English translation of reference as follows: Features of the periodic discharge in the fluid flow and the specifics of its impact on the electrode material 12/29/2008
The results of the study of the structure of cluster and plasma formations in the near-electrode space during and after exposure to a periodic discharge in a fluid flow (PLL) are presented. Structures of complex shape were found, which have characteristic dimensions up to 1 cm and can exist for a time that is significantly longer than the discharge period. According to the results of high-speed photography, the formations are in a “weighted” state and can transform over time. Filiform structures that can make complex movements (ring, zigzag, etc.) are found. After the impact, traces in the form of depressions and tracks of variable cross section remain on the surface of the flat electrode. The study of the structure of materials (Be, Ti, Fe, Cu, W) after exposure to PEDL revealed the presence of straight and curvilinear channels in the samples, sometimes penetrating the samples throughout the thickness, and on the surface layer - extensive threadlike objects with high transparency. Introduction One of the promising methods for changing the physical properties of materials is the method of electrospark exposure, which can be implemented, in particular, by forming a periodic (quasi-periodic) high-voltage discharge in a fluid flow (PRFW) using a voltage source with a falling current-voltage characteristic [1-5] . In this method, the use of a jet of liquid allows you to simultaneously realize the functions of the current-carrying electrode and the current switch, with which sequences of electrical discharge pulses with a duration of the order of several nanoseconds with a pulse repetition rate of up to several tens of Hz are formed. Under conditions of fast-flowing electrical discharge in the near-electrode space and on the surface of a flat electrode, conditions are created with high electric and magnetic fields, as well as powerful shock-wave effects. In the course of work to determine the optimal processing conditions for materials of different composition, attention was paid to the appearance of structural changes in materials that were not typical for other exposure methods (laser, ion-plasma, electronic, etc.). These changes consist, in particular, in the presence of extended formations of various shapes and sizes on the surface of the treated samples, as well as in a substantial increase in the microhardness of surface areas remote from the zone of direct treatment of the PLL. In order to clarify the nature of the observed effects, the authors studied how fast processes in the discharge itself and the structure and composition of the processed materials. Experimental technique Studies of the electrical and optical characteristics of the discharge were performed by two methods: a method of obtaining a two-dimensional image and a method of obtaining a stereo image using high-speed cameras. A high-speed filming camera, the SKS-1M, was used with a shooting speed of 150 to 4000 frames per second. To obtain a stereo image, the survey was carried out with two synchronized cameras located at an angle of 90 degrees relative to each other. For structural studies were selected technically pure metals (Be, Ti, Fe, Cu, W). Before the treatment of PLLP, the samples underwent standard preparation consisting in mechanical grinding, polishing with diamond pastes and electrochemical polishing in the corresponding electrolytes [4]. The study of the structural state of metals was carried out using optical and electron microscopy, the chemical composition of the materials was controlled by secondary ion mass spectrometry using JMS-011-BM2 instruments with laser ionization and HJP-660 in the charge neutralization mode of secondary ions. Experimental Results 1. *Electrode space* The results obtained allow us to establish the following properties of the discharge. The discharge arises and begins to develop on the outer surface of the jet in a space saturated with water vapor, ozone, and other decomposition products of water and the atmosphere (Fig. 1). Under certain conditions, in the near-electrode space, formations may appear, identified by the authors presumably with fractal clusters, which may have both a spherical shape and a polyhedron shape. These formations can be translucent and have a brightness comparable to the main discharge.Sometimes it is possible to identify their granular structure. In some cases, luminous current channels from the main electrode to these formations are observed. The decoding of the film suggests that the time of their existence is longer than the time of the current pulse, and for spherical objects it is at least 0.2 - 0.3 s, for polyhedrons it is more than 2 - 3 s. In addition, it is noted that the formation of polyhedra (having almost identical sizes) occurs more intensively with an increase in the discharge power. [image: Ris_1.jpg] Fig.1. Discharge formation in near-electrode space, x10 In the process of discharge, objects of a more complex shape are also observed, which are 2-4 mm in size and can exist significantly longer than the discharge period (up to 5 min), transforming during this time. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the nucleation of ring (toroidal) objects. Figure 4 presents the case of a discharge between one of the long-lived objects and a high-voltage electrode. [image: Ris_2.jpg] Fig.2. The beginning of the formation of toroidal objects in the discharge process at the surface of the flat electrode, x10 [image: Ris_3.jpg] Fig.3. Formed toroidal object 5 min after the start of the process, x10 [image: Ris_4.jpg] Fig.4. The process of neutralizing the charge of the nucleus of a toroidal object by one of the following discharges, x10 In some cases, toroidal objects have an externally sufficiently homogeneous structure and at the same time reach sizes of 4-10 mm in diameter (Fig. 4, Fig. 5). The photographs also show the effect of pinching the discharge. The formation of several pinches is possible. The combination of the pinch structure and toroidal objects can create vortex structures (Fig.5, Fig.6 and Fig.7) similar to tornadoes. Luminous formations are possible on the surface (Fig. 8), and above them single and pair objects with a clearly defined geometry (Fig. 9). [image: ris_2.jpg] Fig.5. Characteristic picture of the simultaneous existence of ring (toroidal) objects (1) and pinches (2), x12 [image: Ris_6.jpg] Fig.6. Formation of a toroidal object near pinch, x15 In addition, under certain discharge modes, the formation of straight luminous channels of considerable length (Fig.10) is observed, which with a sufficiently high degree of probability can be identified with the so-called fluxes, which are a linear chain of nucleons [6]. Observation of such objects is possible due to the presence of the luminous zone surrounding them, consisting of particles that compensate for the total charge of such a nuclear filament. [image: ris_7.jpg] Fig.7. Characteristic picture of the simultaneous existence of a ring (toroidal) object and pinches, x5 [image: ris_8.jpg] Fig.8. The presence of luminous zones on the surface of the electrodes, x5 [image: ris_9.jpg (5707 bytes)] Fig.9. Formation of paired luminous objects, x10 [image: Ris_10.jpg] Fig.10. The formation of luminous channels of considerable length in the process of discharge, x12 2. Surface relief An analysis of the surface relief of a flat electrode after PRPJ exposure indicates that there are not only craters associated with the discharge, but also extended trails (Fig.11), which could be explained by the effects of objects with characteristic dimensions not exceeding 0.1 mm moving during the discharge. The study of the surface of the samples previously processed by the PFWR showed that the surface of the samples undergoes significant changes after processing (Fig. 12), which indicates complex processes occurring in the material. Table 1 presents the results of the evaluation of the change in the total length of the tracks on the surface of the copper sample after treatment with PLLP, illustrating the observed pattern. The formation of traces can be associated with exposure to fluxes as they move along the surface of the samples. [image: Ris_11.jpg] Fig.11. Linear trace on the surface of the sample, partially enclosed by the release of metal from the crater during the processing of the PLLP, x200 [image: Ris12.jpg] Fig.12. The appearance on the sample surface of the steel continuous and intermittent extended traces a month after the treatment of prostate cancer, x200 Table 1. The total length of extended traces on the copper sample after PRPZh exposure (sample surface area 2 cm 2 ) The time after treatment, days. ten 20 thirty 60 90 120 Total track length, mm 1 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.2 2.7 ± 0.2 13 ± 0.5 27 ± 1 *3. The structure of materials* Figure 13 shows typical photographs of a cross-section of treated copper, illustrating the formation of annular zones, where the metal was supposedly strongly heated. Such a thermal effect is most likely due to both the characteristics of the flow of electric current through the sample during the discharge process, and the effect of secondary formations such as fluxes. Studying the surface of the plates from the side of processing and from the reverse (untreated) side made it possible to reveal the presence of filamentous formations (Fig. 15), as a rule, transparent, or having a reddish or blue color, depending on the sample material. The characteristic dimensions of the filaments: diameter 4 - 10 microns, length reaches units of mm (there are individual threads up to 5 mm long). Threads tend to be grouped or twisted (Figure 15) over time. Cases are observed when the filaments have the shape of an arc extending at both ends into the surface layer of the material (Fig. 16). A longer observation of the state of such formations suggests that they may gradually come out of the volume of the metal. At the same time, in the zone of their growth, the metal strongly corrodes. The growth of the filaments is accompanied by a decrease in the average grain size of materials due to their fragmentation, presumably due to large internal stresses. [image: Ris_13.jpg] Fig.13. The system of zones of superheated metal in the formation of a vortex, x200 [image: Ris_14.jpg] Fig.14. Cross-section with a single zone of superheated metal, x500 [image: