xiangfu0 commented on code in PR #19795:
URL: https://github.com/apache/pinot/pull/19795#discussion_r4244258600


##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/customobject/tdigest/SerializedTDigest.java:
##########
@@ -16,32 +16,34 @@
  * specific language governing permissions and limitations
  * under the License.
  */
-package org.apache.pinot.segment.local.customobject;
+package org.apache.pinot.segment.local.customobject.tdigest;
 
-import com.tdunning.math.stats.TDigest;
-import org.apache.pinot.segment.local.utils.CustomSerDeUtils;
 import org.apache.pinot.spi.utils.BytesUtils;
 
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
 
-/// Serialized and comparable version of TDigest. Compares TDigest for a 
specific percentile value.
+/// Immutable serialized result and comparison key for a specific percentile 
value.
+/// Uses Double.compare ordering: NaN quantiles from corrupted historical 
inputs sort after positive infinity.
 public class SerializedTDigest implements Comparable<SerializedTDigest> {
   private final double _percentile;
-  private final TDigest _tDigest;
+  private final byte[] _serializedBytes;
+  private final double _quantile;
 
   public SerializedTDigest(TDigest tDigest, double percentile) {
-    _tDigest = tDigest;
     _percentile = percentile / 100.0;
+    // Finalize once before obtaining the sort key; serialization also owns 
historical byte-retention policy.
+    _serializedBytes = tDigest.serialize();
+    _quantile = 
PercentileTDigestAccumulator.fromBytes(_serializedBytes).quantile(_percentile);
   }
 
   @Override
   public int compareTo(SerializedTDigest other) {
     checkArgument(other._percentile == _percentile, "Percentile number doesn't 
match!");
-    return Double.compare(_tDigest.quantile(_percentile), 
other._tDigest.quantile(_percentile));
+    return Double.compare(_quantile, other._quantile);

Review Comment:
   Retaining the documented Double.compare total order. A direct 
SerializedTDigest comparison confirms degraded NaN sorts above finite keys and 
+Infinity, hence first when descending. Reversing only NaN here would introduce 
another RAW ordering rule; the visibility/behavior change is documented, and 
the malformed bytes stay available for diagnosis. This does not establish any 
separate SQL NULL-handling behavior.
   
   Validated at `3821623d46933dd233b8110e123ecb4f86ac1e96`: 554 affected tests, 
genuine 3.2/3.3 bidirectional byte checks, the 270-case oracle, applicable 
precommit checks and independent Pinot review pass. New-head CI and maintainer 
approval remain separate gates.



##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/customobject/tdigest/PercentileTDigestAccumulator.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,1725 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+/*
+ * Portions of the CDF, quantile, weighted-average and K1 weight-limit 
implementation are adapted from
+ * MergingDigest, AbstractTDigest and ScaleFunction in t-digest 3.3 
(https://github.com/tdunning/t-digest).
+ * Modified for Pinot's primitive centroid storage, lazy serialized inputs and 
legacy boundary handling.
+ * Original license notice for these portions:
+ *
+ * Licensed to Ted Dunning under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.segment.local.customobject.tdigest;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import 
org.apache.pinot.segment.local.customobject.tdigest.TDigestCodec.SerializedTDigestMetadata;
+
+
+
+/// Accumulates raw values and serialized TDigests into primitive centroids 
using Pinot's K1 weight-limit rule.
+///
+/// Raw values are sorted in small batches; serialized centroids retain their 
existing sorted order. Both are
+/// linearly merged with accumulated centroids. K1 preserves Pinot's existing 
middle-quantile behavior, and the
+/// legacy verbose and small encodings preserve stored data and mixed-version 
wire compatibility.
+///
+/// Serialized state keeps its first digest pending and allocates centroid 
buffers only when another input must be
+/// merged or the digest is queried. Raw-value buffers remain unallocated 
until a raw value is added.
