken Nordine, <em>You’re Getting Better: The Word Jazz Dot Masters</em>
+(2005).
Geffen B0005171-02, 156:22.
ADO ★,
<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/youre-getting-better-the-word-jazz-dot-masters-mw0000736197";>AMG</a>
★★★★⯪.
-Includes the piece "What Time Is It"
-("He knew what time it was everywhere...that counted").
+Includes the piece “What Time Is It”
+(“He knew what time it was everywhere...that counted”).
</li>
<li>
Chicago, <em>Chicago Transit Authority</em> (1969). Columbia 64409, 1:16:20.
-<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/chicago-transit-authority-mw0000189364";>AMG</a> ★★★★.
-Includes the song "Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?".
+<a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/chicago-transit-authority-mw0000189364";>AMG</a>
+★★★★.
+Includes the song “Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?”.
</li>
<li>
Emanuele Arciuli,
@@ -440,27 +462,34 @@ Unlike minimalism, it does not assume that the listener has plenty of time.
<ul>
<li>
The webcomic <em>xkcd</em> has the strips
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/673/";>The Sun</a>" (2009-12-09),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1655/";>Doomsday Clock</a>" (2016-03-14) and
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/2549/";>Edge Cake</a>" (2021-12-01),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/673/";>The Sun</a>” (2009-12-09),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1655/";>Doomsday Clock</a>” (2016-03-14)
+and
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2549/";>Edge Cake</a>” (2021-12-01),
along with the panels
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/448/";>Good Morning</a>" (2008-07-11),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1017/";>Backward in Time</a>" (2012-02-14),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1061/";>EST</a>" (2012-05-28),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1179/";>ISO 8601</a>" (2013-02-27),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1335/";>Now</a>" (2014-02-26),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1799/";>Bad Map Projection: Time Zones</a>"
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/448/";>Good Morning</a>” (2008-07-11),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1017/";>Backward in Time</a>”
+(2012-02-14),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1061/";>EST</a>” (2012-05-28),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1179/";>ISO 8601</a>” (2013-02-27),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1335/";>Now</a>” (2014-02-26),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1799/";>Bad Map Projection:
+Time Zones</a>”
(2017-02-15),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1883/";>Supervillain Plan</a>" (2017-08-30),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/2050/";>6/6 Time</a>" (2018-09-24),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/2092/";>Consensus New Year</a>" (2018-12-31),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/2266/";>Leap Smearing</a>" (2020-02-10),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/2594/";>Consensus Time</a>" (2022-03-16),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/2846/";>Daylight Saving Choice</a>" (2023-10-25),
-"<a href="https://xkcd.com/2854/";>Date Line</a>" (2023-11-13),
-and "<a href="https://xkcd.com/2867/";>DateTime</a>" (2023-12-13).
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/1883/";>Supervillain Plan</a>”
+(2017-08-30),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2050/";>6/6 Time</a>” (2018-09-24),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2092/";>Consensus New Year</a>”
+(2018-12-31),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2266/";>Leap Smearing</a>” (2020-02-10),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2594/";>Consensus Time</a>” (2022-03-16),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2846/";>Daylight Saving Choice</a>”
+(2023-10-25),
+“<a href="https://xkcd.com/2854/";>Date Line</a>” (2023-11-13),
+and “<a href="https://xkcd.com/2867/";>DateTime</a>” (2023-12-13).
The related book <em>What If?</em> has an entry
-"<a href="https://what-if.xkcd.com/26/";>Leap Seconds</a>" (2012-12-31).
+“<a href="https://what-if.xkcd.com/26/";>Leap Seconds</a>”
+(2012-12-31).
</li>
<li>
Pig kills time in <a
@@ -480,35 +509,38 @@ Caulfield proposes changing clocks just once a year in
(the same day)</a>.
</li>
<li>
-Peppermint Patty: "What if the world comes to an end tonight, Marcie?"
+Peppermint Patty:
+“What if the world comes to an end tonight, Marcie?”
<br>
-Marcie: "I promise there'll be a tomorrow, sir ... in fact,
-it's already tomorrow in Australia!"
