Whether we call it "back" or "front" is irrelevant I agree, but unless I missed it, your quotes below do not mention what I suggest i.e. **deloading at a surface used simultaneously as a cathode for electrolysis (while electrolytically loading at the opposite surface)**. If they do, kindly quote specifically the relevant excerpt, I tend to get lost in your myriads of proposals.
Or maybe you thought my "while electrolyzing" referred to the loading surface, in which case yes indeed you had suggested electrolytic loading at a surface to do things (other than electrolysis) at the opposite surface. Is this what you thought? Michel ----- Original Message ----- From: "Horace Heffner" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> To: <[email protected]> Sent: Wednesday, August 29, 2007 8:30 PM Subject: Re: [Vo]:Re: Surface Electron Layer Catalyzed Fusion hypothesis (was Re: Mystery pictures) > > On Aug 29, 2007, at 9:06 AM, Michel Jullian wrote: > > > >> >>>> with the help of excess electron screening and channel alignment. >>>> An experiment where the probability of such encounters would be >>>> increased, e.g. by back-loading the cathode to maintain a steady >>>> front deloading flux of deuterons while electrolyzing, >>> >>> This is just the back side cell concept with the terms "front" and >>> "back" reversed. >> >> Possibly, ref please. > > > On Aug 8, 2007, at 12:18 PM, Horace Heffner wrote: > >> >> I certainly don't agree it is necessarily the field that counts in >> Fig. 1 when it comes to electron fugacity. Referring to Fig. 1 >> again, if the "++" electrode is at +1,000,000 V and the "x" >> electrode is at +980,000 V, the electron fugacity in the X >> electrode will be reduced from what it would be if the "++" >> electrode were at -1,000,000 V and the "x" electrode is at >> -1,020,00 V. >> >> If you read toward the end of the article (especially considering >> Figures 2 and 3) I think you will see that electron fugacity is >> very important, even in small increments. Maybe I should have >> emphasized that point more. It is not only important at the back >> side surface, but also internally to the electrode - where it is >> maintained by the loaded hydrogen. The last statement may seem >> trivial, but it is not trivial. An understanding of this I think is >> critical to design. An excess electron can be in effect be >> introduced subsurface at the back side of the cathode by tunneling >> of a hydrogen out of the metal, across a dielectric boundary, >> *without its ionically bound electron* (a feat made energetically >> possible by the back side surface charge which then neutralizes the >> hydrogen). This departure of a hydrogen from the lattice >> momentarily leaves an excess electron behind in the lattice which >> can be the site of deflation fusion. >> >> The excess electron, in a manner similar to a hole, can actually >> migrate backwards (toward the font side) due to the tendency for >> the hydrogen to diffuse toward the lower pressure (lower hydrogen >> fugacity) back side. Provided there are no electron deficits >> inside the cathode to stop it (i.e. no conduction band electrons >> stripped from the inside to meet the surface charge demanded by the >> external field) this chain of diffusion can work its way toward the >> front side of the cathode. How far is a question of statistics. >> What is different about this kind of chain of diffusions is the >> excess electron avoids the need for the *simultaneous* tunneling of >> the hydrogen nucleus and its ionically bonded mate. The hydrogen >> (alone) tunneling is energetically allowed because a target site >> electron is already there. It is also energetically positive >> because the orbital stress on the upstream hydrogen is much larger. >> >> The free electron will not tend to tunnel backward toward the >> oncoming hydrogen because there is already a paired electron there. >> It may tend to move in the opposed direction, but there is with >> good probability an ionically bound electron there blocking the >> conduction bands. Further, there is a current of electrons moving >> toward the back side. An electron displaced is likely replaced by >> an electron from the cathode current. The net effect of all this >> tunneling I think is to increase the probability of deflation >> fusion. When a Pd site has a free electron, there can be 4 >> candidate hydrogen nuclei to tunnel to it. There are 4 adjacent >> tetrahedral sites to every tetrahedral site to provide tunneling >> candidates, and if all are occupied then three of them are >> upstream, pressure wise. >> >> It is notable that hydrogen loading has far more to do with >> electron density than surface potential can. Given the surface >> charge Q for a capacitor plate of area A in field