+///
+/// Historical corrupted payloads remain opaque and byte-exact, with NaN 
statistics. Their reported historical mass
+/// may be invalid; they cannot be mutated or mixed with another distribution. 
Such an operation fails before
+/// changing aggregate mass, because neither invented statistics nor synthetic 
NaN bytes are safe for old readers.
+/// Unchanged historical fractional boundaries retain their original bytes, 
including when configured compression
+/// differs. After a merge, inherited fractional endpoints retain precise 
verbose weights and finite statistics when
+/// unit endpoints cannot preserve their mass. These keep the historical 
t-digest 3.3 assertion-enabled reader and
+/// recompression limitation. Newly introduced unsupported fractional 
endpoints are rejected.
+///
+/// Instances are externally serialized per aggregation or group key and are 
not safe for concurrent mutation.
+public final class PercentileTDigestAccumulator extends TDigest {
+  private static final int MIN_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE = 256;
+  private static final int MAX_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE = 10_000;
+  private static final int TWO_LEVEL_COMPRESSION_MULTIPLIER = 2;
+  private static final int MIN_INCREMENTAL_COMPRESSION = 50;
+
+  private final double _compression;
+  private final boolean _useTwoLevelRawCompression;
+  private final double _workingCompression;
+  private final double _publicMaxWeightScale;
+  private final double _workingMaxWeightScale;
+  private final int _centroidCapacity;
+  private final int _pendingCentroidCapacity;
+  private double[] _rawValues;
+  private double[] _centroidMeans;
+  private double[] _centroidWeights;
+  private double[] _outputMeans;
+  private double[] _outputWeights;
+  private double[] _incomingMeans;
+  private double[] _incomingWeights;
+  private double[] _sortedIncomingMeans;
+  private double[] _sortedIncomingWeights;
+  private SerializedTDigestInput _serializedTDigestInput;
+  private byte[] _pendingSerializedTDigest;
+  private byte[] _originalFractionalBytes;
+  private byte[] _originalBoundaryBytes;
+  private double _historicalFractionalMinMean = Double.NaN;
+  private double _historicalFractionalMaxMean = Double.NaN;
+  private double _freshFractionalMinMean = Double.NaN;
+  private double _freshFractionalMaxMean = Double.NaN;
+  private SerializedTDigestMetadata _pendingSerializedMetadata;
+  private boolean _legacyDegraded;
+  private boolean _hasFractionalWeights;
+  private boolean _deferBoundaryNormalization;
+
+  private int _numRawValues;
+  private int _numCentroids;
+  private int _numIncomingCentroids;
+  private int _mergeCount;
+  private boolean _publiclyCompressed;
+  private boolean _incomingCentroidsSorted = true;
+  private double _totalWeight;
+  private double _incomingWeight;
+  private double _min = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+  private double _max = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+
+  public PercentileTDigestAccumulator(int compression) {
+    this((double) compression, true, true);
+  }
+
+  public PercentileTDigestAccumulator(double compression) {
+    this(compression, true, true);
+  }
+
+  private PercentileTDigestAccumulator(double compression, boolean 
allocateRawBuffer, boolean allocateMergeBuffers) {
+    this(compression, allocateRawBuffer, allocateMergeBuffers, false);
+  }
+
+  private PercentileTDigestAccumulator(double compression, boolean 
allocateRawBuffer, boolean allocateMergeBuffers,
+      boolean useTwoLevelRawCompression) {
+    _compression = TDigestCodec.normalizeCompression(compression);
+    _useTwoLevelRawCompression = useTwoLevelRawCompression;
+    _workingCompression = TWO_LEVEL_COMPRESSION_MULTIPLIER * _compression;
+    _publicMaxWeightScale = calculateK1MaxWeightScale(_compression);
+    _workingMaxWeightScale = calculateK1MaxWeightScale(_workingCompression);
+    long roundedCompression = (long) Math.ceil(_compression);
+    _centroidCapacity = TDigestCodec.getDefaultCentroidCapacity(_compression);
+    _pendingCentroidCapacity = getPendingCentroidCapacity(_centroidCapacity, 
useTwoLevelRawCompression);
+    if (allocateRawBuffer) {
+      _rawValues = new double[getInitialRawBufferSize(roundedCompression)];
+    }
+    if (allocateMergeBuffers) {
+      int initialCapacity = Math.min(_centroidCapacity, MIN_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE);
+      _centroidMeans = new double[initialCapacity];
+      _centroidWeights = new double[initialCapacity];
+      _outputMeans = new double[initialCapacity];
+      _outputWeights = new double[initialCapacity];
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Creates a lazy digest with the legacy two-level compression used by 
Star-tree and general digest aggregation.