+Marcie: “I promise there’ll be a tomorrow, sir ... in fact,
+it’s already tomorrow in Australia!”
<br>
-(Charles M. Schulz, <a href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/06/13";><em>Peanuts</em>, 1980-06-13</a>)
+(Charles M. Schulz,
+<a href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/06/13";><em>Peanuts</em>,
+1980-06-13</a>)
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Jokes</h2>
<ul>
<li>
The idea behind daylight saving time was first proposed as a joke by
-Benjamin Franklin. To enforce it, he suggested, "Every
+Benjamin Franklin. To enforce it, he suggested, “Every
morning, as soon as the sun rises, let all the bells in every church
be set ringing; and if that is not sufficient, let cannon be fired in
every street, to wake the sluggards effectually, and make them open
their eyes to see their true interest. All the difficulty will be in
the first two or three days: after which the reformation will be as
-natural and easy as the present irregularity; for, <em>ce n'est que le
-premier pas qui coûte</em>."
-<a href="http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/franklin3.html";>Franklin's
+natural and easy as the present irregularity; for, <em>ce n’est que le
+premier pas qui coûte</em>.”
+<a href="http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/franklin3.html";>Franklin’s
joke</a> was first published on 1784-04-26 by the
<em>Journal de Paris</em> as <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franklin-Benjamin-Journal-de-Paris-1784.jpg";>an
anonymous letter translated into French</a>.
</li>
<li>
-"We've been using the five-cent nickel in this country since 1492.
-Now that's pretty near 100 years, daylight saving."
+“We’ve been using the five-cent nickel in this country since 1492.
+Now that’s pretty near 100 years, daylight saving.”
(Groucho Marx as Captain Spaulding in <em>Animal Crackers</em>, 1930,
as noted by Will Fitzgerald)
</li>
@@ -517,75 +549,81 @@ BRADY. ...[Bishop Usher] determined that the Lord began the Creation
on the 23rd of October in the Year 4,004 B.C. at – uh, 9 A.M.!
<br>
DRUMMOND. That Eastern Standard Time? (<em>Laughter.</em>) Or Rocky Mountain
-Time? (<em>More laughter.</em>) It wasn't daylight-saving time, was it? Because
-the Lord didn't make the sun until the fourth day!
+Time? (<em>More laughter.</em>)
+It wasn’t daylight-saving time, was it? Because
+the Lord didn’t make the sun until the fourth day!
<br>
(From the play <em>Inherit the Wind</em> by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee,
filmed in 1960 with Spencer Tracy as Drummond and Fredric March as
Brady, and several other times. Thanks to Mark Brader.)
</li>
<li>
-"Good news."
-"What did they do? Extend Daylight Saving Time year round?"
+“Good news.”
+“What did they do? Extend Daylight Saving Time year round?”
(Professional tanner George Hamilton, in dialog from a
May, 1999 episode of the syndicated television series <em>Baywatch</em>)
</li>
<li>
-"A fundamental belief held by Americans is that if you are on land, you
+“A fundamental belief held by Americans is that if you are on land, you
cannot be killed by a fish...So most Americans remain on land, believing
-they're safe. Unfortunately, this belief – like so many myths, such as that
-there's a reason for 'Daylight Saving Time' – is false."
-(Dave Barry column, 2000-07-02)
+they’re safe. Unfortunately, this belief –
+like so many myths, such as that
+there’s a reason for ‘Daylight Saving Time’ –
+is false.” (Dave Barry column, 2000-07-02)
</li>
<li>
-"I once had sex for an hour and five minutes, but that was on the day
-when you turn the clocks ahead."
+“I once had sex for an hour and five minutes, but that was on the day
+when you turn the clocks ahead.”
(Garry Shandling, 52nd Annual Emmys, 2000-09-10)
</li>
<li>
-"Would it impress you if I told you I invented Daylight Savings Time?"
-("Sahjhan" to "Lilah" in dialog from the "Loyalty" episode of <em>Angel</em>,
+“Would it impress you if I told you I invented Daylight Savings
+Time?” (“Sahjhan” to “Lilah” in dialog
+from the “Loyalty” episode of <em>Angel</em>,
originally aired 2002-02-25)
</li>
<li>
-"I thought you said Tulsa was a three-hour flight."
