Re: [nysbirds-l] New Empidonax identification tip

2016-12-09 Thread Peter Reisfeld
While I do not profess expertise in this matter, I just wanted to comment on the study by Baumann et. al in the Journal of Field Ornithology on distinguishing Western and yellow bellied flycatcher. While precise separation required in the hand measurement of wing and buffy fringe lengths, as

Re: [nysbirds-l] New Empidonax identification tip

2016-12-09 Thread Peter Reisfeld
While I do not profess expertise in this matter, I just wanted to comment on the study by Baumann et. al in the Journal of Field Ornithology on distinguishing Western and yellow bellied flycatcher. While precise separation required in the hand measurement of wing and buffy fringe lengths, as

[nysbirds-l] Inwood Empidonax - photo & comment

2016-12-09 Thread Deborah Allen
Hi All, I photographed the Empidonax flycatcher at Inwood at around 2:30 this afternoon (Dec. 9): http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=18320149 A close look reveals emargination on p6-p9 (four primaries)so the bird is certainly not an Acadian, Willow, or Alder Flycatcher (see

[nysbirds-l] Inwood Empidonax - photo & comment

2016-12-09 Thread Deborah Allen
Hi All, I photographed the Empidonax flycatcher at Inwood at around 2:30 this afternoon (Dec. 9): http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=18320149 A close look reveals emargination on p6-p9 (four primaries)so the bird is certainly not an Acadian, Willow, or Alder Flycatcher (see

[nysbirds-l] Inwood Empidonax - photo & comment

2016-12-09 Thread Deborah Allen
Hi All, I photographed the Empidonax flycatcher at Inwood at around 2:30 this afternoon (Dec. 9): http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=18320149 A close look reveals emargination on p6-p9 (four primaries) so the bird is certainly not an Acadian, Willow, or Alder Flycatcher (see Pyle Vol. 1),

[nysbirds-l] Inwood Empidonax - photo & comment

2016-12-09 Thread Deborah Allen
Hi All, I photographed the Empidonax flycatcher at Inwood at around 2:30 this afternoon (Dec. 9): http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=18320149 A close look reveals emargination on p6-p9 (four primaries) so the bird is certainly not an Acadian, Willow, or Alder Flycatcher (see Pyle Vol. 1),

[nysbirds-l] NYC Area RBA: 9 December 2016

2016-12-09 Thread Ben Cacace
- RBA * New York * New York City, Long Island, Westchester County * Dec. 9, 2016 * NYNY1612.09 - Birds mentioned PACIFIC LOON+ ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER+ CAVE SWALLOW+ WESTERN TANAGER+ (+ Details requested by NYSARC) Red-necked Grebe Rough-legged Hawk Black-legged Kittiwake Snowy Owl Long-eared

[nysbirds-l] NYC Area RBA: 9 December 2016

2016-12-09 Thread Ben Cacace
- RBA * New York * New York City, Long Island, Westchester County * Dec. 9, 2016 * NYNY1612.09 - Birds mentioned PACIFIC LOON+ ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER+ CAVE SWALLOW+ WESTERN TANAGER+ (+ Details requested by NYSARC) Red-necked Grebe Rough-legged Hawk Black-legged Kittiwake Snowy Owl Long-eared

[nysbirds-l] Empidonax sp., Manhattan NYC 12/9

2016-12-09 Thread Thomas Fiore
Inwood Hill Park, northern Manhattan (NYC) Friday, 9 December 2016 The Empidonax [genus] Flycatcher (found Thursday 12/8 by John Keane) was continuing to be seen today in the area described in prior posts on this individual - at least 15 birders were there (at various times) by about noon

[nysbirds-l] Empidonax sp., Manhattan NYC 12/9

2016-12-09 Thread Thomas Fiore
Inwood Hill Park, northern Manhattan (NYC) Friday, 9 December 2016 The Empidonax [genus] Flycatcher (found Thursday 12/8 by John Keane) was continuing to be seen today in the area described in prior posts on this individual - at least 15 birders were there (at various times) by about noon

Re: [nysbirds-l] Inwood emptied

2016-12-09 Thread pwpost
I would like to remind everyone looking for this bird that droppings of the last year's Central Park Western Flycatcher were helpful in It's identification as a probable Pacific-slope. Carry a ziplock bag? Peter Post. Sent from my iPhone > On Dec 9, 2016, at 3:53 PM, zach