+  public static PercentileTDigestAccumulator forLegacyAggregation(double 
compression) {
+    return new PercentileTDigestAccumulator(compression, false, false, true);
+  }
+
+  /// Reads and retains one legacy digest, preserving the general aggregation 
compression policy.
+  public static PercentileTDigestAccumulator fromBytes(byte[] bytes) {
+    return fromBytes(ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes));
+  }
+
+  /// Reads one payload and advances the buffer past it.
+  public static PercentileTDigestAccumulator fromBytes(ByteBuffer bytes) {
+    SerializedTDigestInput input = new SerializedTDigestInput();
+    input.reset(bytes);
+    return fromBytes(input);
+  }
+
+  /// Retains an already validated input without rescanning its centroid bytes.
+  public static PercentileTDigestAccumulator fromBytes(SerializedTDigestInput 
input) {
+    PercentileTDigestAccumulator digest = 
forLegacyAggregation(input.getCompression());
+    digest.addSerializedTDigest(input);
+    return digest;
+  }
+
+  public static PercentileTDigestAccumulator forReduction(double compression) {
+    return new PercentileTDigestAccumulator(compression, false, false);
+  }
+
+  /// Snapshots buffered inputs and centroid state without materializing or 
compressing the source. Mutable buffers
+  /// are copied; immutable retained bytes and metadata are shared. Merge and 
sort scratch buffers remain lazy.
+  PercentileTDigestAccumulator copy() {
+    PercentileTDigestAccumulator copy =
+        new PercentileTDigestAccumulator(_compression, false, false, 
_useTwoLevelRawCompression);
+    copy._rawValues = _rawValues != null ? _rawValues.clone() : null;
+    copy._centroidMeans = _numCentroids > 0 ? Arrays.copyOf(_centroidMeans, 
_numCentroids) : null;
+    copy._centroidWeights = _numCentroids > 0 ? 
Arrays.copyOf(_centroidWeights, _numCentroids) : null;
+    copy._incomingMeans = _numIncomingCentroids > 0 ? 
Arrays.copyOf(_incomingMeans, _numIncomingCentroids) : null;
+    copy._incomingWeights = _numIncomingCentroids > 0 ? 
Arrays.copyOf(_incomingWeights, _numIncomingCentroids) : null;
+    copy._pendingSerializedTDigest = _pendingSerializedTDigest;
+    copy._pendingSerializedMetadata = _pendingSerializedMetadata;
+    copy._originalFractionalBytes = _originalFractionalBytes;
+    copy._originalBoundaryBytes = _originalBoundaryBytes;
+    copy._historicalFractionalMinMean = _historicalFractionalMinMean;
+    copy._historicalFractionalMaxMean = _historicalFractionalMaxMean;
+    copy._freshFractionalMinMean = _freshFractionalMinMean;
+    copy._freshFractionalMaxMean = _freshFractionalMaxMean;
+    copy._legacyDegraded = _legacyDegraded;
+    copy._hasFractionalWeights = _hasFractionalWeights;
+    copy._deferBoundaryNormalization = _deferBoundaryNormalization;
+    copy._numRawValues = _numRawValues;
+    copy._numCentroids = _numCentroids;
+    copy._numIncomingCentroids = _numIncomingCentroids;
+    copy._mergeCount = _mergeCount;
+    copy._publiclyCompressed = _publiclyCompressed;
+    copy._incomingCentroidsSorted = _incomingCentroidsSorted;
+    copy._totalWeight = _totalWeight;
+    copy._incomingWeight = _incomingWeight;
+    copy._min = _min;
+    copy._max = _max;
+    return copy;
+  }
+
+  /// Copies primitive centroids without encoding and decoding them. Zero 
weights are ignored, and unordered
+  /// means are sorted when initializing a stored, already compressed 
distribution; caller arrays are not mutated.