-"Well, you're forgetting about the time difference."
-("Joey" and "Chandler" in dialog from the episode of <em>Friends</em>
-entitled "The One With Rachel's Phone Number," originally aired 2002-12-05)
+“I thought you said Tulsa was a three-hour flight.”
+“Well, you’re forgetting about the time difference.”
+(“Joey” and “Chandler” in dialog from the
+episode of <em>Friends</em> entitled “The One With
+Rachel’s Phone Number”, originally aired 2002-12-05)
</li>
<li>
-"Is that a pertinent fact,
-or are you just trying to dazzle me with your command of time zones?"
-(Kelsey Grammer as "Frasier Crane" to "Roz" from the episode of <em>Frasier</em>
-entitled "The Kid," originally aired 1997-11-04)
+“Is that a pertinent fact,
+or are you just trying to dazzle me with your command of time zones?”
+(Kelsey Grammer as “Frasier Crane” to “Roz”
+from the episode of <em>Frasier</em> entitled “The Kid”,
+originally aired 1997-11-04)
</li>
<li>
-"I put myself and my staff through this crazy, huge ordeal, all because
+“I put myself and my staff through this crazy, huge ordeal, all because
I refused to go on at midnight, okay? And so I work, you know, and
then I get this job at eleven, supposed to be a big deal. Then
-yesterday daylight [saving] time ended. Right now it's basically
-midnight." (Conan O'Brien on the 2010-11-08 premiere of <em>Conan</em>)
+yesterday daylight [saving] time ended. Right now it’s basically
+midnight.”
+(Conan O’Brien on the 2010-11-08 premiere of <em>Conan</em>)
</li>
<li>
-"The best method, I told folks, was to hang a large clock high on a
+“The best method, I told folks, was to hang a large clock high on a
barn wall where all the cows could see it. If you have Holsteins, you
-will need to use an analog clock." (Jerry Nelson, <a
+will need to use an analog clock.” (Jerry Nelson, “<a
href="http://www.agriculture.com/family/farm-humor/how-to-adjust-dairy-cows-to-daylight-savings-time";>How
-to adjust dairy cows to daylight saving time</a>", <em>Successful Farming</em>,
-2017-10-09)
+to adjust dairy cows to daylight saving time</a>”,
+<em>Successful Farming</em>, 2017-10-09)
</li>
<li>
-"And now, driving to California, I find that I must enter a password
+“And now, driving to California, I find that I must enter a password
in order to change the time zone on my laptop clock. Evidently,
-someone is out to mess up my schedule and my clock must be secured."
+someone is out to mess up my schedule and my clock must be secured.”
(Garrison Keillor,
-"<a href="http://www.garrisonkeillor.com/weve-never-been-here-before/";>We've
-never been here before</a>", 2017-08-22)
+“<a href="http://www.garrisonkeillor.com/weve-never-been-here-before/";>We’ve
+never been here before</a>”, 2017-08-22)
</li>
<li>
-"Well, in my time zone that's all the time I have,
-but maybe in your time zone I haven't finished yet. So stay tuned!"
-(Goldie Hawn, <em>Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In</em> No. 65, 1970-03-09)
+“Well, in my time zone that’s all the time I have,
+but maybe in your time zone I haven’t finished yet. So stay tuned!”