Ris_15.jpg] Fig.15. Formation of a group of threadlike objects on the surface of the material, x 400 [image: Ris_16.jpg] Fig.16. Thread-like object in the form of an arc (top view), x400 In Figure 17. visible finer structure filamentous formation. It is noted that the cross section of the thread in most cases has the shape of a rectangle with rounded edges (size 4x16 microns) or a circle (diameter ~ 8 microns), sometimes they are connected by a jumper up to 4 microns thick. As can be seen from Fig. 17, the threads, as a rule, are twisted along the axis (with a step of ~ 20-40 µm). The study of the optical and mechanical properties of the filaments makes it possible to note their high transparency (approaching optical fibers) and flexibility. As previously noted, the threads can bend (Fig. 18) and form spherical shapes (Fig. 19). In the case of mechanical action on them, these objects are destroyed, with the formation of separate fragments of straight or almost straight threads. The property of threads to form a twist of two and pain threads (up to 4) draws attention (Fig. 20, Fig. 21). [image: Ris_17.jpg] Fig.17. The structure of thread-like objects in the form of a strip, twisted along its axis, x200 [image: Ris_18.jpg] Fig.18. Filamentous object with a rectangular bend, x 200 [image: Ris_19.jpg] Fig.19. Photograph of a filamentous object folded into a spheroid, x800 [image: Ris_20.jpg] Fig.20. Formation of twisted threadlike objects, x200 [image: Ris_21.jpg] Fig.21. The ends of two twisted threads, x500 The study of the structural features of materials using transverse thin sections revealed the presence of channels with a diameter of ~ (2–20) μm (Fig.22, Fig.23), which have a greater length (up to 10 mm) and, presumably, are associated with the formation of filamentary structures. A more detailed study of the structure of transverse thin sections prepared by ion-beam etching by a polyenergetic beam of argon ions revealed the presence of extended linear traces of tracks that penetrate the samples throughout the thickness (2–5 mm) with a transverse size in the range of 1–4 µm. As follows from the analysis of the structure and type of “tracks”, their appearance is not related to the conditions of machining of samples. The authors believe that the formation of these channels is due to the appearance during the discharge of material objects with increased penetrating power, but, nevertheless, capable of leaving a trace in the material in the form of defects in the crystal structure. The type and properties of these objects will be determined in subsequent studies. [image: Ris_22.jpg] Fig.22. Extended channel in a copper sample after PRGP exposure, x400 [image: Ris_23.jpg] Fig.23. Cross-sectional sample of copper with linear tracks, x400 *4. The activity of the processed material* When studying the structure of samples by the method of transverse thin sections, a luminescence in the region of grain boundaries (Fig.24) was observed on the metal surface boundary, which is observed even after 3 months or more after the treatment of prostate cancer. The assumption that luminescence is associated with induced activity in the material has not been convincingly confirmed by radiometric measurements using e- and g-spectrometry methods. This gave reason to believe that the luminescence can be associated with known processes of the chemiluminescence and relaxation of mechanical stresses at the grain boundaries and cracks (in the grain body). To clarify the nature of the detected luminescence, non-photosensitive materials were placed on the samples (photographic paper “UNIBROM” contrasting and photographic film of the brand RG-1). After exposure to samples at 140 and 42 hours, respectively, the photographic materials were developed and fixed according to the standard procedure. The study of the state of developed photographic materials allowed us to identify a number of features.On photographic paper, there are extended areas of blackening of the emulsion near the location of the samples (Fig. 25). A detailed study of the structure of the darkened areas of the emulsion using optical microscopy revealed the presence of point darkening zones (1–10 μm), apparently associated with a local effect of secondary radiation. A study of the structure of the film showed a similar change. During the study of the state of the surface of the samples, a change was found in the surface topography of the samples that were not exposed to the PELP but were stored in separate packaging in close proximity to the treated samples. On the surface of untreated samples of metals (Ti, Cu, Fe, steels of different grades) there are no previously missing traces. Figure 26 shows the surface of the sample of copper, which was not directly affected by prostate cancer. After sharing with samples exposed to prostate cancer, these changes were detected. The removal of a part of the metal from untreated PRSPs of the samples by dissolving in the corresponding electrolytes revealed the presence in their body of thread-like formations similar to those found on samples that underwent PRPJ treatment. [image: ris_24.jpg] Fig.24. Photo of the surface of the steel M76, x200 a - transverse section of the sample after 3 months; b - image contrast is