xiangfu0 commented on code in PR #19795:
URL: https://github.com/apache/pinot/pull/19795#discussion_r4243811079


##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/customobject/tdigest/PercentileTDigestAccumulator.java:
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@@ -0,0 +1,1730 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+/*
+ * Portions of the CDF, quantile, weighted-average and K1 weight-limit 
implementation are adapted from
+ * MergingDigest, AbstractTDigest and ScaleFunction in t-digest 3.3 
(https://github.com/tdunning/t-digest).
+ * Modified for Pinot's primitive centroid storage, lazy serialized inputs and 
legacy boundary handling.
+ * Original license notice for these portions:
+ *
+ * Licensed to Ted Dunning under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.segment.local.customobject.tdigest;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import 
org.apache.pinot.segment.local.customobject.tdigest.TDigestCodec.SerializedTDigestMetadata;
+
+
+
+/// Accumulates raw values and serialized TDigests into primitive centroids 
using Pinot's K1 weight-limit rule.
+///
+/// Raw values are sorted in small batches; serialized centroids retain their 
existing sorted order. Both are
+/// linearly merged with accumulated centroids. K1 preserves Pinot's existing 
middle-quantile behavior, and the
+/// legacy verbose and small encodings preserve stored data and mixed-version 
wire compatibility.
+///
+/// Serialized state keeps its first digest pending and allocates centroid 
buffers only when another input must be
+/// merged or the digest is queried. Raw-value buffers remain unallocated 
until a raw value is added.
+///
+/// Historical corrupted payloads remain opaque and byte-exact, with NaN 
statistics. Their reported historical mass
+/// may be invalid; they cannot be mutated or mixed with another distribution. 
Such an operation fails before
+/// changing aggregate mass, because neither invented statistics nor synthetic 
NaN bytes are safe for old readers.
+/// Unchanged historical fractional boundaries retain their original bytes, 
including when configured compression
+/// differs. After a merge, inherited fractional endpoints retain precise 
verbose weights and finite statistics when
+/// unit endpoints cannot preserve their mass. These keep the historical 
t-digest 3.3 assertion-enabled reader and
+/// recompression limitation. Newly introduced unsupported fractional 
endpoints are rejected.
+///
+/// Instances are externally serialized per aggregation or group key and are 
not safe for concurrent mutation.
+public final class PercentileTDigestAccumulator extends TDigest {
+  private static final int MIN_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE = 256;
+  private static final int MAX_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE = 10_000;
+  private static final int TWO_LEVEL_COMPRESSION_MULTIPLIER = 2;
+  private static final int MIN_INCREMENTAL_COMPRESSION = 50;
+
+  private final double _compression;
+  private final boolean _useTwoLevelRawCompression;
+  private final double _workingCompression;
+  private final double _publicMaxWeightScale;
+  private final double _workingMaxWeightScale;
+  private final int _centroidCapacity;
+  private final int _pendingCentroidCapacity;
+  private double[] _rawValues;
+  private double[] _centroidMeans;
+  private double[] _centroidWeights;
+  private double[] _outputMeans;
+  private double[] _outputWeights;
+  private double[] _incomingMeans;
+  private double[] _incomingWeights;
+  private double[] _sortedIncomingMeans;
+  private double[] _sortedIncomingWeights;
+  private SerializedTDigestInput _serializedTDigestInput;
+  private byte[] _pendingSerializedTDigest;
+  private byte[] _originalFractionalBytes;
+  private byte[] _originalBoundaryBytes;
+  private double _historicalFractionalMinMean = Double.NaN;
+  private double _historicalFractionalMaxMean = Double.NaN;
+  private double _freshFractionalMinMean = Double.NaN;
+  private double _freshFractionalMaxMean = Double.NaN;
+  private SerializedTDigestMetadata _pendingSerializedMetadata;
+  private boolean _legacyDegraded;

Review Comment:
   Agreed that separating opaque degraded state could simplify the kernel in a 
follow-up. It is not only a deserialization-factory choice today: an 
already-created accumulator can receive its first serialized input through 
addSerializedTDigest / addSerializedTDigestDirect and become the retained 
degraded state without replacing the aggregation object. Splitting the type 
would also need changes to those concrete accumulator paths and their holders. 
I am keeping this non-blocking refactor out of the dependency-removal change, 
consistent with the earlier request to avoid another inheritance hierarchy. 
Existing coverage exercises byte-exact retention, NaN statistics, empty merges 
and rejection of mixed healthy/corrupt state in both orders; the affected 
suites were rerun successfully.
   
   Validated at `1a648f4b0cd662a7bd775a9293152a0e9344d5d3`: 552 affected tests, 
real t-digest 3.2/3.3 bidirectional bytes, the 270-case oracle, applicable 
precommit checks and independent Pinot review all pass. New-head CI and 
maintainer approval remain separate gates.



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