+(Goldie Hawn, <em>Rowan & Martin’s Laugh-In</em> No. 65, 1970-03-09)
</li>
</ul>
<h2>See also</h2>
diff --git a/tz-link.html b/tz-link.html
index 229c9d8a..c3fb5fb3 100644
--- a/tz-link.html
+++ b/tz-link.html
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ This database (known as <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>,
is used by several implementations,
including
<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/";>the
-<abbr title="GNU's Not Unix">GNU</abbr>
+<abbr title="GNU’s Not Unix">GNU</abbr>
C Library</a> (used in
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux";><abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux</a>),
<a href="https://www.android.com";>Android</a>,
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ To use the database on a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX";><abbr
title="Portable Operating System Interface">POSIX</abbr>.1-2024</a>
implementation set the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code>
-environment variable to the location's full name,
+environment variable to the location’s full name,
e.g., <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="America/New_York"</code>.</p>
<p>
Associated with each timezone is a history of offsets from
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ for Eastern Standard Time in the <abbr>US</abbr>.</p>
<p>
The following <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell";>shell</a> commands download
-the latest release's two
+the latest release’s two
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing)">tarballs</a>
to a <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux or similar host.</p>
<pre><code>mkdir tzdb
@@ -174,7 +174,8 @@ Since version 2022a, each release has been distributed in
ustar interchange format</a>, compressed as described above;
older releases use a nearly compatible format.
Since version 2016h, each release has contained a text file named
-"<code>version</code>" whose first (and currently only) line is the version.
+“<code>version</code>”
+whose first (and currently only) line is the version.
Older releases are <a href="https://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/";>archived</a>,
and are also available in an
<a href="ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/";><abbr
@@ -211,7 +212,8 @@ are by no means authoritative. If you find errors, please
email changes to <a href="mailto:[email protected]"><code>[email protected]</code></a>,
the time zone mailing list. See
<a href="https://lists.iana.org/postorius/lists/tz.iana.org/";>the mailing
-list's main page</a> to subscribe or to browse its archive of old messages.
+list’s main page</a>
+to subscribe or to browse its archive of old messages.
<a href="https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com";>Metadata for mailing list
discussions</a> and corresponding data changes can be
generated <a href="https://github.com/timparenti/tzdata-meta";>automatically</a>.
@@ -275,8 +277,8 @@ displays changes between recent <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> versions.
<h2 id="coordinating">Coordinating with governments and distributors</h2>
<p>
As discussed in
-"<a href="https://www.icann.org/en/blogs/details/how-time-zones-are-coordinated-13-03-2023-en";>How
-Time Zones Are Coordinated</a>", the time zone database relies on
+“<a href="https://www.icann.org/en/blogs/details/how-time-zones-are-coordinated-13-03-2023-en";>How
+Time Zones Are Coordinated</a>”, the time zone database relies on
collaboration among governments, the time zone database volunteer
community, and data distributors downstream.
<p>
@@ -290,7 +292,7 @@ the change, so that it can be checked for details such as the exact times
when clock transitions occur.
It is OK if a rule change is planned to affect clocks
far into the future, as a long-planned change can easily be reverted
-or otherwise altered with a year's notice before the change would have
+or otherwise altered with a year’s notice before the change would have
affected clocks.</p>
<p>
There is no fixed schedule for <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> releases.
@@ -304,7 +306,7 @@ href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_user";>end users</a> see changes.
These updates can be expensive, for both the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance";>quality
assurance</a> process and the overall cost of shipping and installing
-updates to each device's copy of <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>.
+updates to each device’s copy of <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>.
Updates may be batched with other updates and may take substantial
time to reach end users after a release.
Older devices may no longer be supported and thus may never be updated,
@@ -314,9 +316,9 @@ For these reasons any rule change should be promulgated at least a
year before it affects how clocks operate; otherwise, there is a good
chance that many clocks will be wrong due to delays in propagating updates,
and that residents will be confused or even actively resist the change.
-The shorter the notice, the more likely clock problems will arise; see "<a
+The shorter the notice, the more likely clock problems will arise; see “<a
href="https://codeofmatt.com/2016/04/23/on-the-timing-of-time-zone-changes/";>On
-the Timing of Time Zone Changes</a>" for examples.
+the Timing of Time Zone Changes</a>” for examples.
</p>
</section>
@@ -332,7 +334,7 @@ database format.</li>
<li><a
href="https://blog.jonudell.net/2009/10/23/a-literary-appreciation-of-the-olsonzoneinfotz-database/";>A
literary appreciation of the Olson/Zoneinfo/tz database</a> comments on the
-database's style.</li>
+database’s style.</li>
<li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3340301.3341125";>What time is it:
managing time in the internet</a> analyzes the database longitudinally.</li>
</ul>
@@ -345,7 +347,7 @@ managing time in the internet</a> analyzes the database longitudinally.</li>
These are listed roughly in ascending order of complexity and fanciness.