+  /// Subsequent inputs use the normal buffered merge. Positive weights and 
consistent extrema are required.
+  public void addCentroids(double[] means, double[] weights, int count, double 
min, double max,
+      boolean alreadyCompressed) {
+    addCentroids(means, weights, count, min, max, alreadyCompressed, false);
+  }
+
+  /// Adds validated legacy centroids without marking their existing 
fractional mass as fresh input.
+  void addHistoricalCentroids(double[] means, double[] weights, int count, 
double min, double max,
+      boolean alreadyCompressed) {
+    addCentroids(means, weights, count, min, max, alreadyCompressed, true);
+  }
+
+  private void addCentroids(double[] means, double[] weights, int count, 
double min, double max,
+      boolean alreadyCompressed, boolean historical) {
+    requireMutable();
+    if (count < 0 || count > means.length || count > weights.length) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid TDigest centroid count: " + 
count);
+    }
+    double totalWeight = 0.0;
+    int positiveCount = 0;
+    boolean sorted = true;
+    boolean fractionalWeights = false;
+    double previousMean = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      double weight = weights[i];
+      if (weight == 0.0) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      double mean = means[i];
+      if (!(weight > 0.0) || !Double.isFinite(weight) || !(mean >= min && mean 
<= max)) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid TDigest centroid");
+      }
+      totalWeight += weight;
+      sorted &= mean >= previousMean;
+      previousMean = mean;
+      fractionalWeights |= weight != Math.rint(weight);
+      positiveCount++;
+    }
+    checkTotalWeight(getTotalWeight() + totalWeight);
+    if (positiveCount == 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    prepareForMutation();
+    _originalFractionalBytes = null;
+    _hasFractionalWeights |= fractionalWeights;
+    if (!historical && fractionalWeights) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        recordFreshFractionalMean(means[i], weights[i]);
+      }
+    }
+    if (hasNoInputs() && alreadyCompressed) {
+      ensureCentroidCapacity(Math.addExact(positiveCount, 2));
+      for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        if (weights[i] > 0.0) {
+          _centroidMeans[_numCentroids] = means[i];
+          _centroidWeights[_numCentroids++] = weights[i];
+        }
+      }
+      if (!sorted) {
+        sortCentroids(_centroidMeans, _centroidWeights, _numCentroids);
+      }
+      _totalWeight = totalWeight;
+      _min = min;
+      _max = max;
+      if (!historical) {
+        normalizeBoundaryCentroids();
+      }
+      _publiclyCompressed = true;
+    } else {
+      if (sorted && positiveCount == count) {
+        bufferIncomingCentroids(means, weights, count, totalWeight, min, max);
+      } else {
+        // Caller-owned arrays are copied only when filtering or sorting is 
necessary.