Re: [nysbirds-l] Inwood emptied

2016-12-09 Thread pwpost
I would like to remind everyone looking for this bird that droppings of the last year's Central Park Western Flycatcher were helpful in It's identification as a probable Pacific-slope. Carry a ziplock bag? Peter Post. Sent from my iPhone > On Dec 9, 2016, at 3:53 PM, zach

Re: [nysbirds-l] Additional photos of the Inwood empid

2016-12-09 Thread zach schwartz-weinstein
None while I was there. I think Isaac and Jose tried to record it this morning, without success, but maybe they can describe the call note? On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 3:51 PM Shaibal Mitra wrote: > Hi all, > > > > Based on these new photos, I can definitely agree with

Re: [nysbirds-l] Additional photos of the Inwood empid

2016-12-09 Thread zach schwartz-weinstein
None while I was there. I think Isaac and Jose tried to record it this morning, without success, but maybe they can describe the call note? On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 3:51 PM Shaibal Mitra wrote: > Hi all, > > > > Based on these new photos, I can definitely agree with Hugh's earlier > points about

RE: [nysbirds-l] Additional photos of the Inwood empid

2016-12-09 Thread Shaibal Mitra
Hi all, Based on these new photos, I can definitely agree with Hugh's earlier points about the brownish flight feather tones (vs. blackish in Yellow-bellied) and the spacing of the primary tips (one large gap, vs. two roughly equal gaps). The pale edgings on the secondaries look much dingier

RE: [nysbirds-l] Additional photos of the Inwood empid

2016-12-09 Thread Shaibal Mitra
Hi all, Based on these new photos, I can definitely agree with Hugh's earlier points about the brownish flight feather tones (vs. blackish in Yellow-bellied) and the spacing of the primary tips (one large gap, vs. two roughly equal gaps). The pale edgings on the secondaries look much dingier

[nysbirds-l] Additional photos of the Inwood empid

2016-12-09 Thread zach schwartz-weinstein
http://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S32934114 Sent from my iPhone -- NYSbirds-L List Info: http://www.NortheastBirding.com/NYSbirdsWELCOME http://www.NortheastBirding.com/NYSbirdsRULES http://www.NortheastBirding.com/NYSbirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm ARCHIVES: 1)

[nysbirds-l] Additional photos of the Inwood empid

2016-12-09 Thread zach schwartz-weinstein
http://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S32934114 Sent from my iPhone -- NYSbirds-L List Info: http://www.NortheastBirding.com/NYSbirdsWELCOME http://www.NortheastBirding.com/NYSbirdsRULES http://www.NortheastBirding.com/NYSbirdsSubscribeConfigurationLeave.htm ARCHIVES: 1)

RE: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Wasilco, Mike R (DEC)
Chipmunks and red squirrels and even deer have been known to take advantage of bird nests, eggs and even adult birds when the opportunity presents itself. They can be a problem when mist-netting. Michael R. Wasilco Regional Wildlife Manager, Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources New

Re: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread redknot
Hi Rick: Grey squirrels, red squirrels, both species of flying squirrels (often come to feeding stations to feed on suet), and chipmunks covet protein and are known to eat bird eggs and nestlings. Indeed, they are an under appreciated source of mortality for songbirds, especially chipmunks. 

Re: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread redknot
Hi Rick: Grey squirrels, red squirrels, both species of flying squirrels (often come to feeding stations to feed on suet), and chipmunks covet protein and are known to eat bird eggs and nestlings. Indeed, they are an under appreciated source of mortality for songbirds, especially chipmunks. 

RE: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Weiskotten, Kurt
Wait – squirrels like poached eggs?? … Sorry, couldn’t help myself! [GPI Logo 03.png] Kurt Weiskotten Environmental Scientist Greenman-Pedersen, Inc. Engineering and Construction Services 80 Wolf Road, Suite 300, Albany, NY 12205 Main 518-898-9553 ext. 1553 | cell 518-542-3489

RE: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Weiskotten, Kurt
Wait – squirrels like poached eggs?? … Sorry, couldn’t help myself! [GPI Logo 03.png] Kurt Weiskotten Environmental Scientist Greenman-Pedersen, Inc. Engineering and Construction Services 80 Wolf Road, Suite 300, Albany, NY 12205 Main 518-898-9553 ext. 1553 | cell 518-542-3489

Re: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Gabriel Willow
Agreeing with others on this thread, I believe squirrels are opportunistic feeders, and likely consume a higher quantity of meat than we may suspect (much as coyotes, foxes, and other carnivores eat substantial quantities of vegetable matter during certain seasons). Many years ago I had the