</p>
<ul>
-<li><a href="https://time.is";>Time.is</a> shows locations'
+<li><a href="https://time.is";>Time.is</a> shows locations’
time and zones.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.timejones.com";>TimeJones.com</a>,
<a href="https://timezoneconverterapp.com";>Time Zone Converter</a> and
@@ -377,7 +379,8 @@ calculates the current time difference between locations.</li>
<section>
<h2 id="protocols">Network protocols for <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</h2>
<ul>
-<li>The <a href="https://www.ietf.org";>Internet Engineering Task Force</a>'s
+<li>The <a href="https://www.ietf.org";>Internet Engineering Task
+Force</a>’s
<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/tzdist/charter/";>Time Zone Data
Distribution Service (tzdist) working group</a> defined <a
href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7808";>TZDIST</a>
@@ -485,7 +488,7 @@ they can assume Java 8 or later. It is available under the <a
href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0";>Apache License</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://bell-sw.com/pages/iana-updater/";>IANA Updater</a> and <a
href="https://www.azul.com/products/open-source-tools/ziupdater-time-zone-tool/";>ZIUpdater</a>
-are alternatives to TZUpdater. IANA Updater's license is unclear;
+are alternatives to TZUpdater. IANA Updater’s license is unclear;
ZIUpdater is licensed under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/MenoData/Time4A";>Time4A: Advanced date and
time library for Android</a> and
@@ -549,7 +552,7 @@ The proposed <a
href="https://github.com/tc39/proposal-temporal";><code>Temporal</code>
objects</a> let programs access an abstract view of
<code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> data, and are designed to replace <a
-href="https://codeofmatt.com/javascript-date-type-is-horribly-broken/";>JavaScript's
+href="https://codeofmatt.com/javascript-date-type-is-horribly-broken/";>JavaScript’s
problematic <code>Date</code> objects</a> when working with dates and times.
<li><a href="https://github.com/JuliaTime";>JuliaTime</a> contains a
compiler from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
@@ -601,14 +604,14 @@ has an independent, thread-safe implementation of
a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader.
This library is freely available under the LGPL
and is widely used in <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux systems.</li>
-<li><a href="https://www.gnome.org";>GNOME</a>'s
+<li><a href="https://www.gnome.org";>GNOME</a>’s
<a href="https://developer.gnome.org/glib/";>GLib</a> has
a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader written in C that
creates a <code>GTimeZone</code> object representing sets
of <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets.
It is freely available under the <abbr>LGPL</abbr>.</li>
<li>The
-<a href="https://github.com/bloomberg/bde/wiki";>BDE Standard Library</a>'s
+<a href="https://github.com/bloomberg/bde/wiki";>BDE Standard Library</a>’s
<code>baltzo::TimeZoneUtil</code> component contains a C++
implementation of a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader. It is freely available under
the Apache License.</li>
@@ -715,7 +718,7 @@ Java-specific format.</li>
<h2 id="other-dbs">Other time zone databases</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.astro.com/atlas";>Time-zone Atlas</a>
-is Astrodienst's Web version of Shanks and Pottenger's out-of-print
+is Astrodienst’s Web version of Shanks and Pottenger’s out-of-print
time zone history atlases
<a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/468828649";>for the US</a> and
<a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76950459";>for the world</a>.
@@ -760,14 +763,14 @@ and parts of the data are a few years out of date.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.worldtimezone.com";>World Time Zone Map
with current time</a>
has several fancy time zone maps; it covers Russia particularly well.
-The maps' pictorial quality is not quite as good as the
-<abbr>CIA</abbr>'s
+The maps’ pictorial quality is not quite as good as the
+<abbr>CIA</abbr>’s
but the maps are more up to date.</li>
<li><a
href="https://blog.poormansmath.net/how-much-is-time-wrong-around-the-world/";>How
much is time wrong around the world?</a> maps the difference between
mean solar and standard time, highlighting areas such as western China
-where the two differ greatly. It's a bit out of date, unfortunately.</li>
+where the two differ greatly. It’s a bit out of date, unfortunately.</li>
</ul>
</section>
@@ -800,12 +803,12 @@ Commercial network API access is provided
by <a href="https://askgeo.com";>AskGeo</a>
and <a href="https://www.geogarage.com/blog/news-1/post/geogarage-time-zone-api-31";>GeoGarage</a>.
