The pipe was Re: Toms RTBT disk
On Thu, 17 Feb 2005 18:06, Christopher Sawtell wrote: On Thu, 17 Feb 2005 16:39, Nick Rout wrote: On Thu, 17 Feb 2005 16:25:04 +1300 snip It tells you what type of command will be performed if you key that word into the bash command interpreter. vis:- [EMAIL PROTECTED] ~ $ type cd cd is a shell builtin [EMAIL PROTECTED] ~ $ type ls ls is aliased to `ls --color=auto' [EMAIL PROTECTED] ~ $ type g++ g++ is /usr/bin/g++ [EMAIL PROTECTED] ~ $ hash g++ [EMAIL PROTECTED] ~ $ type g++ g++ is hashed (/usr/bin/g++) Thanks for that! I had learnt about type filename | more from my DOS days, but hadn't thought of what else it might do in Un*x/Posix systems. It's of little or no relevance to mere mortals, don't fuss yourself. [ perfect description of piping elided ] Note that the pipe idea is in DOS and was nicked from unix. Of course. CP/M didn't have it, using instead something called PIP to do something not exactly similar but very, very much constrained in comparison. Microsoft had then recently started Xenix (7th Ed. 8086 port, later System III, then with System V bits tacked on) when they switched to selling DOS to IBM and then later to Compaq, and the rest is history. DOS 1 - which I've never used - had a very CP/M feel, apparently, and His Gatesness decided to tack on the Xenix | with DOS 2 to add some differentiation. Playing with DOS 2 on the DEC Rainbow's the nearest I've come to actually using DOS 2 - I've also seen Windows 1 screenshots floating around the Internet. -- C. S. Wesley Parish -- Clinersterton beademung, with all of love - RIP James Blish - Mau e ki, he aha te mea nui? You ask, what is the most important thing? Maku e ki, he tangata, he tangata, he tangata. I reply, it is people, it is people, it is people.
Re: Paradise connection - was OpenOffice 1.0.1
On Thu, 2005-02-17 at 11:00, goldedge wrote: what type of modem are you using? I have good results with an external 56k dynalink or US Robotics modem on Paradise in the rural setting. Telecom have also put chokes on our phone line. I have tried several modems over the last few years, but the most reliable for me appears to be an external CTL Comet X. [Remainder snipped] Thanks, Ian
Toms RTBT Disk
Greetings, Chris, yesterday you posted 2 e-mails on the above topic. I meant to save them to my saved items folder as they contained some useful information but somehow managed to delete them. :-( If you haven't already disposed of them, could you re-send them to me off list? Thanks in advance Woodsey
Rural Broadband (Was: UBS Broadband connection delays)
On Thu, 17 Feb 2005 11:02:07 +1300, Roger Searle wrote: I'm getting angry just reading your email. I don't have any broadband options at my place (Yaldhurst / West Melton). I live at the other end of Roger's street here in rural West Melton. Within the next few weeks I'm going to call out the wirelessweb people to check signal at my property. Roger, have you investigated this? My Telecom options are: wireless (starting at a mere $90 odd a month for something like dial-up speed) (I don't think so thank you!) It gets worse - telecon's wireless broadband requires windows-only drivers according to one of their reps. IIRC xtra is partly Redmond owned. a second phone line installed for $400 (no way - when I was a few km down the road in Papanui the cost was $99). There should be two pairs in the cable from your house to the street already. Unless your house is very very old. I entertained the thought of digging my own trench and putting in grease-filled cat 5 (4 pairs). My electrician mate told me that phone cables are in some kind of grease-filled sheath to protect from moisture. I haven't costed the idea so it might be a pipedream. Best of luck to you Robert. I've given up. Roger Yuri hasn't given up. -- ** WARNING to mailing list repliers ** Gmail over-rides Reply-To: field. Check your To: address before sending reply to this post.
