xiangfu0 commented on code in PR #19795:
URL: https://github.com/apache/pinot/pull/19795#discussion_r4244257900


##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/aggregator/PercentileTDigestValueAggregator.java:
##########
@@ -128,562 +117,29 @@ public int getMaxAggregatedValueByteSize() {
 
   @Override
   public byte[] serializeAggregatedValue(TDigest value) {
-    int requiredCapacity = 
getMaxVerboseByteSize(getDefaultCentroidCapacity(value.compression()));
-    if (_serializationBuffer == null || _serializationBuffer.capacity() < 
requiredCapacity) {
-      _serializationBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(requiredCapacity);
-    }
-    byte[] bytes = asNonFiniteAware(value).serialize(_serializationBuffer);
+    NonFiniteAwareTDigest wrapped = asNonFiniteAware(value);
+    updateMaxByteSize(wrapped);
+    byte[] bytes = wrapped.serialize();
     _maxByteSize = Math.max(_maxByteSize, bytes.length);
     return bytes;
   }
 
   @Override
   public TDigest deserializeAggregatedValue(byte[] bytes) {
+    _maxByteSize = Math.max(_maxByteSize, bytes.length);
     return NonFiniteAwareTDigest.fromBytes(bytes);
   }
 
   private static NonFiniteAwareTDigest asNonFiniteAware(TDigest value) {

Review Comment:
   Fixed cloneAggregatedValue to use a snapshotting copy factory. Native 
accumulator buffers are copied before conversion into the non-finite-aware 
wrapper, so any consuming merge operates on the copy. The clone regression now 
covers native and wrapped sources with and without an infinity tail, then 
mutates/serializes the clone and continues adding to the original against an 
untouched control. It reproduces the old source drift (1120-byte output versus 
the control's 1024 bytes) and passes after the fix.
   
   Validated at `3821623d46933dd233b8110e123ecb4f86ac1e96`: 554 affected tests, 
genuine 3.2/3.3 bidirectional byte checks, the 270-case oracle, applicable 
precommit checks and independent Pinot review pass. New-head CI and maintainer 
approval remain separate gates.



##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/customobject/tdigest/TDigestCodec.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,850 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.segment.local.customobject.tdigest;
+
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
+import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
+import java.nio.BufferUnderflowException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/// Compatibility helpers for the serialized t-digest format shared by 
t-digest 3.2 and 3.3.
+///
+/// Version 3.3 requires the first and last centroid to have unit weight 
whenever a digest is recompressed. Version
+/// 3.2 did not maintain that invariant, so an otherwise valid 3.2 digest can 
fail an assertion after being read by
+/// 3.3. Pure reads retain the legacy weighted boundary centroids. Adjacent 
equal means use Pinot's point-mass
+/// interpolation, so quantile/CDF values can change on unchanged bytes, 
including intervals next to a plateau.
+/// Mutation and serialization repair their boundaries only when unit 
endpoints can preserve their total weight and
+/// first moment; otherwise unchanged historical bytes remain readable and 
mutation fails explicitly.
+/// Serialization uses the compact form when 3.3's larger low-compression 
centroid buffer would not fit in a 3.2
+/// default buffer and every centroid is exactly representable in that format. 
Otherwise, it merges the nearest
+/// interior centroids until the verbose representation fits the 3.2 capacity. 
This keeps intermediate values readable
+/// in both directions during a rolling upgrade without silently narrowing 
double-precision values to floats.
+///
+/// Pinot owns the in-memory K1 implementation and retains these legacy bytes 
for stored columns and mixed-version
+/// intermediate results. Decoding checks lengths and numerical state before 
allocating centroid arrays.
+/// NaN means at an identifiable infinite tail are restored to that infinite 
bound without changing their weights.
+/// Other poisoned states remain byte-readable with NaN statistics because 
their distribution cannot be recovered.
+/// They retain their original bytes; attempting to mutate them or mix them 
with another distribution fails explicitly.
+/// Opaque poisoned payloads retain their original centroids even if an old 
reader's default array cannot hold them;
+/// these historical exceptions remain readable by Pinot, but are not 
guaranteed to survive a reverse upgrade.
