Lithium 6 might be a fission produce as a heaver Z element like iron breaks up releasing 3 protons and 3 neutrons.
On Fri, Oct 10, 2014 at 2:22 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > Regarding transmutation, > > > > Even if Ed Storms discounts transmutation as an LENR energy production > mechanism, transmutation is the source of energy in LENR that has showed > up in experimental data since 2010 involving some generalized isotopic and > elemental changes encompassing some 40 or 50 elements in the light and > medium Z range since the Ni/H reactor data has been made available. > > > > This way of looking at past experimental transmutation data, there is > nothing special about helium, lithium or nickel as the singular source of > LENR energy. These elements are just one of a zoo of many possible > transmutation reactions based on the particular geometry of the reaction > process. > > > > Dr. G. Miley and his associate Dr Hora have come up with a theoretical > framework for transmutation that is based on the three quark nature of the > proton and neutron. This theory predicts that the transmuted elements that > we see in LENR will tend to follow the magic and double magic proton and > neutron count. > > > > From Miley, we would expect to see magic number elements form as a result > of nuclear rearrangement when the coulomb barrier is disrupted because they > are the most stable nuclei configurations among the elements. > > > > Z = 2(He), 8(O), 20(Ca), 28(Ni), 50(Sn), 82(Pb), > > > > See > > *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(physics) > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(physics)>* > > > > In explanation, the nucleus seems to have seven magic numbers. An atom > with a magic number of protons or neutrons is super stable. > > > > > > When both the protons and neutrons are magic, that's a double magic atom. > There are only seven of them. > > > > > > The seven magic numbers are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. (and maybe 184) > They are the number of nucleons - which can be either protons or neutrons - > you need to fill up the shells found in the atomic nucleus. The completely > filled shells cause the atomic nucleus to be more tightly bound together > than simple calculations would predict, meaning the magic atoms are > unusually stable. > > > > > > So, if both the neutrons and protons happen to be magic numbers, the atom > is not only extra stable, but its nucleus is also rigidly symmetrical, > which is very unusual and helps observers confirm the doubly magic > properties of the atom. > > > > > > These isotopes - which include helium-4 (2 protons and 2 neutrons, and one > of the most abundant isotopes in the universe), lead-208 (82 protons and > 126 neutrons, and the heaviest stable atom), and the pair of calcium-48 and > nickel-48 (the former has 20 protons and 28 neutrons, while the latter is > vice versa). The latest to be discovered is tin-132, which has 50 protons > and 82 neutrons. > > > > > > These protons and neutrons form proton and neutron lattice layers as > follows > > > > > > The magic numbers are then > > > > • 2 > > • 8=2+6 > > • 20=2+6+12 > > • 28=2+6+12+8 > > • 50=2+6+12+8+22 > > • 82=2+6+12+8+22+32 > > • 126=2+6+12+8+22+32+44 > > • 184=2+6+12+8+22+32+44+58 > > > > > > Miley and Hora identified that nuclei undergoing a LENR reaction want to > stabilize at the highly stable double magic number configuration. > > > > > > This is because neutrons want to be paired with protons to form a > symmetrical nucleus with perfectly shaped lattice based shells. > > . > > > > Elements with lots of unpaired neutrons like Th232 and U238 would make for > great LENR metals. These metals would stabilize at lead 208. > > > > > > Some nuclides are double-magic, in that the number of protons and neutrons > are both magic, such as helium-4, oxygen-16, calcium-40, calcium-48, > nickel-48, and lead-208. These isotopes are particularly stable and this is > where LENR wants to go. > > > > > > Hora who is Miley’s collaborator, makes a convincing case that the nucleus > conforms to a R (n) (n = 1, 2, 3…) of the Boltzmann probabilities, namely R > (n) = 3 to the nth power. This suggests a threefold property of stable > configurations at magic numbers in Nuclei, consistent with a quark property. > > > > Now, we can use this nuclear engineering background to predict what the > LENR ash content will look like when the nucleus is broken down into a > quark soup. > > > > > > In LENR two concurrent processes are occurring simultaneously: fusion and > fission. > > > > > > Fusion occurs when more than one nucleus is affected in the zone of the > reaction. > > > > > > The relative strength of these two reactions will reflect the amount of > screening that the reactor can produce. > > > > > > Elements built up by the fusion process will be subsequently disassembled > by a fission process. > > > > > > But the chances are good that you can expect to see proton magic number > elements like helium, calcium, oxygen, nickel, tin and lead appear in the > LENR ash because they are proton magic number elements. > > > > > > Also, you can expect to see Neutron magic number isotopes favored in LENR. > > > > > > Furthermore thing get more complicated, it is a well-known fact that the > lowering of the coulomb barrier in the nucleus can increase the radiation > levels of alpha emitters. > > > > > > > > When screening intensity is increased, it is reasonable to expect that > other light elements besides Helium(Z=2) will be expelled(aka fission) from > the nucleus. > > > > > > These are Lithium(Z=3) , Beryllium(Z=4), and Boron(Z=5). > > > > > > Also intermediate elements will form that result from the emissions of > these light elements like iron, chromium vanadium, titanium, and scandium. > > > > > > Sulfur(Z=16) will form from the beryllium(Z=4) emission from calcium(Z=20). > > > > > > The large amount of iron found in the ash products of the Ni/H reaction > point to alpha decay of nickel. > > > > This transmutation theory developed by Miley and Hora leads me to the > conclusion that in TIP3, there has been many transmutation results that > were not found even if they were in fact occurring. In order to do good > transmutation accounting, the testers must do detailed and perfect > bookkeeping of what elements went into the reaction and account for ALL > elements and isotopes that come out of the LENR reaction. > > > > > > >