+        double[] sortedMeans = new double[positiveCount];
+        double[] sortedWeights = new double[positiveCount];
+        int index = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+          if (weights[i] > 0.0) {
+            sortedMeans[index] = means[i];
+            sortedWeights[index++] = weights[i];
+          }
+        }
+        if (!sorted) {
+          sortCentroids(sortedMeans, sortedWeights, positiveCount);
+        }
+        bufferIncomingCentroids(sortedMeans, sortedWeights, positiveCount, 
totalWeight, min, max);
+      }
+      _min = Math.min(_min, min);
+      _max = Math.max(_max, max);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void add(double[] values, int from, int toExclusive) {
+    if (from >= toExclusive) {
+      return;
+    }
+    requireMutable();
+    prepareForMutation();
+    while (from < toExclusive) {
+      ensureRawBuffer();
+      flushIfBuffersFull(true);
+      int numValues = Math.min(toExclusive - from, Math.min(_rawValues.length 
- _numRawValues,
+          getPendingInputLimit() - _numRawValues - _numIncomingCentroids));
+      int rawOffset = _numRawValues;
+      for (int i = 0; i < numValues; i++) {
+        double value = values[from + i];
+        if (Double.isNaN(value)) {
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot add NaN to t-digest");
+        }
+        _rawValues[rawOffset + i] = value;
+      }
+      _originalFractionalBytes = null;
+      from += numValues;
+      _numRawValues += numValues;
+      flushIfBuffersFull(!_useTwoLevelRawCompression || _rawValues.length == 
_pendingCentroidCapacity);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void add(double value) {
+    if (Double.isNaN(value)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot add NaN to t-digest");
+    }
+    requireMutable();
+    prepareForMutation();
+    ensureRawBuffer();
+    flushIfBuffersFull(true);
+    _originalFractionalBytes = null;
+    _rawValues[_numRawValues++] = value;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void add(double value, double weight) {
+    if (weight == 1) {
+      add(value);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (Double.isNaN(value)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot add NaN to t-digest");
+    }
+    if (!(weight > 0.0) || !Double.isFinite(weight)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("TDigest weight must be positive: " + 
weight);
+    }
+    requireMutable();
+    prepareForMutation();
+    bufferIncomingCentroid(value, weight);
+    _originalFractionalBytes = null;
+    _hasFractionalWeights |= weight != Math.rint(weight);
+    recordFreshFractionalMean(value, weight);
+    _min = Math.min(_min, value);
+    _max = Math.max(_max, value);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void add(TDigest other) {
+    if (other.hasValidStatistics() && other.getTotalWeight() == 0.0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    requireMutable();
+    if (other instanceof PercentileTDigestAccumulator) {
+      addAccumulator((PercentileTDigestAccumulator) other);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (other instanceof NonFiniteAwareTDigest) {
+      PercentileTDigestAccumulator finiteDigest = ((NonFiniteAwareTDigest) 
other).finiteDigestIfNoTails();
+      if (finiteDigest != null) {
+        addAccumulator(finiteDigest);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!other.hasValidStatistics()) {
+      materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+      SerializedTDigestInput input = getSerializedTDigestInput();
+      input.reset(ByteBuffer.wrap(other.serialize()), false);
+      addSerializedTDigest(input);
+      return;
+    }
+    double otherWeight = other.getTotalWeight();
+    checkTotalWeight(getTotalWeight() + otherWeight);
+    Collection<Centroid> centroids = other.centroids();
+    boolean wrapped = other instanceof NonFiniteAwareTDigest;
+    int capacity = wrapped ? Math.addExact(centroids.size(), 2) : 
centroids.size();
+    double[] means = new double[capacity];
+    double[] weights = new double[capacity];
+    int count = 0;
+    for (Centroid centroid : centroids) {
+      double weight = centroid.weight();
+      if (weight == 0.0) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (!(weight > 0.0) || !Double.isFinite(weight) || 
Double.isNaN(centroid.mean())) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid TDigest centroid");
+      }
+      means[count] = centroid.mean();
+      weights[count++] = weight;
+    }
+    if (wrapped) {
+      count = normalizeSerializedBoundaries(means, weights, count, 
other.getMin(), other.getMax());
+    }
+    // Validate all generic centroids before changing the target, then use the 
same whole-source primitive path.
+    addCentroids(means, weights, count, other.getMin(), other.getMax(), false, 
wrapped);
+    inheritHistoricalFractionalBoundaries(other);
+  }
+
+  private void addAccumulator(PercentileTDigestAccumulator other) {
+    if (other == this) {
+      compress();
+      prepareForMutation();
+      if (_numCentroids == 0) {
+        return;
+      }
+      // Snapshot only self-merges; fresh fractional mass need not be 
representable by a legacy wire payload.