+/// Historical fractional boundary masses below one, and singleton masses 
between one and two, retain their original
+/// bytes. Fresh serialization rejects these boundaries: t-digest 3.3's 
unit-endpoint assertion cannot be satisfied
+/// without changing their mass. Fractional interior weights remain supported.
+public final class TDigestCodec {
+  public static final int VERBOSE_ENCODING = 1;
+  public static final int SMALL_ENCODING = 2;
+  private static final int LEGACY_CAPACITY_PADDING = 10;
+  public static final int VERBOSE_HEADER_SIZE = 32;
+  public static final int VERBOSE_CENTROID_SIZE = 16;
+  public static final int SMALL_HEADER_SIZE = 30;
+  public static final int SMALL_CENTROID_SIZE = 8;
+  public static final int DEFAULT_MERGE_BUFFER_MULTIPLIER = 5;
+
+  private TDigestCodec() {
+  }
+
+  /// Reads the compression from a validated header without decoding centroid 
arrays.
+  public static double readCompression(byte[] bytes) {
+    return readSerializedHeader(ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes)).compression();
+  }
+
+  /// Rejects non-finite compression while retaining the legacy clamping of 
finite settings below ten.
+  public static void validateCompression(double compression) {
+    if (!Double.isFinite(compression)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid TDigest compression: " + 
compression);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Applies the legacy minimum compression to query, ingestion and 
serialized-header settings.
+  public static double normalizeCompression(double compression) {
+    validateCompression(compression);
+    return Math.max(compression, 10.0);
+  }
+
+  /// Writes validated centroid arrays in the standard verbose encoding 
without sorting or recompression.
+  /// The caller retains the arrays; only the first `count` entries are 
written, with normalized compression.
+  public static byte[] serializeCentroids(double compression, double min, 
double max, double[] means,
+      double[] weights, int count) {
+    if (count < 0 || count > means.length || count > weights.length) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid TDigest centroid count: " + 
count);
+    }
+    ByteBuffer encoded = ByteBuffer.allocate(Math.addExact(VERBOSE_HEADER_SIZE,
+        Math.multiplyExact(VERBOSE_CENTROID_SIZE, count)));
+    
encoded.putInt(VERBOSE_ENCODING).putDouble(min).putDouble(max).putDouble(normalizeCompression(compression));
+    encoded.putInt(count);
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      encoded.putDouble(weights[i]).putDouble(means[i]);
+    }
+    return encoded.array();
+  }
+
+  /// Encodes validated, sorted native centroids and selects a 
legacy-compatible representation.
+  static byte[] serializeCompatibleCentroids(double compression, double min, 
double max, double[] means,
+      double[] weights, int count, boolean inheritedFractionalBoundaries) {
+    if (count < 0 || count > 0 && (count > means.length || count > 
weights.length || !(min <= max))) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid TDigest centroid count or 
extrema");
+    }
+    ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(
+        Math.addExact(VERBOSE_HEADER_SIZE,
+            Math.multiplyExact(VERBOSE_CENTROID_SIZE, count)));
+    buffer.putInt(VERBOSE_ENCODING);
+    buffer.putDouble(min);
+    buffer.putDouble(max);
+    buffer.putDouble(compression);
+    buffer.putInt(count);
+    double encodedWeight = 0.0;
+    boolean hasNonFiniteMeans = false;
+    boolean fractionalWeights = false;
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      if (!(weights[i] > 0.0) || !Double.isFinite(weights[i]) || !(means[i] >= 
min && means[i] <= max)) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid TDigest centroid");
+      }
+      buffer.putDouble(weights[i]);
+      buffer.putDouble(means[i]);
+      encodedWeight += weights[i];
+      hasNonFiniteMeans |= !Double.isFinite(means[i]);
+      fractionalWeights |= weights[i] != Math.rint(weights[i]);
+    }
+    if (!Double.isFinite(encodedWeight)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("TDigest total weight exceeds the 
supported range");
+    }
+    boolean weightedBoundaries = count == 1 ? weights[0] >= 2.0
+        : count > 1 && (weights[0] > 1.0 || weights[count - 1] > 1.0);
+    // Collect exact wire metadata during the write rather than decoding and 
validating our fresh bytes again.
