The reason that Papp moved away from water to noble gases was the corrosive nature of water on his cylinder. This corrosion be a serious problem for Mills. His machine will not function for long due to structural degradation in his reaction spaces.
Experiments using hydrogen in the Papp cylinder resulted in a black powder formation after a very short running time. No such problem was seen using helium. On Mon, Jan 20, 2014 at 11:56 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > I am very impressed. My initial suspicion has been bolstered that Mills > has developed a new version of the Papp engine. > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wankel_engine > > It is a Wankel engine variation that has 60 reaction spaces that fire at > 200 times a minute. That is a firing rate of 12,000 pulses/minute, as > compared to 500 for the Papp engine. > > The fuel produces nanoparticles that are super ionized by the arc where > only the innermost electrons of the crystal remain unaffected in their > atomic orbits. > > From Papp technology, there is little heat produced by the reaction: > almost complete photo ionization of the potassium and hydrogen > nanoparticles. > > Milles most probably is using potassium carbonate as the catalyst because > it has the proper engineering characteristics to produce nanoparticles. > > Even though Papp technology is open source, the Mills engine design is > original and innovative so his intellectual property claim might hold up. > > Here is a snippet from Papp engine theory that explains the basics of the > power production principles. Remember that water and potassium can produce > solid nanoparticles just like noble gases do. > > ----------------------------------- > > *Where does the explosive force come from?* > The force produced in the Papp engine comes from the explosion of these > clusters of gas and water atoms under the excitation of ultraviolet and > x-rays. As the energy of this EMF goes up so does the explosive power of > the clusters. > > When TNT explodes, the mass of the expanding gas is high but the speed of > the associated shockwave is relatively low. > > On the other hand, the shockwave produced in the Papp cluster explosion > reaction is some appreciable fraction of the speed of light even if the > mass of the gas ions involved in the cluster fragment expansion is small > when compared to what happens in a chemical based explosion. > > > Even with these large differences in the parameters in the equation of > force, the forces produced in these two dissimilar reactions; that is, > between chemical explosion and electromagnetic shockwave generation as a > product of the mass and velocity is similar in magnitude. > > The more a cluster is ionized, the easier it is for x-ray photons to > further ionize additional electrons in that cluster. > > Energy levels in bulk materials are significantly different from materials > in the nanoscale. Let’s, put it this way: Adding energy to a confined > system such as a cluster is like putting a tiger in a cage. A tiger in a > big zoo with open fields will act more relaxed, because he has a lot of > room to wander around. If you now confine him in smaller and smaller areas, > he gets nervous and agitated. It's a lot that way with electrons. If > they're free to move all around through a metal, they have low energy. Put > them together in a cluster and beam x-rays on them, they get very excited > and try to get out of the structure. > > > In getting to the breaking point, when the ionized cluster eventually > reaches an ionization limit where the remaining electrons cannot sustain > the structural integrity of the cluster any longer, an explosive > disintegration of the cluster and subsequent plasma expansion of the > positive ions and electrons which once formed the cluster occurs. > > > Multi-electron ionization of molecules and clusters can be realized by > photoionization of strong x-ray photons. > > > The multi-electron ionization leads to an explosive disintegration of the > cluster together with the production of multi-charged atomic ions > fragments. > > > The kinetic energy of the product ions formed by this explosion is of the > order of several or tens eV in a diatomic, hundreds of eV in small van der > Waals(VDW) clusters, and 100 KeV to 1 MeV in large (n > 1000) VDW clusters. > > > What causes this accelerating weakening of the structure under the > onslaught of x-ray photons radiation is “barrier suppression ionization”. > > > The initial arrival of x-ray photons begin the formation of plasma that is > localized within the cluster itself. > > > The electrons initially dislodged by the x-ray photons orbit around the > outside of the cluster. These electrons lower the coulomb barrier holding > the electrons that remain orbiting the cluster’s inner atoms. These > remaining electrons reside in the inner orbits closer in to the nuclei of > their atoms. > > > Excess electric negative charge in the gas carrying the clusters will also > add to the suppression of the coulomb barrier further supporting cascading > cluster ionization. > Papp uses every trick in the book to pack as many electrons in the noble > gas mix as he possibly can. > > > When enough electrons are removed, the structure of the cluster cannot > sustain itself any longer and the cluster explodes. > > > In order to take advantage of the energy produced by “barrier suppression > ionization”, the designers of the Papp reaction must satisfy two main > engineering goals: first, large noble gas clusters must be formulated, and > two, copious amounts of high energy x-ray photons must be produced. > > > *Where Excess Power Comes From* > > > The Excess energy might come about when the x-ray photons lower the > coulomb barrier during the cluster explosion chain reaction process. > “Barrier suppression ionization” changes the way electrostatic charge > attraction and repulsion work; that is, it modifies the vacuum energy. > > > When the cluster explodes and the cluster is destroyed and electrons are > drained from the gas, the rule of electrostatic charge repulsion returns > back to normal. > > > The bigger the cluster that can be fabricated, the more energy is derived > from the cluster explosion chain reaction process because the cluster stays > together for a longer time and therefore more energy can be “pulled out of > the vacuum”. > > > The power that you can get out of the noble gas clusters is exponentially > proportional to the intensity of the x-rays that you can produce. > > > The more ionization you can produce in the cluster, the higher that the > kinetic energy of the exploding ions will have. This energy goes up > exponentially with the ionization level. > > > With xenon, the ionization level can go up to +40. You can only imagine > how powerful those exploding xenon ions can become. The other noble gases > behave in a similar way. > > > But with helium, there are only 2 electrons, so what we see now in my > current experiments are ionization energy levels that are very small. > > > At the end of the day, there are two important parameters that define the > level of power that can be produced in the Papp reaction, cluster size and > x-ray intensity. > > > Noble gas cluster creation and destruction must be an ongoing, repetitive, > and endless process in the Papp cylinder. > > > Lowering the coulomb barrier is where the energy derived from cold fusion > ultimately comes from, and this lowering is caused by electron screening > produced by large numbers of high energy electrons. > > > Experiment on Xenon explosion processes have found that the energy > released by and exploding Xenon cluster is about 2.5 KeV. > > Here are some detailed experimental results involving the explosion of an > Xenon cluster. > How hot is 2.5 KeV? > > > 1 eV = 11604.505 Kelvin. > > Xenon Cluster fragments are hot after explosion at > (2.500 eV) (11604.505 ) = 29,011,262.5 degrees > > The energy produced when a cluster with 1500 atoms explodes is (2.5 > KeV)(1500) = 3750 KeV or 3.75 MeV > > By comparison a uranium atom produces 200 MeV when it fissions. > > > > > > > On Mon, Jan 20, 2014 at 10:42 PM, Jed Rothwell <[email protected]>wrote: > >> Sort of explains. More info than I have seen so far. See: >> >> >> http://pesn.com/2014/01/20/9602425_Randell-Mills_explains_upcoming-Blacklight-power-demo/ >> > >