</li>
-<li>"<a
+<li>“<a
href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16086962/how-to-get-a-time-zone-from-a-location-using-latitude-and-longitude-coordinates/16086964";>How
to get a time zone from a location using latitude and longitude
-coordinates?</a>" discusses other geolocation possibilities.</li>
+coordinates?</a>” discusses other geolocation possibilities.</li>
<li><a href="http://statoids.com/statoids.html";>Administrative
-Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")</a> lists
+Divisions of Countries (“Statoids”)</a> lists
political subdivision data related to time zones.</li>
<li><a href="https://manifold.net/info/freestuff.shtml";>Manifold Software
– GIS and Database Tools</a> includes a Manifold-format map of
@@ -813,12 +816,12 @@ world time zone boundaries circa 2007, distributed under the
<abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
<li>A ship within the <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters";>territorial
-waters</a> of any nation uses that nation's time. In international
+waters</a> of any nation uses that nation’s time. In international
waters, time zone boundaries are meridians 15° apart, except that
<abbr>UT</abbr>−12 and <abbr>UT</abbr>+12 are each 7.5°
wide and are separated by
the 180° meridian (not by the International Date Line, which is
-for land and territorial waters only). A captain can change ship's
+for land and territorial waters only). A captain can change ship’s
clocks any time after entering a new time zone; midnight changes are
common.</li>
</ul>
@@ -868,7 +871,7 @@ hreflang="fr">French</a>).</dd>
<dt>Brazil</dt>
<dd>The Time Service Department of the National Observatory
records <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html";
-hreflang="pt-BR">Brazil's daylight saving time decrees (in
+hreflang="pt-BR">Brazil’s daylight saving time decrees (in
Portuguese)</a>.</dd>
<dt>Canada</dt>
<dd>National Research Council Canada publishes current
@@ -878,12 +881,12 @@ zones and daylight saving time</a>.</dd>
<dt>Chile</dt>
<dd>The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy publishes a
<a href="https://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.php"; hreflang="es">history of
-Chile's official time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
+Chile’s official time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
<dt>China</dt>
<dd>The Hong Kong Observatory maintains a
<a href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm";>history of
summer time in Hong Kong</a>,
-and Macau's Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau maintains a <a
+and Macau’s Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau maintains a <a
href="https://www.smg.gov.mo/en/subpage/224/page/174";>similar
history for Macau</a>.
Unfortunately the latter is incomplete and has errors.</dd>
@@ -926,7 +929,7 @@ legal time (in Portuguese)</a>.</dd>
<dt>Singapore</dt>
<dd><a id="Singapore"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html";>Why
-is Singapore in the "Wrong" Time Zone?</a> details the
+is Singapore in the “Wrong” Time Zone?</a> details the
history of legal time in Singapore and Malaysia.</dd>
<dt>United Kingdom</dt>
<dd><a
@@ -934,7 +937,7 @@ href="https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/";>History of
legal time in Britain</a> discusses in detail the country
with perhaps the best-documented history of clock adjustments.</dd>
<dt>United States</dt>
-<dd>The Department of Transportation's <a
+<dd>The Department of Transportation’s <a
href="https://www.transportation.gov/regulations/recent-time-zone-proceedings";>Recent
Time Zone Proceedings</a> lists changes to
official written time zone boundaries, and its <a
@@ -974,9 +977,9 @@ shifts in time zones.</li>
daylight saving save electricity? A meta-analysis</a>.
<em>Energy J.</em> 2018;39(2):35–61.
doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav";>10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav</a>.