Re: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Gabriel Willow
Agreeing with others on this thread, I believe squirrels are opportunistic feeders, and likely consume a higher quantity of meat than we may suspect (much as coyotes, foxes, and other carnivores eat substantial quantities of vegetable matter during certain seasons). Many years ago I had the

Re: [nysbirds-l] Inwood Hill Park (New York City) empid

2016-12-09 Thread zach schwartz-weinstein
Present again for the last ten minutes foraging very low by the paved path. Many photos, no recording of call On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 1:52 PM David Barrett wrote: > The empid was visible during most of the hour, starting at 10:50 a,m., > that I was present. It was nearly always

Re: [nysbirds-l] Inwood Hill Park (New York City) empid

2016-12-09 Thread zach schwartz-weinstein
Present again for the last ten minutes foraging very low by the paved path. Many photos, no recording of call On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 1:52 PM David Barrett wrote: > The empid was visible during most of the hour, starting at 10:50 a,m., > that I was present. It was nearly always perching low on

RE: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Weiskotten, Kurt
And of course, a relative, the eastern chipmunk is a notorious egg thief and will go after nestlings and other meaty creatures of circumstance. I have even seen a chipmunk readily eating the hind quarters of another chipmunk! [GPI Logo with Wreath] Kurt Weiskotten Environmental Scientist

RE: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Weiskotten, Kurt
And of course, a relative, the eastern chipmunk is a notorious egg thief and will go after nestlings and other meaty creatures of circumstance. I have even seen a chipmunk readily eating the hind quarters of another chipmunk! [GPI Logo with Wreath] Kurt Weiskotten Environmental Scientist

[nysbirds-l] Inwood Hill Park (New York City) empid

2016-12-09 Thread David Barrett
The empid was visible during most of the hour, starting at 10:50 a,m., that I was present. It was nearly always perching low on twigs, and frequently was on the ground. It ranged immediately west of the paved path on the west boundary of the soccer fields, which lie south of Spuyten Duyvil Creek.

[nysbirds-l] Inwood Hill Park (New York City) empid

2016-12-09 Thread David Barrett
The empid was visible during most of the hour, starting at 10:50 a,m., that I was present. It was nearly always perching low on twigs, and frequently was on the ground. It ranged immediately west of the paved path on the west boundary of the soccer fields, which lie south of Spuyten Duyvil Creek.

RE: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Joan Collins
Shai - wonderful description of the squirrel spinning the drumstick like a pine cone! That is exactly how I describe what it looks like when a Red Squirrel eats a bird. I take photos and videos of lots of behaviors - many that my husband objects to me putting on Facebook (too gross) - but after

RE: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Joan Collins
Shai - wonderful description of the squirrel spinning the drumstick like a pine cone! That is exactly how I describe what it looks like when a Red Squirrel eats a bird. I take photos and videos of lots of behaviors - many that my husband objects to me putting on Facebook (too gross) - but after

Re: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Rick & Linda
Thanks Arie, Shai & Nancy Jane, Upon reflection I concur with what you have to say. Although it was still a shock to see the bird still twitching as it was being eaten. I was worried that the squirrel might have rabies and that was the reason for, what I thought of, it’s aberrant behavior.

Re: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Rick & Linda
Thanks Arie, Shai & Nancy Jane, Upon reflection I concur with what you have to say. Although it was still a shock to see the bird still twitching as it was being eaten. I was worried that the squirrel might have rabies and that was the reason for, what I thought of, it’s aberrant behavior.

RE: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Shaibal Mitra
Benign explanations, such as hunger or calcium deficit, are certainly plausible, but I wouldn't rule out depravity. These little mammals are smart enough that they probably form some sort of conviction of right and wrong--along with the concomitant and irresistible urge to transgress. When I

RE: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Shaibal Mitra
Benign explanations, such as hunger or calcium deficit, are certainly plausible, but I wouldn't rule out depravity. These little mammals are smart enough that they probably form some sort of conviction of right and wrong--along with the concomitant and irresistible urge to transgress. When I

Re: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Arie Gilbert
Rick, Most animals are ~predominantly~ of one persuasion; be it vegetarian, omnivore, or carnivorous.  That is to say that your dog or cat will predominantly eat meat, and must do so, but this does not preclude them from eating grass or sampling your house plants

Re: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Arie Gilbert
Rick, Most animals are ~predominantly~ of one persuasion; be it vegetarian, omnivore, or carnivorous.  That is to say that your dog or cat will predominantly eat meat, and must do so, but this does not preclude them from eating grass or sampling your house plants