E is: >> >> Q = epsilon_0 E A >> >> we have: >> >> E = Q / (epsilon_0 A) >> >> and, in a fully loaded Pd lattice with cells of dimension about 3 >> angstroms we get a field of >> >> E = q / (epsilon_0 (3 angstroms)^3) = 2x10^11 V/m >> >> In other words, given no hydrogen nuclei, it would take a 2x10^11 V/ >> m field to obtain the same electron density as in a fully loaded >> lattice, just at the surface - and that electron surface charge is >> repeated in planes separated by 3 angstroms throughout. It is thus >> clearly important then, if possible, that charge transactions at >> the surface boundary, caused by relatively few electrons, then >> cause further transactions at depth. I think the back side approach >> causes this. >> >> In ordinary electrolysis the flow directions seem to me to be >> wrong. At the interface the hydrogen hops toward a free electron >> and things stop right there. The diffusion is then essentially >> through combined motion of the hydrogen and its ionically bound >> electron. When diffusion is initiated from the back side as shown, >> the electrons don't have to tunnel and chains of reactions can be >> catalyzed. Note the electron remains whether fusion occurs or not. > > > On Aug 8, 2007, at 1:48 PM, Horace Heffner wrote: >> I wrote: "In ordinary electrolysis the flow directions seem to me >> to be wrong. At the interface the hydrogen hops toward a free >> electron and things stop right there. The diffusion is then >> essentially through combined motion of the hydrogen and its >> ionically bound electron. When diffusion is initiated from the >> back side as shown, the electrons don't have to tunnel and chains >> of reactions can be catalyzed. Note the electron remains whether >> fusion occurs or not." >> >> This would have been much better phrased: "In ordinary electrolysis >> the flow conditions are wrong. At the interface the hydrogen hops >> toward a free electron in the cathode and things stop right there. >> The diffusion is then essentially through combined motion of the >> hydrogen and its ionically bound electron. Is is simply fusion >> through metal until nearly full loading occurs. However, when >> things are just ready to get going for fusion, i.e. hydrogen >> fugacity becomes high, the diffusion rate drops because the cathode >> is full." >> >> "When diffusion is initiated from the back side as shown, the >> electrons don't tend to tunnel towards the cathode electron >> current, and chains of reactions can be catalyzed whereby waveform >> collapse occurs on a target destination electron. Note the >> catalytic electron remains as an unmatched spare whether fusion >> occurs or not. When back side tunneling (i.e. de-loading) is >> accomplished with a sufficient tunneling barrier, the flow is >> maintained at a constant rate, and need not even begin until the >> cathode is fully loaded. In this way the heat is turned up when >> the fire is stoked in stead of the stoking choking off the heat." >> >> Note that back side cell fusion is more of a volume effect than a >> surface effect. >> >> A significant problem remains and that is helium removal. That >> might be cured by using a lattice that can accommodate helium >> removal, i.e. helium diffusion. At least using the back side de- >> loading technique the helium has an some opportunity to diffuse >> out, is close to the "exit", and the diffusion pressure is in the >> right direction. >> >> It would be interesting to see if gas phase fusion of de-loading >> hydrogen could be catalyzed at the tips of small dendrites on the >> back side. That would remove the helium waste problem altogether. > > n Aug 9, 2007, at 2:24 PM, Horace Heffner wrote: >> The backside de-loading scheme seems to have good rationale within >> the deflation fusion model. The problem is to achieve it in a >> practical way. >> >> The key is establishing a back-side diffusion barrier, and using >> the right cross-barrier potential in order to match the de-loading >> and loading rates so as to sustain high hydrogen fugacity. It is >> also an objective to provide a high electron charge density >> immediately opposite the de-loading barrier. One means of >> increasing charge density is to increase field strength by using a >> high dielectric strength material opposite the barrier. >> >> Now for a surprise. One way to achieve many of these objectives is >> to make the back side an anode immersed in a water. The water acts >> as the dielectric. The field strength across the two layer water >> interphase can be well over 10^6 V/m. >> >> The anodic diffusion barrier can be deposited and even maintained/ >> healed by anodization. The target for hydrogen tunneling then is >> OH- molecules in the interphase, and any free electrons that might >> be