enlarged (luminous zones are highlighted) [image: ris_25.jpg] Fig.25. The structure of the darkening area of the emulsion, x500 [image: ris_26.jpg] Fig.26. The appearance of extended traces on the surface of the copper sample, not exposed to PRPZH, x400 5. Chemical composition of samples The analysis of the chemical composition of the surface layers to a depth of 0.1 mm of the samples of beryllium, copper and tungsten in the initial state and after treatment with PFWL revealed a number of features. In samples of light metals, in particular, beryllium, the composition of the sample remains almost unchanged. after treatment with prostate cancer. In the samples of heavier metals (copper, tungsten) a change in the composition is observed, similar to those observed earlier in experiments on the generation of pinch [7, 8, 10]. The copper samples showed an increase in the content of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, sodium, potassium, calcium, sulfur, and chlorine; in tungsten, copper, zinc, iron, and hydrogen. These changes can be explained both by the introduction of these elements (to a depth of several microns) from the discharge plasma, and by the fission of nuclei of the target substance under the action of fluxes. The discussion of the results The results indicate a complex process of exposure to a quasi-periodic discharge in a fluid flow with the surface of a flat electrode material, which is caused both by the presence of atoms and ions of hydrogen and oxygen, and by the interaction of electrons under conditions of their ultrahigh density (> 10 23 electrons / cm 3 ). The latter leads to the intensification of a number of electrochemical processes and, possibly, nuclear reactions in the surface layer of a material up to 10 μm thick under conditions of powerful shock waves [7, 8, 11]. These results can serve as experimental confirmation of theoretical models and hypotheses about the formation of fractal clusters in an ozone-containing medium in the presence of a sufficiently powerful source of electricity [3].Some of the changes can be attributed to thermochemical processes. For example, the formation of filamentary tracks in the target material may be associated with the formation of a high-pressure plasma channel in the metal during the transition process [7], in which various substances are formed and the metal atoms are converted into hydroxides due to known electrochemical processes. A certain role in the formation of these objects can also be played by the presence on the surface and in the near-surface layer of atoms formed in a pinch discharge [9], or during nuclear fission of the material, including due to the presence of fluxes. The authors also do not exclude other mechanisms of influence, for example, discussed in [5-10], which will be revealed in the course of further accumulation of experimental data and theoretical studies. Bibliography 1. Bogdanovich B.Yu., Kalin B.A., Nesterovich A.V., Puchkov A.N. Periodic arc discharge in a fluid flow as a means of increasing microhardness and “etching” the metal surface. Abstracts of the IV All-Russian Conference on the modification of the properties of structural materials with charged particle beams, Tomsk: TPU, 1996.- P.102. 2. Nesterovich A.V., Bogdanovich B.Yu., Kalin B.A., Volkov N.V., Lubkov V.M. Strengthening the surface of carbon steel when exposed to a periodic high-voltage discharge in a fluid flow. Collection of scientific papers "Scientific session MEPhI-99", M .: MEPI, 1999 .. V. 5, P. 20-22. 3. Nesterovich AV, Bogdanovich B.Yu., Kalin B.A., Volkov N.V., Mizin Yu.V. Modification of the near-surface layer of materials in the region of high-voltage discharge in a fluid flow. Collection of scientific papers "Scientific session MEPI-2000", Moscow: MEPI, 2000. V. 9, P. 34-35. 4. Bogdanovich B.Yu., Volkov N.V., Kostochko Yu.P., Len 'N.A., Nesterovich AV, Starostin A.I. Experimental study of a quasi-periodic pulsed discharge initiated in a fluid flow and near-electrode space. - Engineering Physics, M .: MEPI.2000.- №1. P.19-23. 5. Bogdanovich B.Yu., Volkov N.V., Len 'N.A., Nesterovich A.V., Starostin A.I. Experimental study of the properties of materials subjected to discharges in a fluid flow.- Engineering Physics, M .: MEPI. 2000.- №2. C. 50-54. 6. Alkhatov A.Yu., Rodionov B.U. Tunguska radiance.- M .: Laboratory of basic knowledge, 1999.- 240 p. 7. Meyerovich B.E. High current channel. - M .: LLC FIMA, 1999. 376 p. 8. Meerovich E.A., Meierovich B.E. Methods of relativistic electrodynamics in electrical engineering and electrophysics. - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1987. 232 p. 9. Didenko A.N., Ligachev A.E., Kurakin I.B. The impact of charged particle beams on the surface of metals and alloys. - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1987.- 183 S. 10. L.Cjhtn, U.Feldman, M.Swartz, JH Underwood. Studu of the x-rays produced by a vacuum spark. - Journal of the optical society of America, vol. 58, No. 6, 1968. 11. C. Brans, D. Clayton, D. Schramm. Nuclear astrophysics. - M .: Mir, 1968 12. Bogdanovich B.Yu., Fetisov G.P. Model of the thermal effect of a periodic discharge in a fluid flow (PLL) on the material being processed. - Engineering Physics, M .: MEPI. 2007.- №5. C.2-6. 