RE: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Larry Trachtenberg
So McD's hamburgers are meat, good to know. L Trachtenberg Ossining. Lawrence B. Trachtenberg | trachtenb...@amsllp.com Aronson Mayefsky & Sloan, LLP 12 E. 49th Street, New York, New York 10017 | T: 212.521.3511 | F: 212.838.5505 NOTICE: This e-mail is intended

RE: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Larry Trachtenberg
So McD's hamburgers are meat, good to know. L Trachtenberg Ossining. Lawrence B. Trachtenberg | trachtenb...@amsllp.com Aronson Mayefsky & Sloan, LLP 12 E. 49th Street, New York, New York 10017 | T: 212.521.3511 | F: 212.838.5505 NOTICE: This e-mail is intended

Re: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Nancy Jane Kern
I have seen gray squirrels gnaw on a deer carcass, regularly eat suet, eat on road kill, and chew MacDonald's hamburgers taken out of a dumpster in Albany. Not that often, but some will do it. Maybe it relates to their level of hunger. Nancy Kern Austerlitz, NY Columbia County

Re: [nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Nancy Jane Kern
I have seen gray squirrels gnaw on a deer carcass, regularly eat suet, eat on road kill, and chew MacDonald's hamburgers taken out of a dumpster in Albany. Not that often, but some will do it. Maybe it relates to their level of hunger. Nancy Kern Austerlitz, NY Columbia County

[nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Rick & Linda
I always thought G Squirrels were vegetarians. Here are pictures of a squirrel on my deck eating a DE Junco. I could not believe my eyes but there it is. I was working on my laptop this morning and heard a thump on the sliding glass door. Evidently it was a DE Junco that hit the glass. I

[nysbirds-l] [NFBirds Report 2905] I Have Never Seen This Before !!

2016-12-09 Thread Rick & Linda
I always thought G Squirrels were vegetarians. Here are pictures of a squirrel on my deck eating a DE Junco. I could not believe my eyes but there it is. I was working on my laptop this morning and heard a thump on the sliding glass door. Evidently it was a DE Junco that hit the glass. I

Re: FW: [nysbirds-l] New Empidonax identification tip

2016-12-09 Thread Anders Peltomaa
Thanks for the reminder Shai, Here is a link to a PDF of the article that Joe referenced. https://biology.unm.edu/Witt/pub_files/Baumann-etal-2014-JFO-yellow-Empid-ID-jofo12078.pdf good birding, Anders Peltomaa Manhattan On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:12 AM, Shaibal Mitra

Re: FW: [nysbirds-l] New Empidonax identification tip

2016-12-09 Thread Anders Peltomaa
Thanks for the reminder Shai, Here is a link to a PDF of the article that Joe referenced. https://biology.unm.edu/Witt/pub_files/Baumann-etal-2014-JFO-yellow-Empid-ID-jofo12078.pdf good birding, Anders Peltomaa Manhattan On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:12 AM, Shaibal Mitra wrote: > In a really

[nysbirds-l] NYC Inwood Hill Park empid YES

2016-12-09 Thread Sean Sime
I just received a call from Joe DiCostanzo letting me know he had just arrived at the previously reported location and the bird was seen briefly by other birders on the scene. Good luck if you go, Sean Sime Brooklyn, NY -- NYSbirds-L List Info: http://www.NortheastBirding.com/NYSbirdsWELCOME

[nysbirds-l] NYC Inwood Hill Park empid YES

2016-12-09 Thread Sean Sime
I just received a call from Joe DiCostanzo letting me know he had just arrived at the previously reported location and the bird was seen briefly by other birders on the scene. Good luck if you go, Sean Sime Brooklyn, NY -- NYSbirds-L List Info: http://www.NortheastBirding.com/NYSbirdsWELCOME

FW: [nysbirds-l] New Empidonax identification tip

2016-12-09 Thread Shaibal Mitra
In a really nice example of how this list serves as institutional memory for our community, Dave Klauber just reminded me of this very relevant post from Joe DiCostanzo, from December 2014. It details the foundation of the wing pattern feature mentioned in the Whatbird discussions, and I would

FW: [nysbirds-l] New Empidonax identification tip

2016-12-09 Thread Shaibal Mitra
In a really nice example of how this list serves as institutional memory for our community, Dave Klauber just reminded me of this very relevant post from Joe DiCostanzo, from December 2014. It details the foundation of the wing pattern feature mentioned in the Whatbird discussions, and I would

Re: [nysbirds-l] Manhattan Empidonax - Inwood Hill Park

2016-12-09 Thread Jose G
Issac Grant, Tom Fiore and I have relocated the bird. Dropped Pin near Inwood, New York, NY https://goo.gl/maps/eS2tuMgiieq On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:09 AM Hugh McGuinness wrote: > Last year the Maryland-DC Records Committee evaluated Maryland's first > record of