-This analyzes research literature and concludes, "Electricity savings
+This analyzes research literature and concludes, “Electricity savings
are larger for countries farther away from the equator, while
-subtropical regions consume more electricity because of <abbr>DST</abbr>."</li>
+subtropical regions consume more electricity because of <abbr>DST</abbr>.”</li>
<li>Malow BA. <a
href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/45/12/zsac236/6717940";>It is time
to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent
@@ -991,7 +994,7 @@ href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0961463X241310562";>What
time will it be? A comprehensive literature review on daylight saving time</a>.
<em>Time Soc</em>. 2025-01-21.
doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X241310562";>10.1177/0961463X241310562</a>.
-This reviews DST's effects on electricity, health, crime, road safety,
+This reviews DST’s effects on electricity, health, crime, road safety,
and the economy, focusing on research since 2010, and concludes that
year-round standard time is preferable overall.
<li>Rishi MA, Cheng JY, Strang AR <em>et al</em>.
@@ -1011,7 +1014,8 @@ doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730419854197";>10.1177/0748730419854197<
The Society for Research on Biological Rhythms
opposes <abbr>DST</abbr> changes and permanent <abbr>DST</abbr>,
and advocates that governments adopt
-"permanent Standard Time for the health and safety of their citizens".</li>
+“permanent Standard Time for the health and safety of their
+citizens”.</li>
</ul>
</section>
@@ -1045,14 +1049,14 @@ Options for <abbr title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</abbr></a>
specifies a <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol";><abbr>DHCP</abbr></a>
option for a server to configure
-a client's time zone and daylight saving settings automatically.</li>
+a client’s time zone and daylight saving settings automatically.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html";>Time
Scales</a> describes astronomical time scales like
<abbr title="Terrestrial Dynamic Time">TDT</abbr>,
<abbr title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">TCG</abbr>, and
<abbr title="Barycentric Dynamic Time">TDB</abbr>.
<li>The <a href="https://www.iau.org";><abbr
-title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</abbr></a>'s <a
+title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</abbr></a>’s <a
href="https://www.iausofa.org";><abbr
title="Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy">SOFA</abbr></a>
collection contains C and <a
@@ -1080,18 +1084,20 @@ href="https://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Publications/Bulletins/bulletins.html";><abbr
title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">IERS</abbr>
Bulletins</a> contains official publications of the International
Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, which decides when leap
-seconds occur. The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data support leap seconds
-via an optional "<code>right</code>" configuration where a computer's internal
+seconds occur.
+The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data support leap seconds
+via an optional <code>"right"</code> configuration where a
+computer’s internal
<code>time_t</code> integer clock counts every <abbr>TAI</abbr> second,
-as opposed to the default "<code>posix</code>" configuration
+as opposed to the default <code>"posix"</code> configuration
where the internal clock ignores leap seconds.
The two configurations agree for timestamps starting with 1972-01-01 00:00:00
<abbr>UTC</abbr> (<code>time_t</code> 63 072 000) and diverge for
timestamps starting with <code>time_t</code> 78 796 800,
which corresponds to the first leap second
-1972-06-30 23:59:60 <abbr>UTC</abbr> in the "<code>right</code>" configuration,
+1972-06-30 23:59:60 <abbr>UTC</abbr> in the <code>"right"</code> configuration,
and to
-1972-07-01 00:00:00 <abbr>UTC</abbr> in the "<code>posix</code>" configuration.
+1972-07-01 00:00:00 <abbr>UTC</abbr> in the <code>"posix"</code> configuration.
In practice the two configurations also agree for timestamps before
1972 even though the historical situation is messy, partly because
neither <abbr>UTC</abbr> nor <abbr>TAI</abbr>
@@ -1106,7 +1112,7 @@ The <abbr>IERS</abbr> maintains this file, and a copy is distributed by
and <a href="https://ntpsec.org";>NTPsec</a>.