+      addHistoricalCentroids(Arrays.copyOf(_centroidMeans, _numCentroids),
+          Arrays.copyOf(_centroidWeights, _numCentroids), _numCentroids, _min, 
_max, false);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (_deferBoundaryNormalization && !other._deferBoundaryNormalization) {
+      other.prepareForMutation();
+    }
+    if (other._originalBoundaryBytes != null) {
+      if (getTotalWeight() != 0.0) {
+        throw unrepresentableBoundaryMutation();
+      }
+      addSerializedTDigest(other._originalBoundaryBytes);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (other._originalFractionalBytes != null && getTotalWeight() == 0.0) {
+      materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+      SerializedTDigestInput input = getSerializedTDigestInput();
+      input.reset(other._originalFractionalBytes);
+      input._retainedBytes = other._originalFractionalBytes;
+      addSerializedTDigest(input);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (other._pendingSerializedTDigest != null) {
+      // Materialize before resetting the reusable reader: materialization 
uses that same reader.
+      materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+      SerializedTDigestInput input = getSerializedTDigestInput();
+      input.reset(other._pendingSerializedTDigest, 
other._pendingSerializedMetadata);
+      input._retainedBytes = other._pendingSerializedTDigest;
+      addSerializedTDigest(input);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (other._legacyDegraded) {
+      addSerializedTDigest(other.serialize());
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // MergingDigest compressed merge sources in place. Aggregation owns these 
mutable inputs exclusively.
+    other.compress();
+    other.prepareForMutation();
+    prepareForMutation();
+    checkTotalWeight(_totalWeight + _incomingWeight + _numRawValues + 
other._totalWeight);
+    _hasFractionalWeights |= other._hasFractionalWeights;
+    inheritHistoricalFractionalBoundaries(other);
+    bufferIncomingCentroids(other._centroidMeans, other._centroidWeights, 
other._numCentroids, other._totalWeight,
+        other._min, other._max);
+    if (other._totalWeight > 0.0) {
+      _originalFractionalBytes = null;
+    }
+    _min = Math.min(_min, other._min);
+    _max = Math.max(_max, other._max);
+  }
+
+  public void addSerializedTDigest(byte[] bytes) {
+    if (_legacyDegraded || _originalBoundaryBytes != null) {
+      SerializedTDigestInput input = getSerializedTDigestInput();
+      input.reset(bytes);
+      addSerializedTDigest(input);
+      return;
+    }
+    requireMutable();
+    materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+    SerializedTDigestInput input = getSerializedTDigestInput();
+    input.reset(bytes);
+    addSerializedTDigest(input);
+  }
+
+  private SerializedTDigestInput getSerializedTDigestInput() {
+    if (_serializedTDigestInput == null) {
+      _serializedTDigestInput = new SerializedTDigestInput();
+    }
+    return _serializedTDigestInput;
+  }
+
+  public void addSerializedTDigest(SerializedTDigestInput input) {
+    if (ignoreEmptyInputForDegradedState(input)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    requireMutable();
+    if (prepareSerializedTDigest(input)) {
+      mergeSerializedTDigest(input, false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void addSerializedTDigestDirect(SerializedTDigestInput input) {
+    if (ignoreEmptyInputForDegradedState(input)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    requireMutable();
+    if (prepareSerializedTDigest(input)) {
+      mergeSerializedTDigest(input, true);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean ignoreEmptyInputForDegradedState(SerializedTDigestInput 
input) {
+    if (!_legacyDegraded && _originalBoundaryBytes == null
+        && (_pendingSerializedMetadata == null || 
!_pendingSerializedMetadata.weightedBoundaries())) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    input.inspectMetadata();
+    return !input._metadata._needsLegacyFallback && 
input._metadata._totalWeight == 0.0;
+  }
+
+  private boolean prepareSerializedTDigest(SerializedTDigestInput input) {
+    if (_pendingSerializedTDigest == null && hasNoInputs()) {
+      input.inspectMetadata();
+      _hasFractionalWeights |= input._metadata._fractionalWeights;
+      _pendingSerializedTDigest = input.retainBytes();
+      _pendingSerializedMetadata = input.getMetadata();
+      if (input.recordHistoricalFractionalBoundaries(this)) {
+        // Alias the retained snapshot; historical fractional bytes remain 
byte-exact after read-only materialization.