+    SerializedTDigestMetadata metadata = new 
SerializedTDigestMetadata(VERBOSE_ENCODING, min, max,
+        compression, count,
+        VERBOSE_HEADER_SIZE, VERBOSE_CENTROID_SIZE, buffer.capacity(), 
encodedWeight,
+        hasNonFiniteMeans, false, false, fractionalWeights, 
weightedBoundaries, false, compression, Double.NaN,
+        Double.NaN, Double.NaN);
+    return makeLegacyCompatible(buffer.array(), metadata, 
inheritedFractionalBoundaries);
+  }
+
+  /// Rejects fresh boundary masses that legacy readers cannot recompress 
without inventing mass.
+  /// Call after boundary normalization and removing zero-weight centroids; 
fractional interior mass is supported.
+  static void checkLegacyBoundaryWeights(int count, double firstWeight, double 
lastWeight) {
+    if (count > 0 && (firstWeight < 1.0 || lastWeight < 1.0
+        || count == 1 && firstWeight != 1.0 && firstWeight < 2.0)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot serialize fractional TDigest 
boundary mass for legacy readers");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Allows only unsupported endpoint means inherited from a validated legacy 
source. This is shared by native,
+  /// enclosing and generic writers; new fractional global extrema do not 
receive the historical exception.
+  /// Exact equality is intentional: endpoint repair preserves these means, 
and admitting nearby means would grant
+  /// the exception to fresh extrema. Fresh fractional input at or beyond a 
recorded endpoint permanently excludes
+  /// that endpoint, even if its historical mass was merged away or the new 
weight equals the historical weight.
+  static boolean hasInheritedFractionalBoundaryEncoding(TDigest source, int 
count, double firstMean,
+      double firstWeight, double lastMean, double lastWeight) {
+    if (count <= 0 || !source.hasValidStatistics() || !(firstWeight > 0.0) || 
!(lastWeight > 0.0)
+        || !Double.isFinite(firstWeight) || !Double.isFinite(lastWeight)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    boolean singleton = count == 1 && firstWeight != 1.0 && firstWeight < 2.0;
+    boolean firstUnsupported = firstWeight < 1.0 || singleton;
+    boolean lastUnsupported = lastWeight < 1.0 || singleton;
+    return (firstUnsupported || lastUnsupported)
+        && (!firstUnsupported || firstMean == 
source.getHistoricalFractionalBoundaryMean(true)
+            && !(source.getFreshFractionalBoundaryMean(true) <= firstMean))
+        && (!lastUnsupported || lastMean == 
source.getHistoricalFractionalBoundaryMean(false)
+            && !(source.getFreshFractionalBoundaryMean(false) >= lastMean));
+  }
+
+  private static void checkSerializedBoundaryWeights(byte[] bytes, 
SerializedTDigestMetadata metadata) {
+    int count = metadata.centroidCount();
+    if (count > 0) {
+      ByteBuffer encoded = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes);
+      int firstOffset = metadata.centroidOffset();
+      int lastOffset = firstOffset + (count - 1) * metadata.centroidSize();
+      double firstWeight = metadata.encoding() == VERBOSE_ENCODING
+          ? encoded.getDouble(firstOffset) : encoded.getFloat(firstOffset);
+      double lastWeight = metadata.encoding() == VERBOSE_ENCODING
+          ? encoded.getDouble(lastOffset) : encoded.getFloat(lastOffset);
+      checkLegacyBoundaryWeights(count, firstWeight, lastWeight);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Converts a verbose `MergingDigest` payload to a representation readable 
by t-digest 3.2 and 3.3.
+  ///
+  /// The input must use the standard verbose `MergingDigest` encoding. The 
returned payload stays verbose when it
+  /// already fits both legacy default capacities, uses compact encoding only 
when every narrowed field is exact, and
+  /// otherwise reduces interior centroids without narrowing doubles. 
Compression below ten is normalized in the
+  /// output header because the 3.2 verbose reader sizes its arrays from the 
raw header before applying that minimum.
+  /// Opaque degraded state is retained without reducing its unknown 
distribution, including over-capacity payloads.
+  /// Fresh fractional endpoints that legacy unit-boundary repair cannot 
represent are rejected without reweighting.
+  public static byte[] makeLegacyCompatible(byte[] verboseBytes) {
+    return makeLegacyCompatible(verboseBytes, 
inspectSerialized(ByteBuffer.wrap(verboseBytes), false));
+  }
+
+  /// Serializes an unchanged, independently retained payload using metadata 
validated at ingestion.