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
Rob, there are archives, see the clug wiki for how to access them: http://clug.net.nz/index.php/EmailListFAQ#Is_there_an_archive_of_the_mailing_list_availablex3f. Did you get your cdrom booted? On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 10:02:58 +1300 rob wrote: Greetings, Chris, yesterday you posted 2 e-mails on the above topic. I meant to save them to my saved items folder as they contained some useful information but somehow managed to delete them. :-( If you haven't already disposed of them, could you re-send them to me off list? Thanks in advance Woodsey -- Nick Rout Barrister Solicitor Christchurch http://www.rout.co.nz [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Toms RTBT disk
On Thu, 17 Feb 2005 13:49:22 +1300, Wesley Parish wrote: type filename | more /* DOSish, I know, but it works */ more filename more filename /* redirection */ less filename I've never had luck with type filename | less so it's not worth trying, AFAIK. the command type mean two totally different things in DOS and Unix. In DOS, type displays the file's contents. In Unix type tells you what kind of command something is. To display a file's contents use cat instead. DOS's type filename | more is the same as Unix's cat filename | less Yuri -- ** WARNING to mailing list repliers ** Gmail over-rides Reply-To: field. Check your To: address before sending reply to this post.
Re: Rural Broadband (Was: UBS Broadband connection delays)
yuri wrote: On Thu, 17 Feb 2005 11:02:07 +1300, Roger Searle wrote: I'm getting angry just reading your email. I don't have any broadband options at my place (Yaldhurst / West Melton). I live at the other end of Roger's street here in rural West Melton. Within the next few weeks I'm going to call out the wirelessweb people to check signal at my property. Roger, have you investigated this? I ought to have said affordable and practical broadband options. I was very interested in the info from the wireless web guy at the clug meeting late last year. 2 things stopped me from proceeding - the main one being that when I am in another part of the country (several times a year) I would have no internet access of my own. With Paradise I can dial up anywhere (though have to use a different number in Wellywood). The second consideration being having to change email adddress. I'd be interested to hear how good your signal strength is though. a second phone line installed for $400 (no way - when I was a few km down the road in Papanui the cost was $99). There should be two pairs in the cable from your house to the street already. Unless your house is very very old. It's only 20 years or so old, the wire is there. My last place was about 70 years old. The worst thing about the conversation with Telecom about a second line, after hearing excuses about the shortage of lines out this way and them needing to keep lines for future growth (clearly a reference to someone else, not me!), went something like this: And the good news, Mr Searle, is that if you ever decide to disconnect your second line, then reconnect it again in the future, the cost will only be $50. I really really really don't like Telecom... And Robert, I know how you feel. Cheers, Roger
Re: Rural Broadband (Was: UBS Broadband connection delays)
On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:06:50 +1300 Roger Searle wrote: I ought to have said affordable and practical broadband options. I was very interested in the info from the wireless web guy at the clug meeting late last year. 2 things stopped me from proceeding - the main one being that when I am in another part of the country (several times a year) I would have no internet access of my own. With Paradise I can dial up anywhere (though have to use a different number in Wellywood). The second consideration being having to change email adddress. why not see if you can maintain a paradise account on a pay per hour basis, that way you keep your email address and have the use of dialup when out of town. It seems paradise have a $20 for 20 hours plan. There may be other variations if you ask them. -- Nick Rout Barrister Solicitor Christchurch http://www.rout.co.nz [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Rural Broadband (Was: UBS Broadband connection delays)
On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:06, Roger Searle wrote: I ought to have said affordable and practical broadband options. Have you considered the ihug uhf radio option? It's _*very*_ fast and is affordable for the ordinary person on a salary. Speed in ~ 2Gbytes/hour, but the latency is awful. -- C. S.
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
Thanks for that Nick, No I haven't managed to boot the CD yet, got called away onto other things! I'll have another go today. I got access to it on Toms RTBT and the 2 rescue disks that Chris talked about. I haven't tried the Smart boot disk yet. If all else fails, I suppose I could just copy the boot files to the hard drive as suggested on the Knoppix 'how to' section of their site. Woodsey On Fri, 2005-02-18 at 10:17 +1300, Nick Rout wrote: Rob, there are archives, see the clug wiki for how to access them: http://clug.net.nz/index.php/EmailListFAQ#Is_there_an_archive_of_the_mailing_list_availablex3f. Did you get your cdrom booted?