ionized off them and attached to the anodized barrier. >> >> One problem with this approach is keeping the electrons from >> tunneling across the backside barrier to the hydrogen instead of >> the hydrogen tunneling through the back side barrier to the >> electrons. The down side to electron tunneling through the >> backside barrier is (1) deflation fusion is accomplished best by >> simultaneous deuteron tunneling to an electron and (2) fusion on >> the front side of the barrier will cause disruption of the lattice, >> destruction of the barrier, and possible helium blockage. >> >> Preventing the problems should be possible by energetically denying >> them by driving front side electrolysis at a much higher voltage >> once loading is complete. >> >> Operating with a superimposed pulse, on both the front and back >> side potentials, to trigger hydrogen barrier tunneling, may be >> efficient because it gives the lattice time to diffuse replacement >> hydrogen, backside gas a chance to dissipate, and the interphase to >> recover. > > On Aug 9, 2007, at 2:32 PM, Horace Heffner wrote: >> An alternative may be, on the back side, to use pulsed AC on top of >> a DC trickle current used to sustain the anodized layer. Just >> brainstorming a bit. > > > On Aug 9, 2007, at 2:41 PM, Horace Heffner wrote: >> An alternative may be, on the back side, to use pulsed AC on top of >> a DC trickle current used to sustain the anodized layer. >> >> Very high frequency high voltage AC intervals with low duty cycles, >> on the back side, would cause tunneling directions across the >> backside of the barrier to switch directions, alternating many >> times per volume diffused, and thereby increasing fusion prospects >> per diffused atom. > > > On Aug 9, 2007, at 2:45 PM, Horace Heffner wrote: >> An alternative may be, on the back side, to use pulsed AC on top of >> a DC trickle current used to sustain the anodized layer. >> >> Very high frequency high voltage AC intervals with low duty cycles, >> on the back side, would cause tunneling directions across the >> backside of the barrier to switch directions, alternating many >> times per volume diffused, and thereby increasing fusion prospects >> per diffused atom. It also increases the probability of OH- de- >> ionization, loosing free electrons to attach to the backside >> diffusion barrier. > > > > See also discussion of Figures 2 and 3 and the "THE BACK SIDE CELL" > and "BACKSIDE DE-LOADING ISSUES" sections of: > > http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/DeflationFusion.pdf > > THE BACK SIDE CELL > The method of applying high electron fugacity to deuterium loaded > cathodes has the > objective of creating an energy focusing effect, forcing co-centered > wave function > collapse, resulting in deflation fusion. The objective is to create > simultaneously a > high deuteron fugacity and electron fugacity. Fugacity of a particle > type in a given > environment is similar to pressure in that it is a measure of the > energy required to > add one more such particle to that environment. It is of interest > that as electron > density increases, the fugacity of a given amount of loaded hydrogen > decreases. > Increasing electron fugacity increases the loading feasible with a > given amount of > electrolysis energy, though adding one particle of each increases the > fugacity of both. > The application of extreme fields to the back side of a loaded > cathode is one way to > increase electron fugacity. That is to say a cathode can be loaded > electrolytically > from one side, the electrolyte side, and yet be a charged to millions > of volts at the > back side surface. The back side surface can interface to a vacuum, > hydrogen gas, > high pressure dry nitrogen, clear HV oil, glass, or any convenient > highly transparent > and insulating medium on the high voltage back side of the cathode. > Call this high > voltage side of the cathode the cathode back side. The back side is > the surface > opposite the hydrogen loading surface, Call a cell having such a two > sided cathode a > back side cell. Accomplishing this in a practical manner requires > formation of a > surface layer on the cathode back side surface which reduces the rate > of hydrogen > evolution from the back side. Such a layer could be an insulating > oxide layer thin > enough to support electron tunneling, but not excessive deuterium or > helium > tunneling, or could be a low diffusion rate metal thin film, like a > gold or copper alloy. > A back side cell allows diffusion to occur through the cathode, the > hydrogen coming in > the front side and out the back side. The diffusion rate out the back > side is controlled > such that the hydrogen fugacity is maintained at an adequate level, > while the > diffusion