The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database also distributes leap second
information in a differently-formatted <code>leapseconds</code> text file,
-as well as in the "<code>right</code>" configuration in binary form; for
+as well as in the <code>"right"</code> configuration in binary form; for
example, <code>right/UTC</code> can be used
by <a href="https://chrony-project.org";><code>chrony</code></a>,
another <abbr>NTP</abbr> implementation.</li>
@@ -1115,7 +1121,7 @@ discusses how to gradually adjust <abbr>POSIX</abbr> clocks near a
leap second so that they disagree with <abbr>UTC</abbr> by at most a
half second, even though every <abbr>POSIX</abbr> minute has exactly
sixty seconds. This approach works with the default <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
-"<code>posix</code>" configuration, is <a
+<code>"posix"</code> configuration, is <a
href="http://bk1.ntp.org/ntp-stable/README.leapsmear";>supported</a> by
the abovementioned <abbr>NTP</abbr> implementations, <a
href="https://github.com/google/unsmear";>supports</a> conversion between
@@ -1130,7 +1136,7 @@ and is intended for use only in single, well-controlled environments.</li>
href="https://pairlist6.pair.net/mailman/listinfo/leapsecs";>Leap
Second Discussion List</a> covers <a
href="https://www2.unb.ca/gge/Resources/gpsworld.november99.pdf";>McCarthy
-and Klepczynski's 1999 proposal to discontinue leap seconds</a>,
+and Klepczynski’s 1999 proposal to discontinue leap seconds</a>,
discussed further in
<a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf";>The
leap second: its history and possible future</a>.
@@ -1162,9 +1168,9 @@ to replace leap seconds.
<li>The <a id="CLDR" href="https://cldr.unicode.org";>Unicode Common Locale Data
Repository (<abbr>CLDR</abbr>) Project</a> has localizations for time
zone names, abbreviations, identifiers, and formats. For example, it
-contains French translations for "Eastern European Summer Time",
-"<abbr title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</abbr>", and
-"Bucharest". Its
+contains French translations for “Eastern European Summer Time”,
+“<abbr title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</abbr>”, and
+“Bucharest”. Its
<a href="https://unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/by_type/";>by-type
charts</a> show these values for many locales. Data values are available in
both <abbr title="Locale Data Markup Language">LDML</abbr>
@@ -1194,7 +1200,7 @@ An extension, <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9557";>Date
and Time on the Internet: Timestamps with Additional Information</a>
(Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 9557) extends this profile
to let you specify the <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> timezone of a timestamp
-via suffixes like "<code>[Asia/Tokyo]</code>".
+via suffixes like <code>[Asia/Tokyo]</code>.
<li>
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130042457/https://www.hackcraft.net/web/datetime/";>Date & Time
Formats on the Web</a> surveys web- and Internet-oriented date and time
@@ -1202,13 +1208,14 @@ formats.</li>
<li>Alphabetic time zone abbreviations should not be used as unique
identifiers for <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets as they are ambiguous in
practice. For example, in English-speaking North America
-"<abbr>CST</abbr>" denotes 6 hours behind <abbr>UT</abbr>,
+“<abbr>CST</abbr>” denotes 6 hours behind <abbr>UT</abbr>,
but in China it denotes 8 hours ahead of <abbr>UT</abbr>,
and French-speaking North Americans prefer
-"<abbr title="Heure Normale du Centre">HNC</abbr>" to
-"<abbr>CST</abbr>". The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+“<abbr title="Heure Normale du Centre">HNC</abbr>” to
+“<abbr>CST</abbr>”. The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
database contains English abbreviations for many timestamps;
-unfortunately some of these abbreviations were merely the database maintainers'
+unfortunately some of these abbreviations
+were merely the database maintainers’
inventions, and these have been removed when possible.</li>
<li>Numeric time zone abbreviations typically count hours east of
<abbr>UT</abbr>, e.g., +09 for Japan and
@@ -1226,7 +1233,7 @@ any future changes to the rules. One should never set
<abbr>POSIX</abbr> <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> to a value like
<code>"GMT-9"</code>, though, since this would incorrectly imply that
local time is nine hours ahead of <abbr>UT</abbr> and the time zone
-is called "<abbr>GMT</abbr>".</li>
+is called “<abbr>GMT</abbr>”.</li>
</ul>
</section>
--
2.50.1
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franklin-Benjamin-Journal-de-Paris-1784.jpg"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franklin-Benjamin-Journal-de-Paris-1784.jpg"){kind=link}