+  ///
+  /// The metadata must describe these exact bytes. This avoids another 
centroid validation walk for lazy digests.
+  public static byte[] makeLegacyCompatible(byte[] verboseBytes, 
SerializedTDigestMetadata metadata) {
+    return makeLegacyCompatible(verboseBytes, metadata, false);
+  }
+
+  /// Retains exact verbose weights for inherited historical fractional 
endpoints that cannot become unit endpoints.
+  /// All other compatibility checks apply. These payloads keep their 
historical assertion-enabled 3.3 read/merge
+  /// limitation; callers must establish inherited endpoint provenance before 
enabling this exception.
+  static byte[] makeLegacyCompatible(byte[] verboseBytes, 
SerializedTDigestMetadata metadata,
+      boolean inheritedFractionalBoundaries) {
+    if (metadata.encoding() != VERBOSE_ENCODING) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Expected verbose TDigest encoding");
+    }
+    if (metadata.needsLegacyFallback()) {
+      return verboseBytes;
+    }
+    if (!Double.isNaN(metadata.recoveredInfinityMean())) {
+      double[] means = new double[metadata.centroidCount()];
+      double[] weights = new double[means.length];
+      decodeSerializedCentroids(ByteBuffer.wrap(verboseBytes), metadata, 
means, weights);
+      if (!inheritedFractionalBoundaries) {
+        return serializeRecoveredCentroids(metadata, means, weights);
+      }
+      verboseBytes = serializeCentroids(metadata.compression(), 
metadata.min(), metadata.max(), means, weights,
+          means.length);
+      metadata = inspectSerialized(ByteBuffer.wrap(verboseBytes), false);
+    }
+    if (metadata.hasZeroWeightCentroids()) {
+      verboseBytes = removeZeroWeightCentroids(verboseBytes, metadata);
+      metadata = inspectSerialized(ByteBuffer.wrap(verboseBytes), false);
+    }
+    if (!inheritedFractionalBoundaries) {
+      checkSerializedBoundaryWeights(verboseBytes, metadata);
+    }
+    double compression = metadata.compression();
+    if (metadata.encodedCompression() != compression) {
+      verboseBytes = verboseBytes.clone();
+      ByteBuffer.wrap(verboseBytes).putDouble(20, compression);
+    }
+    int centroidCount = metadata.centroidCount();
+    int legacyCapacity =
+        Math.min(getLegacyDefaultCentroidCapacity(compression), 
getDefaultCentroidCapacity(compression));
+    if (centroidCount <= legacyCapacity) {
+      return verboseBytes;
+    }
+    int mainCapacity = getDefaultCentroidCapacity(compression);
+    long bufferCapacity = DEFAULT_MERGE_BUFFER_MULTIPLIER * (long) 
mainCapacity;
+    if (centroidCount > mainCapacity || inheritedFractionalBoundaries || 
(double) (float) compression != compression
+        || centroidCount > Short.MAX_VALUE
+        || mainCapacity > Short.MAX_VALUE || bufferCapacity > Short.MAX_VALUE) 
{
+      return reduceVerboseCentroids(verboseBytes, legacyCapacity);
+    }
+    ByteBuffer verbose = ByteBuffer.wrap(verboseBytes);
+    ByteBuffer centroids = verbose.duplicate();
+    centroids.position(metadata.centroidOffset());
+    for (int i = 0; i < centroidCount; i++) {
+      double weight = centroids.getDouble();
+      double mean = centroids.getDouble();
+      if ((double) (float) weight != weight || (double) (float) mean != mean) {
+        return reduceVerboseCentroids(verboseBytes, legacyCapacity);
+      }
+    }
+
+    ByteBuffer small = ByteBuffer.allocate(SMALL_HEADER_SIZE + 
SMALL_CENTROID_SIZE * centroidCount);
+    verbose.rewind();
+    verbose.getInt();
+    small.putInt(SMALL_ENCODING);
+    small.putDouble(verbose.getDouble());
+    small.putDouble(verbose.getDouble());
+    verbose.getDouble();
+    verbose.getInt();
+    small.putFloat((float) compression);
+    small.putShort((short) mainCapacity);
+    small.putShort((short) bufferCapacity);
