From: Teslaalset * Interesting thoughts, Jones. Do you have any reference to past scientific work on this matter? It seems to me you are referring to Bell’s Diagram? …. The fact that Holmlid refers to Shell 105 catalyst (containing Fe2O3) may indicate that this catalyst works but may not be the optimum catalyst to produce UDD. Holmlid seems to be working at low gas pressures (<0.4 bar) and low temperatures.
I did not mean to imply that this suggestion duplicates Holmlid’s technique: only that it attempts to get the same results in an expedited way (which scales up). Iron-oxide is the common denominator. There are a few references to tangential aspects of hydrogen densification from others besides Holmlid… but obviously, with a new and unproved technology – nothing that is directly on point. The “leap of faith” and it is large… is that in a matrix of iron-oxide, loaded with pressurized deuterium which is absorbed (and is bosonic) there will be an continuous oscillation and change in volume of the nanopores, when hematite changes to magnetite and back again – and this oscillation will create shock waves which are comparable at that small geometry, to what Holmlid sees with laser pulses. These would occur at IR frequencies in a heated pressure vessel, which is also magnetized. Because of the IR, there could be a plasmonic effect. The nano shock waves would be combined with large changes in local magnetism, as the phase shifts from ferromagnetic ordering to antiferromagnetic rapidly. There is likely to be a contribution from DCE – the dynamical Casimir effect. The result, based loosely on extrapolating Holmlid’s results, would hopefully be the same kind of deuterium densification, but done in a way that scales up. Using only a laser, it would take months to get milligrams. Jones Beene wrote: Here are some factoids to toss around in pursuit of UDD on an industrial scale. This does not seem to be what Holmlid is doing, but it makes sense anyway, at least on paper. Magnetite is iron-oxide with the chemical formula is Fe3O4 ratio 1:1.33 (iron to oxygen atoms) Hematite is iron-oxide with the chemical formula is Fe2O3 ratio 1:1.5 (iron to oxygen) There are striking differences in the physical properties of the two oxides – especially electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility. Oxygen can be strongly paramagnetic and can cause superparamagnetism at the nanoscale. Thus varying oxygen content of the oxide is the key. When hematite is combined with hydrogen and heat, some of the oxide will be reduced to magnetite and steam, but then then magnetite will be combined with steam and heat and be oxidized back to hematite. This can happen rapidly, on a time scale of picoseconds. Thus, a shifting balance between the two oxides is reached at equilibrium, when hematite is stored in the presence of pressurized deuterium and heat. The secondary results of this see-saw – nanomagnetism - should lead to hydrogen densification due to magnetic interactions. The two oxides have different, but similar, physical structure, based on hexagonal nanoporosity and will hold varying amounts of hydrogen. But rapid changes in magnetization would be the avenue leading to UDD. This process may sound similar to the deuterium uptake in palladium, seen in cold fusion… but in contrast the pores in iron-oxide are an order of magnitude larger and are in the range of the Casimir force, whereas the palladium matrix is too tight to benefit from Casimir dynamics. Specific gravity of iron: 7.84 g/cm3; Specific gravity of oxygen: 1.1 g/cm3. Density of Magnetite: 5.175 g/cm3 (Measured); 5.20 g/cm3 (Calculated specific gravity). Density of Hematite: 5.15 g/cm3 (Measured); 5.30 gm/cm3 (Calculated specific gravity). Thus we can see that in comparing the two oxides, hematite “should be” less dense (than it is in actuality) based on its higher oxygen content and the lower specific gravity of oxygen. This means that magnetite has slightly greater nanoporosity but both are significantly nanoporous. It is the change in porosity, when going from H-to-M-to-H rapidly - which is important. When hydrogen enters the picture, as a gas - it is stored in the nanopores and becomes reactive, based on temperature - but as the oxides change from H (hematite) to M (magnetite) and back again, trillions of times per second, the net effect is like a pump, or a piston engine. Rapid change is pressurization and magnetization could set the stage for gradual densification over time. Temperature control would be important. Based on these parameters, it should be possible to make significant amounts of UDD over an extended time period, simply by storing pressurized deuterium in iron-oxide - at temperature near the Néel temperature of ~950 K (675 C) … for weeks to months. Something similar may happen with nickel-oxides at lower temps, but being less reactive, not as robust. The chances of success with this kind of static densification technique would seem be far greater with iron-oxides than nickel oxides. Jones