Re: [nysbirds-l] Manhattan Empidonax - Inwood Hill Park

2016-12-09 Thread Jose G
Issac Grant, Tom Fiore and I have relocated the bird. Dropped Pin near Inwood, New York, NY https://goo.gl/maps/eS2tuMgiieq On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:09 AM Hugh McGuinness wrote: > Last year the Maryland-DC Records Committee evaluated Maryland's first > record of "Western" Flycatcher in the

Re: [nysbirds-l] Manhattan Empidonax - Inwood Hill Park

2016-12-09 Thread Hugh McGuinness
Last year the Maryland-DC Records Committee evaluated Maryland's first record of "Western" Flycatcher in the affirmative. In order to do this we spent a day at the NMNH looking at skins. Using my notes from that day, I find the Manhattan bird a bit confusing. I spent about 20 minutes last night

Re: [nysbirds-l] Manhattan Empidonax - Inwood Hill Park

2016-12-09 Thread Hugh McGuinness
Last year the Maryland-DC Records Committee evaluated Maryland's first record of "Western" Flycatcher in the affirmative. In order to do this we spent a day at the NMNH looking at skins. Using my notes from that day, I find the Manhattan bird a bit confusing. I spent about 20 minutes last night

RE: [nysbirds-l] Manhattan Empidonax - Inwood Hill Park

2016-12-09 Thread Shaibal Mitra
Having asked for more posts to this list, I'll contribute one. My thought process on any late (after early October) Empidonax in the Northeast is roughly as follows: 1. Can we rule out Least? Least Flycatcher is an abundant species and more prone to late occurrence than other common eastern

RE: [nysbirds-l] Manhattan Empidonax - Inwood Hill Park

2016-12-09 Thread Shaibal Mitra
Having asked for more posts to this list, I'll contribute one. My thought process on any late (after early October) Empidonax in the Northeast is roughly as follows: 1. Can we rule out Least? Least Flycatcher is an abundant species and more prone to late occurrence than other common eastern

Re: [ebirdsnyc] Fwd: [nysbirds-l] Manhattan Empidonax - Inwood Hill Park

2016-12-09 Thread Andrew Baksh
Thanks for the report Nathan. I copied to NYSBirds for folks there who might be interested in any updates. "I prefer to be true to myself, even at the hazard of incurring the ridicule of others, rather than to be false, and to incur my own abhorrence." ~ Frederick Douglass 風 Swift as

Re: [ebirdsnyc] Fwd: [nysbirds-l] Manhattan Empidonax - Inwood Hill Park

2016-12-09 Thread Andrew Baksh
Thanks for the report Nathan. I copied to NYSBirds for folks there who might be interested in any updates. "I prefer to be true to myself, even at the hazard of incurring the ridicule of others, rather than to be false, and to incur my own abhorrence." ~ Frederick Douglass 風 Swift as

[nysbirds-l] Manhattan-rare, NYC 12/8

2016-12-09 Thread Thomas Fiore
Manhattan (New York City) - Thursday, 8 December, 2016 A Western Tanager was again seen at City Hall Park in lower Manhattan on Thursday 12/8; the 4 warbler species there previously (including a chat) may not have been - but might yet be in the area, if the tanager is hanging on - the

[nysbirds-l] Manhattan-rare, NYC 12/8

2016-12-09 Thread Thomas Fiore
Manhattan (New York City) - Thursday, 8 December, 2016 A Western Tanager was again seen at City Hall Park in lower Manhattan on Thursday 12/8; the 4 warbler species there previously (including a chat) may not have been - but might yet be in the area, if the tanager is hanging on - the

Re: [nysbirds-l] Manhattan Empidonax - Inwood Hill Park

2016-12-09 Thread Andrew Baksh
Always tough at this time of the year. For me, I would also include Acadian to the list of possibilities. "I prefer to be true to myself, even at the hazard of incurring the ridicule of others, rather than to be false, and to incur my own abhorrence." ~ Frederick Douglass 風 Swift as

Re: [nysbirds-l] Manhattan Empidonax - Inwood Hill Park

2016-12-09 Thread Andrew Baksh
Always tough at this time of the year. For me, I would also include Acadian to the list of possibilities. "I prefer to be true to myself, even at the hazard of incurring the ridicule of others, rather than to be false, and to incur my own abhorrence." ~ Frederick Douglass 風 Swift as