+    small.putShort((short) centroidCount);
+    for (int i = 0; i < centroidCount; i++) {
+      small.putFloat((float) verbose.getDouble());
+      small.putFloat((float) verbose.getDouble());
+    }
+    return small.array();
+  }
+
+  private static byte[] serializeRecoveredCentroids(SerializedTDigestMetadata 
metadata, double[] means,
+      double[] weights) {
+    PercentileTDigestAccumulator digest = 
PercentileTDigestAccumulator.forLegacyAggregation(metadata.compression());
+    digest.addHistoricalCentroids(means, weights, means.length, 
metadata.min(), metadata.max(), true);
+    
digest.inheritHistoricalFractionalBoundaries(metadata.historicalFractionalMinMean(),
+        metadata.historicalFractionalMaxMean());
+    return digest.serialize();
+  }
+
+  private static byte[] removeZeroWeightCentroids(byte[] verboseBytes, 
SerializedTDigestMetadata metadata) {
+    ByteBuffer source = ByteBuffer.wrap(verboseBytes);
+    source.position(metadata.centroidOffset());
+    ByteBuffer filtered = ByteBuffer.allocate(metadata.encodedLength());
+    filtered.put(verboseBytes, 0, VERBOSE_HEADER_SIZE);
+    int count = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < metadata.centroidCount(); i++) {
+      double weight = source.getDouble();
+      double mean = source.getDouble();
+      if (weight != 0.0) {
+        filtered.putDouble(weight).putDouble(mean);
+        count++;
+      }
+    }
+    filtered.putInt(28, count);
+    return Arrays.copyOf(filtered.array(), filtered.position());
+  }
+
+  /// Validates serialized lengths and centroid values without allocating 
centroid arrays.
+  public static double validateSerialized(byte[] bytes) {
+    return validateSerialized(ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes));
+  }
+
+  /// Validates one legacy digest without changing `input` and returns its 
total centroid weight.
+  ///
+  /// Trailing bytes remain available to the caller for intermediate values 
containing several objects.
+  public static double validateSerialized(ByteBuffer input) {
+    return validateSerialized(input, true);
+  }
+
+  private static double validateSerialized(ByteBuffer input, boolean 
checkCapacity) {
+    return inspectSerialized(input, checkCapacity).totalWeight();
+  }
+
+  /// Header and numerical metadata for one legacy byte payload. The centroid 
bytes remain owned by the caller.
+  /// Header-only inspection leaves total weight as NaN until centroid 
inspection validates the numerical fields.
+  ///
+  /// Legacy writers can emit poisoned numerical state after overflow or 
broken fractional boundary repair.
+  /// Such state is retained with degraded quantiles, rather than being passed 
to the sorted K1 kernel.
+  public record SerializedTDigestMetadata(int encoding, double min, double 
max, double compression,
+      int centroidCount, int centroidOffset, int centroidSize,
+      int encodedLength, double totalWeight, boolean hasNonFiniteMeans, 
boolean needsLegacyFallback,
+      boolean unorderedMeans, boolean fractionalWeights, boolean 
weightedBoundaries, boolean hasZeroWeightCentroids,
+      double encodedCompression, double recoveredInfinityMean, double 
historicalFractionalMinMean,
+      double historicalFractionalMaxMean) {
+    /// Whether the encoded centroid view can be used unchanged by healthy 
pending-state readers and writers.
+    public boolean isCanonicalPayload() {
+      return !needsLegacyFallback && !weightedBoundaries && !unorderedMeans && 
!hasZeroWeightCentroids
+          && Double.isNaN(recoveredInfinityMean);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Invocation-local parser state. Primitive byte-array reads avoid per-row 
buffer and metadata allocations.
+  /// Public metadata and retained pending payloads receive immutable 
snapshots instead of sharing this state.
