Let's practice that one more time! Ah one and a two...
USE OF CALCIUM OXIDE BARRIER
The cathode HV back side, as described in:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/DeflationFusion.pdf
either in gas back side mode, or dielectric back side mode, can be
coated with a layer of calcium oxide (CaO) to provide the much needed
diffusion barrier. I have seen some evidence a CaO layer is even
active in anode mode, but the significant evidence for this
application is provided by Iwamura's work, which I think shows that a
thin diffusion barrier is effective at building hydrogen fugacity and
thus deflation fusion. See:
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IwamuraYobservatioa.pdf
http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IwamuraYobservatiob.pdf
and the various references to Iwamura on lenr-canr.org.
Hydrogen diffusion in Pd is almost entirely by tunneling. When
diffusing through a CaO barrier, toward the back side, the deuteron
leaves behind an electron on the front side, which can simultaneously
tunnel across the same barrier, or not. When an electron is left
behind the barrier, the deuteron would have had to have found a
matching electron on the back side of the barrier to make the
tunneling event favorable. (alternatively the deuteron-electron pair
could have tunneled in the deflated hydrogen state, but this state
has low probability normally. ) This suddenly unveiled electron on
the (high hydrogen fugacity) front side then starts a chain of
deuteron tunneling events on the backed up high pressure front side
of the barrier, progressing away from the barrier toward the front,
and such tunneling events are the stuff of which deflation fusion is
made. This process, combined with conduction, moves the excess
electron toward the electron source. This process is clearly made
far more likely by providing a source of electrons on the back side
of the barrier.
NEW CATHODE GEOMETRY
This then leads to another possible cathode structure and LENR
method. (See Figure 1) That method consists of building an electrode
in which the CaO layers exist parallel to the direction of
electrolysis. This parallel barrier electrode, when used in an
electrolysis mode, is used in a triode cell where a separate current
can be run through the cathode normal to the direction of the
electrolysis current. When the cathode is loaded, such a current
normal to the H flow causes hydrogen diffusion laterally through the
cathode, and thus through the CaO barriers. The electrolysis then
is merely to keep the cathode loaded. The loading can even be
achieved in gas mode, as in the Iwamura experiment, and as shown in
Figure 1.
The major diffusion is driven trough the CaO barriers, and is driven
by AC applied normal to the flow, i.e. left to right in Figure 1.
Note that in gas mode the low pressure side need not be a vacuum as
in the Iwamura experiment. It should be equally as effective to
provide the pressure differential via compression of the front side
gas. In purely gas phase form the active element then has only two
electrodes and can be purely AC driven.
The waveform used to drive the barrier jumping can consist of a low
current set up phase followed by a high voltage pulse to achieve a
tunneling phase. Figure 1 is a diagram of a gas phase loaded cell.
.
|
|
. | Low Pressure
Hydrogen |
.
|
|
. |
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX|
. |
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX|
. |
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
ccccccc|
. |
PPPPPPPPcPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPP
cPPPPPP|
. |
PPPPPPPPcPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPP
cPPPPPP|
. |
PPPPPPPPcPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPP
cPPPPPP|
. |
PPPPPPPPcPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPPPPPPcPPPP
cPPPPPP|
. |
I
I|
. (AC)===|I High Pressure
Hydrogen I===(AC)
.
|
|
.
.
. Key:
. P - Palladium or other diffusion material
. c - CaO layer
. X - Structural support (High strength H2
permeable insulator)
. | - Cell sides
. I= - Power supply line
. (AC) - Complex waveform AC power
.
. Figure 1 - Diagram of lateral diffusion
Iwamura Cell
The structural support is much thicker than shown in Figure 1 and can
be provided by a somewhat porous ceramic, possibly BaTiO3. With a
back side HV field, the cell then takes on the additional role
already characterized for a back side cathode. A useful
configuration would probably include the ability to exchange the Pd-
CaO portion, and would require appropriate seals at the edges, and
quickly adaptable means of electrical contact.
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