+        _originalFractionalBytes = _pendingSerializedTDigest;
+      }
+      if (input._metadata._needsLegacyFallback) {
+        _legacyDegraded = true;
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+    materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+    input.decode();
+    if (input._metadata._needsLegacyFallback) {
+      if (hasNoInputs()) {
+        _pendingSerializedTDigest = input.retainBytes();
+        _pendingSerializedMetadata = input.getMetadata();
+        _legacyDegraded = true;
+        return false;
+      }
+      throw corruptedMutation();
+    }
+    if (!_deferBoundaryNormalization) {
+      input.normalizeBoundaries();
+    }
+    prepareForMutation();
+    checkTotalWeight(_totalWeight + _incomingWeight + _numRawValues + 
input._metadata._totalWeight);
+    input.recordHistoricalFractionalBoundaries(this);
+    if (input._metadata._totalWeight > 0.0) {
+      _originalFractionalBytes = null;
+    }
+    _hasFractionalWeights |= input._metadata._fractionalWeights;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private boolean hasNoInputs() {
+    return _numCentroids == 0 && _totalWeight == 0.0 && _numRawValues == 0 && 
_numIncomingCentroids == 0;
+  }
+
+  private void mergeSerializedTDigest(SerializedTDigestInput input, boolean 
direct) {
+    if (input._metadata._totalWeight == 0.0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (hasNoInputs()) {
+      ensureCentroidCapacity(input._numCentroids);
+      System.arraycopy(input._means, 0, _centroidMeans, 0, 
input._numCentroids);
+      System.arraycopy(input._weights, 0, _centroidWeights, 0, 
input._numCentroids);
+      _numCentroids = input._numCentroids;
+      _totalWeight = input._metadata._totalWeight;
+      _min = input._metadata._min;
+      _max = input._metadata._max;
+      // Stored centroids already went through the writer's public 
compression. Reading or repairing their
+      // endpoints needs another K1 pass only when the output compression 
differs from the stored compression.
+      _publiclyCompressed = _compression == input._metadata._compression;
+      return;
+    }
+    if (direct) {
+      flush();
+      boolean runBackwards = (_mergeCount++ & 1) != 0;
+      if (!mergeSorted(input._means, input._weights, input._numCentroids, 
input._metadata._totalWeight,
+          getIncrementalCompression(), runBackwards)) {
+        return;
+      }
+    } else {
+      bufferIncomingCentroids(input._means, input._weights, 
input._numCentroids, input._metadata._totalWeight,
+          input._metadata._min, input._metadata._max);
+    }
+    _min = Math.min(_min, input._metadata._min);
+    _max = Math.max(_max, input._metadata._max);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void compress() {
+    if (_legacyDegraded) {
+      return;
+    }
+    materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+    if (_useTwoLevelRawCompression) {
+      // Public compression and serialization both retain the legacy working 
pass before final compression.
+      flush();
+    }
+    if (_numRawValues > 0 || _numIncomingCentroids > 0) {
+      // SQL reduction combines pending values and existing centroids directly 
at public compression, matching
+      // MergingDigest 3.3. Its writer avoids an extra working-compression 
pass that can increase reducer rank error.
+      flush(_compression);
+      _publiclyCompressed = true;
+    } else if (!_publiclyCompressed && _numCentroids > 0) {
+      recompressCentroids(_compression);
+      _publiclyCompressed = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean hasValidStatistics() {
+    return !_legacyDegraded;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public double getTotalWeight() {
+    return _pendingSerializedTDigest != null ? 