rate is simultaneously maintained. Call this technique back > side deloading. > A high density of electrons at the cathode high voltage back side > surface and just > beneath the back side surface increases both the hydrogen final > density and > diffusion rate throughout the cathode, especially if it is thin. It > also increases the > probability of wave function collapse of surface deuterons due to > Stark effect orbital > stressing due to high electric field conditions at the cathode back > side surface and > immediate subsurface. > Application of a powerful magnetic field parallel to the cathode > vacuum surface > incrementally stresses the deuteron orbitals there via the Paschen- > Back effect and > the formation of Rydberg orbitals, which, in addition to > destabilizing electron > waveforms and reducing the discreteness of normal quantum effects, > also increases > the probability of electrons locating within the volume of the > nucleus or experiencing > simultaneous wave function collapse with and within it. A strong > laser beam nearly > parallel to but striking the cathode back side surface increases the > above combined > field effects dramatically. > An alternative arrangement is to orient the powerful magnetic field > as normal to the > cathode back side surface interface. In this case the laser beam > effects are diluted > somewhat due to being normal to the magnetic field, though the vector > sum of the > fields is still enhanced. > > BACKSIDE DE-LOADING ISSUES > Backside de-loading is a method which has good rationale within the > deflation > fusion model. It permits continued high tunneling rates even after > high loading is > achieved. The problem then is to achieve the backside de-loading in a > practical way. > The key is establishing a backside diffusion barrier, and using the > right crossbarrier > potential in order to match the de-loading and loading rates so as to > sustain > high hydrogen fugacity. It is also an objective to provide a high > electron charge > density immediately opposite the de-loading barrier. One means of > increasing > charge density is to increase field strength by using a high > dielectric strength > material opposite the barrier. One means of suppressing hydrogen > diffusion is to > make the potential of the back side surface extremely negative, thus > making escape > of positive hydrogen nuclei more suppressed. > Now for a differing approach to back side de-loading. One way to > achieve many of > these objectives is to make the back side an anode immersed in water. > See Figure 4. > The water acts as the dielectric. The field strength across the two > layer anode-water >interphase is well over 10^6 V/m at a few volts electrolysis potential. > The anodic diffusion barrier can be deposited and even maintained or > healed by > anodization. 14 The target for hydrogen tunneling then is OH- > molecules in the > interphase, and any free electrons that might be ionized off them and > attached to > the anodized barrier. > One problem with this approach is keeping the electrons from > tunneling across the > backside barrier to the hydrogen instead of the hydrogen tunneling > through the back > side barrier to the electrons. The down side to electron tunneling > through the > backside barrier is (1) deflation fusion is accomplished best by > simultaneous > deuteron tunneling to an electron and (2) fusion on the front side of > the barrier will > cause disruption of the lattice, destruction of the barrier, and > possible helium > blockage. > Preventing the above problems should be possible by energetically > denying them by > driving front side electrolysis at a much higher voltage once loading > is complete. > This can best be accomplished using a coordinated pulsed mode. > Operating with a > superimposed pulse, applied simultaneously on both the front and back > side > potentials, to trigger hydrogen barrier tunneling, is efficient > because it gives the > lattice time to diffuse replacement hydrogen, backside gas a chance > to dissipate, and > the interphase to recover, while providing maximum fugacity during > the pulse. > An alternative may be, on the back side, to use pulsed AC on top of a > DC trickle > current used to sustain the anodized layer. Very high frequency high > voltage AC > intervals with low duty cycles, on the back side, would cause > tunneling directions > across the backside of the barrier to switch directions, alternating > many times per > volume diffused, and thereby increasing fusion prospects per diffused > atom. It also > increases the probability of OH- de-ionization, loosing free > electrons to attach to the > backside diffusion barrier. > > Horace Heffner > http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/ > > >