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:23:14 +1300 rob wrote: If all else fails, I suppose I could just copy the boot files to the hard drive as suggested on the Knoppix 'how to' section of their site. Woodsey I haven't seen a description of that method, can you point me to where you saw it? -- Nick Rout Barrister Solicitor Christchurch http://www.rout.co.nz [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Rural Broadband (Was: UBS Broadband connection delays)
On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:10:29 +1300 Christopher Sawtell wrote: On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:06, Roger Searle wrote: I ought to have said affordable and practical broadband options. Have you considered the ihug uhf radio option? It's _*very*_ fast and is affordable for the ordinary person on a salary. Speed in ~ 2Gbytes/hour, but the latency is awful. which service are you referring to? I assumed from the ihug site you were referring to this: http://www.ihug.co.nz/connect/index.html But coverage does not seem to extend anywhere out of the upper North Island. http://www.ihug.co.nz/connect/coverage/index.html Their only other broadband offerings appear to be bliink (adsl) and ultra (satellite, requiring a telephone modem return link) Both of those appear to be out for Roger, adsl not available and the quality of the return link a problem for ultra. -- C. S. -- Nick Rout Barrister Solicitor Christchurch http://www.rout.co.nz [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Rural Broadband (Was: UBS Broadband connection delays)
Hi Yuri / Roger, checkout www.whoosh.com their wireless coverage extends up tp 50kms from CHCH I am just on the fring of their coverage area in Oxford. I am not sure that their modems are Linux compatable they do not state on their website ( of course) :-) The rates seem reasonable, for an extra fee (roaming charges ) you can be mobile as well. Regards Michael yuri wrote: On Thu, 17 Feb 2005 11:02:07 +1300, Roger Searle wrote: I'm getting angry just reading your email. I don't have any broadband options at my place (Yaldhurst / West Melton). I live at the other end of Roger's street here in rural West Melton. Within the next few weeks I'm going to call out the wirelessweb people to check signal at my property. Best of luck to you Robert. I've given up. Roger Yuri hasn't given up. -- No virus found in this outgoing message. Checked by AVG Anti-Virus. Version: 7.0.300 / Virus Database: 265.8.8 - Release Date: 14/02/2005
Re: Rural Broadband (Was: UBS Broadband connection delays)
That's actually www.woosh.co.nz Lance - Original Message - From: goldedge [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: yuri [EMAIL PROTECTED] Cc: linux-users@it.canterbury.ac.nz Sent: Friday, February 18, 2005 11:40 AM Subject: Re: Rural Broadband (Was: UBS Broadband connection delays) Hi Yuri / Roger, checkout www.whoosh.com their wireless coverage extends up tp 50kms from CHCH I am just on the fring of their coverage area in Oxford. I am not sure that their modems are Linux compatable they do not state on their website ( of course) :-) The rates seem reasonable, for an extra fee (roaming charges ) you can be mobile as well. Regards Michael yuri wrote: On Thu, 17 Feb 2005 11:02:07 +1300, Roger Searle wrote: I'm getting angry just reading your email. I don't have any broadband options at my place (Yaldhurst / West Melton). I live at the other end of Roger's street here in rural West Melton. Within the next few weeks I'm going to call out the wirelessweb people to check signal at my property. Best of luck to you Robert. I've given up. Roger Yuri hasn't given up. -- No virus found in this outgoing message. Checked by AVG Anti-Virus. Version: 7.0.300 / Virus Database: 265.8.8 - Release Date: 14/02/2005
Re: Rural Broadband (Was: UBS Broadband connection delays)
On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:34, Nick Rout wrote: On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:10:29 +1300 Christopher Sawtell wrote: On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:06, Roger Searle wrote: I ought to have said affordable and practical broadband options. Have you considered the ihug uhf radio option? It's _*very*_ fast and is affordable for the ordinary person on a salary. Speed in ~ 2Gbytes/hour, but the latency is awful. which service are you referring to? I assumed from the ihug site you were referring to this: http://www.ihug.co.nz/connect/index.html But coverage does not seem to extend anywhere out of the upper North Island. http://www.ihug.co.nz/connect/coverage/index.html Their only other broadband offerings appear to be bliink (adsl) and ultra (satellite, requiring a telephone modem return link) Both of those appear to be out for Roger, adsl not available and the quality of the return link a problem for ultra. I was thinking of ultra. There are quite a few deeply rural schools that use it, and at least one list member. ( he might care to comment on it ) I dont think the outgoing return link has to be anything particularly hot. An ordinary modem is fine. Perhaps one of those more superior ones if the local loop is tens of kilometres, but West Melton isn't _that_ deeply rural. I wonder if those 2 fellows could share a connection with a radio link twixt the two of them. -- C. S.