+  static final class SerializedTDigestState {
+    private static final VarHandle SHORT_VIEW =
+        MethodHandles.byteArrayViewVarHandle(short[].class, 
ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+    private static final VarHandle INT_VIEW = 
MethodHandles.byteArrayViewVarHandle(int[].class, ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+    private static final VarHandle LONG_VIEW = 
MethodHandles.byteArrayViewVarHandle(long[].class, ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+
+    int _encoding;
+    double _min;
+    double _max;
+    double _compression;
+    int _centroidCount;
+    int _centroidOffset;
+    int _centroidSize;
+    int _encodedLength;
+    double _totalWeight;
+    boolean _hasNonFiniteMeans;
+    boolean _needsLegacyFallback;
+    boolean _unorderedMeans;
+    boolean _fractionalWeights;
+    boolean _weightedBoundaries;
+    boolean _hasZeroWeightCentroids;
+    double _encodedCompression;
+    double _recoveredInfinityMean;
+    double _historicalFractionalMinMean;
+    double _historicalFractionalMaxMean;
+    private byte[] _bytes;
+    private ByteBuffer _buffer;
+    private int _position;
+    private int _limit;
+
+    void reset(byte[] bytes) {
+      _bytes = bytes;
+      _buffer = null;
+      _position = 0;
+      _limit = bytes.length;
+    }
+
+    void reset(ByteBuffer input) {
+      _bytes = null;
+      _buffer = input.slice().order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+      _position = 0;
+      _limit = _buffer.limit();
+    }
+
+    void copyFrom(SerializedTDigestMetadata metadata) {
+      _encoding = metadata.encoding();
+      _min = metadata.min();
+      _max = metadata.max();
+      _compression = metadata.compression();
+      _centroidCount = metadata.centroidCount();
+      _centroidOffset = metadata.centroidOffset();
+      _centroidSize = metadata.centroidSize();
+      _encodedLength = metadata.encodedLength();
+      _totalWeight = metadata.totalWeight();
+      _hasNonFiniteMeans = metadata.hasNonFiniteMeans();
+      _needsLegacyFallback = metadata.needsLegacyFallback();
+      _unorderedMeans = metadata.unorderedMeans();
+      _fractionalWeights = metadata.fractionalWeights();
+      _weightedBoundaries = metadata.weightedBoundaries();
+      _hasZeroWeightCentroids = metadata.hasZeroWeightCentroids();
+      _encodedCompression = metadata.encodedCompression();
+      _recoveredInfinityMean = metadata.recoveredInfinityMean();
+      _historicalFractionalMinMean = metadata.historicalFractionalMinMean();
+      _historicalFractionalMaxMean = metadata.historicalFractionalMaxMean();
+    }
+
+    SerializedTDigestMetadata snapshot() {
+      return new SerializedTDigestMetadata(_encoding, _min, _max, 
_compression, _centroidCount, _centroidOffset,
+          _centroidSize, _encodedLength, _totalWeight, _hasNonFiniteMeans, 
_needsLegacyFallback, _unorderedMeans,
+          _fractionalWeights, _weightedBoundaries, _hasZeroWeightCentroids, 
_encodedCompression, _recoveredInfinityMean,
+          _historicalFractionalMinMean, _historicalFractionalMaxMean);
+    }
+
+    private int readPosition(int length) {
+      if (length > _limit - _position) {
+        throw new BufferUnderflowException();
+      }
+      int position = _position;
+      _position += length;
+      return position;
+    }
+
+    private int readInt() {
+      int position = readPosition(Integer.BYTES);
+      return _bytes != null ? (int) INT_VIEW.get(_bytes, position) : 
_buffer.getInt(position);
+    }
+
+    private short readShort() {
+      int position = readPosition(Short.BYTES);
+      return _bytes != null ? (short) SHORT_VIEW.get(_bytes, position) : 
_buffer.getShort(position);
+    }
+
+    private double readDouble() {
+      int position = readPosition(Double.BYTES);
+      return _bytes != null
+          ? Double.longBitsToDouble((long) LONG_VIEW.get(_bytes, position))
+          : _buffer.getDouble(position);
+    }
+
+    private float readFloat() {
+      int position = readPosition(Float.BYTES);
+      return _bytes != null ? Float.intBitsToFloat((int) INT_VIEW.get(_bytes, 
position)) : _buffer.getFloat(position);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Inspects one payload without mutating `input`, scanning the centroid 
values once.
+  public static SerializedTDigestMetadata inspectSerialized(ByteBuffer input) {
+    return inspectSerialized(input, true);
+  }
+
+  /// Inspects a payload, optionally enforcing the legacy decoder's declared 
centroid capacity.