13. Nesterovich A.V., Fetisov G.P. Deformation strengthening of the metal when exposed to a periodic discharge in a fluid flow (PLL) .- Engineering Physics, M .: MEPI. 2007.- №5. P.7-11. On Sun, Oct 14, 2018 at 7:13 PM Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > More... > > Conformation of Ken Shoulders EVO theory. > > Black EVOs are pictured. They are really spooky looking. > Also magnetic vortex flux tubes are called " fluxes" > > Action of the EVO can continue for months on the surface of metals, > > Of particular note as follows: > > Quote > "During the study of the state of the surface of the samples, a change was > found in the surface topography of the samples that were not exposed to the > PELP but were stored in separate packaging in close proximity to the > treated samples. On the surface of untreated samples of metals (Ti, Cu, Fe, > steels of different grades) there are no previously missing traces. Figure > 26 shows the surface of the sample of copper, which was not directly > affected by prostate cancer. After sharing with samples exposed to prostate > cancer, these changes were detected. The removal of a part of the metal > from untreated PRSPs of the samples by dissolving in the corresponding > electrolytes revealed the presence in their body of thread-like formations > similar to those found on samples that underwent PRPJ treatment." > > This says that the active agent can be transferred from the arc exposed > metal to the unexposed metal and still see the same fission reaction occur. > > On Sun, Oct 14, 2018 at 7:09 PM Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > >> If you take a look at the reference( >> https://mephi.ru/content/articles/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=1689&SHOWALL_1=1), >> figure 7, you will see that the magnetic vortex flux tubes have a cross >> section in the nano-meter range at the point where the tubes touch the >> surface of the metal. The black vortex solitons (Black EVOs) that generate >> those tubes contain on the order of 10^23 particles, each with a spin of 2. >> The magnetic field per square nano-meter that these tubes carry is very >> large. >> >> My view is that those vortex tubes contain quarks extracted from the >> substrate that the tubes contact. This idea came to me from looking at the >> LION reactor where a tube was inactivated and the elements that it >> contained was deposited on the surface like toothpaste extruded from a >> tube. Those elements in that extruded matter was transmuted: those elements >> included zirconium. >> >> See the "cannon" in this video. >> >> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhitBhess2E&t=908s >> >> My belief is that the magnetic vortex flux tube produces a magnetic tube >> re-connection with the flux tubes that confine the quarks in the disrupted >> nucleons. These quarks are absorbed by the magnetic vortex flux tube. A >> quark plasma is then generated inside the magnetic vortex flux tube whereby >> quark reconfiguration occurs when the flux tube is deactivated. >> >> On Sun, Oct 14, 2018 at 6:33 PM Jones Beene <[email protected]> wrote: >> >>> >>> >>> >>> In light of the new Parkomov material and the interest in "strange >>> radiation" it seems that there are about a dozen candidates for this >>> phenomenon: some of which are feasible on paper like the EVO but most are >>> extremely unlikely. It has come down to the rock bottom realization that >>> either Parkomov is a fraud like Rossi - or he actually has something of >>> value. He should be given a chance to prove his claims - as was Rossi who >>> failed to perform. >>> >>> In that category of feasibility is one hypothesis which has not been >>> mentioned recently - the Higgs. >>> >>> As it turns out - if one is seeing strange radiation using nickel and >>> hydrogen (protium) then the Higgs may move from extraordinarily unlikely to >>> "worth re-mentioning". The signature of the Higgs decay is now well known >>> and it pops up here. >>> >>> As we realize, the current measurement of the mass-energy of the Higgs >>> is pegged to being very close to 125 GeV. This is a huge clue for looking >>> at other repercussions of particular experiments. Since nickel-62 is a bit >>> of a true singularity in terms of physical properties, being the one single >>> limit of stability of all nuclei in the Periodic Table - there is further >>> interest. >>> >>> The possibility arises that the second-type of neutron featured here as >>> a possibility - since it can act as a participating catalyst for the >>> joining of two atoms of 62Ni can then provide the exact mass-energy of the >>> Higgs. well, at least the fit is within error bars. >>> >>> The operative assumption of such a prediction becomes this (for QM at >>> the atomic level mass) which is that mass-is-mass at quantum level such >>> that anything which totals 125 GeV in mass energy within a given space -- >>> is a Higgs... period. Otherwise there could more than one kind of mass. >>> That is a provocative assumption which is worthy of its own thread. Stand >>> by. >>> >>> But it leads to a tenuous path of uniting LENR with strange radiation >>> via the Higgs boson... or at least the equivalent mass-energy of the Higgs. >>> >>> >>> Jones >>> >>> >>>