Re: Rural Broadband (Was: UBS Broadband connection delays)
On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:40:47 +1300 goldedge wrote: Hi Yuri / Roger, checkout www.whoosh.com their wireless coverage extends up tp 50kms from CHCH I am just on the fring of their coverage area in Oxford. I am not sure that their modems are Linux compatable they do not state on their website ( of course) :-) They are (or were at the time they rolled out in ChCh) IIRC they have pppoe interface, meaning there are at least two client implementations in linux. Search the archives and you should find my report after attending the rollout party^h^h^h^h^h . -- Nick Rout Barrister Solicitor Christchurch http://www.rout.co.nz [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
Hi Nick, The distro I'm trying is a Knoppix version called Damn Small Linux and the description is given at the URL below. I should correct myself here and mention that it says copy the .iso contents over not the boot files. Woodsey http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/install_from_floppy.html copy the boot files to the hard drive as suggested on the Knoppix 'how to' section of their site. Woodsey I haven't seen a description of that method, can you point me to where you saw it?
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
Hi Nick, I got two downloads, sbminst and sbminst-static. I'm guessing that sbminst is the one to make the floppy. The instructions say edit the Makefile, I guess that means create one and have it in the working directory? then use the make command to compile the program. Am I on the right track here? Woodsey On Fri, 2005-02-18 at 12:01 +1300, Nick Rout wrote: Man I took one look at that and thought what a waste of time get smart boot manager, put it on a floppy (not the hard drive unless you want it to bugger up your Master Boot record) and boot the CD, simply, 10 minutes max. On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:54:49 +1300 rob wrote: Hi Nick, The distro I'm trying is a Knoppix version called Damn Small Linux and the description is given at the URL below. I should correct myself here and mention that it says copy the .iso contents over not the boot files. Woodsey http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/install_from_floppy.html
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
you are running on a linux system right? if so: sbminst -t us -d /dev/fd0 this will stuff anything already on the floppy. once its done put it in the target machine and boot from the floppy. The Makefile is only relevant if you are compiling it. sbminst-static is statically linked in casse the libraries on your system are incompaible with the libraries sbminst is compiled against. it is used exactly the same: sbminst-static -t us -d /dev/fd0 in both cases you will probably need to be root. On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 12:47:29 +1300 rob wrote: Hi Nick, I got two downloads, sbminst and sbminst-static. I'm guessing that sbminst is the one to make the floppy. The instructions say edit the Makefile, I guess that means create one and have it in the working directory? then use the make command to compile the program. Am I on the right track here? Woodsey On Fri, 2005-02-18 at 12:01 +1300, Nick Rout wrote: Man I took one look at that and thought what a waste of time get smart boot manager, put it on a floppy (not the hard drive unless you want it to bugger up your Master Boot record) and boot the CD, simply, 10 minutes max. On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:54:49 +1300 rob wrote: Hi Nick, The distro I'm trying is a Knoppix version called Damn Small Linux and the description is given at the URL below. I should correct myself here and mention that it says copy the .iso contents over not the boot files. Woodsey http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/install_from_floppy.html -- Nick Rout Barrister Solicitor Christchurch http://www.rout.co.nz [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
I'm just getting: sbminst command not found sbminst-static command not found I think I have downloaded binary files that have to be compiled but the only other alternative was a DOS executable, which I'm trying to avoid. I will try and compile them. Woodsey On Fri, 2005-02-18 at 12:59 +1300, Nick Rout wrote: -t us -d /dev/fd0
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 13:33, rob wrote: I'm just getting: sbminst command not found sbminst-static command not found cd into the directory where the sbminst is to be found, and then say ./sbminst the dot-slash is important I think I have downloaded binary files that have to be compiled but the only other alternative was a DOS executable, which I'm trying to avoid. Binary files are already compiled. -- C. S.