+  public static SerializedTDigestMetadata inspectSerialized(ByteBuffer input, 
boolean checkCapacity) {
+    SerializedTDigestState state = new SerializedTDigestState();
+    state.reset(input);
+    readSerializedHeader(state, checkCapacity);
+    if (Double.isNaN(state._totalWeight)) {
+      inspectSerialized(state, null, null);
+    }
+    return state.snapshot();
+  }
+
+  /// Reads the fixed-size header without allocating centroid arrays; 
oversized historical state is also inspected.
+  public static SerializedTDigestMetadata readSerializedHeader(ByteBuffer 
input) {
+    return readSerializedHeader(input, true);
+  }
+
+  /// Reads a fixed-size header, optionally enforcing the declared centroid 
capacity.
+  ///
+  /// NaN or inverted nonempty extrema mark legacy degraded state. Oversized 
payloads require numerical inspection:
+  /// historical degraded state remains readable even if an old decoder's 
arrays could not hold its centroids.
+  public static SerializedTDigestMetadata readSerializedHeader(ByteBuffer 
input, boolean checkCapacity) {
+    SerializedTDigestState state = new SerializedTDigestState();
+    state.reset(input);
+    readSerializedHeader(state, checkCapacity);
+    return state.snapshot();
+  }
+
+  static void readSerializedHeader(SerializedTDigestState state, boolean 
checkCapacity) {
+    int encoding = state.readInt();
+    if (encoding != VERBOSE_ENCODING && encoding != SMALL_ENCODING) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Invalid format for serialized 
histogram");
+    }
+    double min = state.readDouble();
+    double max = state.readDouble();
+    double compression;
+    double encodedCompression;
+    int mainCapacity;
+    int bufferCapacity = 0;
+    int centroidCount;
+    int centroidSize;
+    if (encoding == VERBOSE_ENCODING) {
+      encodedCompression = state.readDouble();
+      compression = normalizeCompression(encodedCompression);
+      mainCapacity = Math.max(getDefaultCentroidCapacity(compression), 
getLegacyDefaultCentroidCapacity(compression));
+      centroidCount = state.readInt();
+      centroidSize = VERBOSE_CENTROID_SIZE;
+    } else {
+      encodedCompression = state.readFloat();
+      compression = normalizeCompression(encodedCompression);
+      mainCapacity = state.readShort();
+      bufferCapacity = state.readShort();
+      checkSmallArrayCapacity(mainCapacity);
+      checkSmallArrayCapacity(bufferCapacity);
+      if (mainCapacity == -1) {
+        mainCapacity = getDefaultCentroidCapacity(compression);
+      }
+      centroidCount = state.readShort();
+      centroidSize = SMALL_CENTROID_SIZE;
+    }
+    if (centroidCount < 0) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid negative TDigest centroid 
count: " + centroidCount);
+    }
+    if (centroidCount > (state._limit - state._position) / centroidSize) {
+      throw new BufferUnderflowException();
+    }
+    int centroidOffset = state._position;
+    int encodedLength = centroidOffset + centroidCount * centroidSize;
+    state._encoding = encoding;
+    state._min = min;
+    state._max = max;
+    state._compression = compression;
+    state._centroidCount = centroidCount;
+    state._centroidOffset = centroidOffset;
+    state._centroidSize = centroidSize;
+    state._encodedLength = encodedLength;
+    state._totalWeight = Double.NaN;
+    state._hasNonFiniteMeans = false;
+    state._needsLegacyFallback = Double.isNaN(min) || Double.isNaN(max) || 
centroidCount > 0 && min > max;

Review Comment:
   The existing testLegacyPoisonedExtremaRemainReadableAndRetainBytes already 
covers min=3 > max=-1 for both verbose and compact encodings. It verifies 
invalid statistics, NaN quantile/CDF, exact original-byte retention after 
repeated read/serialization, rejection of mutation, and preservation after the 
failed mutation; the focused check passes. A separate boundary-validation test 
also checks inverted extrema. The README already identifies inverted extrema as 
preserved opaque data. No duplicate regression test was added.
   
   Validated at `3821623d46933dd233b8110e123ecb4f86ac1e96`: 554 affected tests, 
genuine 3.2/3.3 bidirectional byte checks, the 270-case oracle, applicable 
precommit checks and independent Pinot review pass. New-head CI and maintainer 
approval remain separate gates.



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