Re: Rural Broadband (Was: UBS Broadband connection delays)
On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:40:47 +1300, goldedge wrote: checkout www.whoosh.com their wireless coverage extends up tp 50kms from CHCH I just called them. They will be extending their coverage but not until April. I am just on the fring of their coverage area in Oxford. I am not sure that their modems are Linux compatable They rep I just spoke to put me on hold for about 15 seconds when I asked about linux, then came back and said yes, you need something called roaring penguin - he didn't seem to know much more but that's enough for me. Roaring Penguin, I advised him, is the Linux PPPoE driver (I believe there are others). On the support FAQ, it says if you use PPPoE with the ethernet cable, you need to have the modem pre-flashed with your username and password. they do not state on their website ( of course) :-) They don't mention Linux directly, but do mention PPPoE and Apple Mac. Yuri -- ** WARNING to mailing list repliers ** Gmail over-rides Reply-To: field. Check your To: address before sending reply to this post.
Re: Rural Broadband (Was: UBS Broadband connection delays)
This has all been covered on the list previously (except for the bit I have not snipped) On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 14:31:42 +1300 yuri wrote: On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 11:40:47 +1300, goldedge wrote: I just called them. They will be extending their coverage but not until April. -- Nick Rout Barrister Solicitor Christchurch http://www.rout.co.nz [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
Thanks Chris, That worked. So what exactly does the ./ do? Woodsey On Fri, 2005-02-18 at 13:59 +1300, Christopher Sawtell wrote: On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 13:33, rob wrote: I'm just getting: sbminst command not found sbminst-static command not found cd into the directory where the sbminst is to be found, and then say ./sbminst the dot-slash is important I think I have downloaded binary files that have to be compiled but the only other alternative was a DOS executable, which I'm trying to avoid. Binary files are already compiled. -- C. S.
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
to run a command it needs to be in your PATH. The current directory is not in your path, So to run a program that is in your home directory you need to tell the shell where it is. ./ is a shortcut to your current directory. You could also have givenm the full path like: /home/woodsey/tmp/sbminst (assuming sbminst is in a directory called tmp in your home directory.) If you put the commend somewhere in your path like /bin, /usr/bin etc you would not need to do this - but don't do that in this case as its use is a little dangerous and probably a one off. To see what your path is : echo $PATH On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 15:03:30 +1300 rob wrote: Thanks Chris, That worked. So what exactly does the ./ do? Woodsey -- Nick Rout Barrister Solicitor Christchurch http://www.rout.co.nz [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
On Fri, February 18, 2005 3:08 pm, Nick Rout said: to run a command it needs to be in your PATH. The current directory is not in your path, So to run a program that is in your home directory you need to tell the shell where it is. ./ is a shortcut to your current directory. You could also have givenm the full path like: /home/woodsey/tmp/sbminst (assuming sbminst is in a directory called tmp in your home directory.) If you put the commend somewhere in your path like /bin, /usr/bin etc you would not need to do this - but don't do that in this case as its use is a little dangerous and probably a one off. To see what your path is : echo $PATH ... just to answer the obvious question 'why the !$!$% isn't the current directory in my path by default' it's so that, for example, if you have a local program called 'ls', just typing in ls will always execute the expected command ( which is usually in /bin ) unless you want it to be different. 'twas a jolly jape in the old days to link rm to ls. My how we laughed! To override this functionality, there are a number of files that are executed when you log in that can modify your environment. Most distributions use bash as the default shell ( having just spent an hour or so on FreeBSD and tcsh, you wouldn't believe how frustrating that change can be! ). Anyway, bash uses .bash_profile for this purpose. If you add the line PATH=:$PATH to this file, or, if there is a line that extends $PATH in any way, then add a : immediately after the =, then this modifies it so that it looks in your current directory first. Hope that makes sense... Steve On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 15:03:30 +1300 rob wrote: Thanks Chris, That worked. So what exactly does the ./ do? Woodsey -- Nick Rout Barrister Solicitor Christchurch http://www.rout.co.nz [EMAIL PROTECTED] -- Artificial Intelligence is no match for natural stupidity.
Lesson of the day. was: Re: Toms RTBT Disk
On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 15:03, rob wrote: On Fri, 2005-02-18 at 13:59 +1300, Christopher Sawtell wrote: On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 13:33, rob wrote: I'm just getting: sbminst command not found sbminst-static command not found cd into the directory where the sbminst is to be found, and then say ./sbminst the dot-slash is important [ ... binary etc ... ] Thanks Chris, That worked. So what exactly does the ./ do? Expanding on what Nick said, making a 'Lesson of the Day'. Unix commands are executed by the shell constructing the full path of the file which has the same name as the command to be executed. This full file name is then passed to the program loader which gets the file puts the bit patterns into memory and tells the kernel to start the program running. ( It's a bit more complex than that, but in essence that's what happens. ) for example the full path and name of the acroread program on my system is at /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/bin/acroread Now it's a proper PITA to have to type all that lot out in order to get acroread to execute. What we want to be able to do is to just type 'acroread' to get it to go, or to associate the command 'acroread' with an icon. This is where the concept of a search path for the directories containing executable programs comes in to play. The shell looks in the colon delimited list of directories in the environment variable PATH. You can examine it with the command:- echo $PATH In my case here's the output: ( Warning to the Posting Police: Long line coming up. You don't need to read this guff, go to next message immediately :-) [EMAIL PROTECTED] ~ $ echo $PATH /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/bin/:/usr/kde/3.3/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/opt/bin:/usr/i386-pc-linux-gnu/gcc-bin/3.3:/opt/Acrobat5:/opt/ghc/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/opt/blackdown-jdk-1.4.2/bin:/opt/blackdown-jdk-1.4.2/jre/bin:/usr/qt/3/bin:/usr/kde/3.3/bin:/opt/HelixPlayer:/usr/games/bin Lots of directories. The shell loader scan the list from left to right and pick the first match. You can check for the full path of the file which is going to be actually executed by using either the command 'which' or the 'type' one we saw yesterday. e.g. :- [EMAIL PROTECTED] ~ $ type acroread acroread is /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/bin/acroread [EMAIL PROTECTED] ~ $ which acroread /usr/local/Adobe/Acrobat7.0/bin/acroread Now for the ./command construct. When they appear in a path substituting for a directory name, the shell ( bash ) interprets ( expands ) the tilde '~' and full-stop '.' characters as your home directory and the present working directory respectively. Thus ./command means: 'execute the file 'command' which you will find in the user's present working directory. Similarly ~/command means that the loader should look in your home directory for the file to load and execute. Clear as mud? Excellent! Here endeth the lesson. -- C. S.
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 17:28, Steve Holdoway wrote: Anyway, bash uses .bash_profile for this purpose. If you add the line PATH=:$PATH to this file, or, if there is a line that extends $PATH in any way, then add a : immediately after the =, then this modifies it so that it looks in your current directory first. Isn't that considered a rather dangerous no no? Much safer imho to put the current directory at the end of the PATH. vis:- export PATH=$PATH:. -- C. S.
Re: Toms RTBT Disk
On Fri, February 18, 2005 5:58 pm, Christopher Sawtell said: On Fri, 18 Feb 2005 17:28, Steve Holdoway wrote: Anyway, bash uses .bash_profile for this purpose. If you add the line PATH=:$PATH to this file, or, if there is a line that extends $PATH in any way, then add a : immediately after the =, then this modifies it so that it looks in your current directory first. Isn't that considered a rather dangerous no no? Much safer imho to put the current directory at the end of the PATH. vis:- export PATH=$PATH:. A matter of opinion. If it's at the end, then your local 'ls' will only be run if the cwd explicitly used, ie ./ls If that's the case, then it may be considered that there is little or no point using the cwd either first or last, hence the default. Steve BTW the extra export is unnecessary, PATH is exported in /etc/profile. -- C. S. -- Artificial Intelligence is no match for natural stupidity.