_pendingSerializedMetadata.totalWeight()
+        : _totalWeight + _incomingWeight + _numRawValues;
+  }
+
+  /// Bounds serialized output centroids from buffered inputs, including up to 
two boundary splits before a merge
+  /// and two more before writing, without flushing or using the potentially 
huge input mass.
+  public long getCentroidCountUpperBound() {
+    return _pendingSerializedTDigest != null ? (long) 
_pendingSerializedMetadata.centroidCount() + 4L
+        : (long) _numCentroids + _numRawValues + _numIncomingCentroids + 4L;
+  }
+
+  /// Whether unchanged historical fractional boundaries still require their 
original byte representation.
+  public boolean hasOriginalFractionalPayload() {
+    return _originalFractionalBytes != null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public double cdf(double value) {
+    if (Double.isNaN(value) || Double.isInfinite(value)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("Invalid value: %f", 
value));
+    }
+    if (_legacyDegraded) {
+      return Double.NaN;
+    }
+    materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+    flush();
+    if (_numCentroids == 0) {
+      return Double.NaN;
+    }
+    if (_numCentroids == 1) {
+      double width = _max - _min;
+      if (value < _min) {
+        return 0.0;
+      } else if (value > _max) {
+        return 1.0;
+      } else if (value - _min <= width) {
+        return 0.5;
+      } else {
+        return (value - _min) / width;
+      }
+    }
+    if (value < _min) {
+      return 0.0;
+    }
+    if (value > _max) {
+      return 1.0;
+    }
+    if (value < _centroidMeans[0]) {
+      double width = _centroidMeans[0] - _min;
+      if (width > 0.0) {
+        if (_centroidWeights[0] < 1.0) {
+          return (_centroidWeights[0] / 2.0 * (value - _min) / width) / 
_totalWeight;
+        }
+        return value == _min ? 0.5 / _totalWeight
+            : (1.0 + (value - _min) / width * (_centroidWeights[0] / 2.0 - 
1.0)) / _totalWeight;
+      }
+      return 0.0;
+    }
+    int lastIndex = _numCentroids - 1;
+    if (value > _centroidMeans[lastIndex]) {
+      double width = _max - _centroidMeans[lastIndex];
+      if (width > 0.0) {
+        if (_centroidWeights[lastIndex] < 1.0) {
+          return 1.0 - (_centroidWeights[lastIndex] / 2.0 * (_max - value) / 
width) / _totalWeight;
+        }
+        return value == _max ? 1.0 - 0.5 / _totalWeight
+            : 1.0 - (1.0 + (_max - value) / width * 
(_centroidWeights[lastIndex] / 2.0 - 1.0))
+                / _totalWeight;
+      }
+      return 1.0;
+    }
+
+    double weightSoFar = 0.0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < lastIndex; i++) {
+      if (_centroidMeans[i] == value) {
+        double equalWeight = 0.0;
+        int equalIndex = i;
+        while (equalIndex < _numCentroids && _centroidMeans[equalIndex] == 
value) {
+          equalWeight += _centroidWeights[equalIndex];
+          equalIndex++;
+        }
+        return (weightSoFar + equalWeight / 2.0) / _totalWeight;
+      }
+      if (_centroidMeans[i] <= value && _centroidMeans[i + 1] > value) {
+        if (!Double.isFinite(_centroidMeans[i]) || 
!Double.isFinite(_centroidMeans[i + 1])) {
+          if (_centroidMeans[i] == Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY) {
+            return (weightSoFar + _centroidWeights[i]) / _totalWeight;
+          }
+          if (_centroidWeights[i] == 1.0 && _centroidWeights[i + 1] == 1.0) {
+            return (weightSoFar + 1.0) / _totalWeight;
+          }
+          double leftExcludedWeight = _centroidWeights[i] == 1.0 ? 0.5 : 0.0;
+          double rightExcludedWeight = _centroidWeights[i + 1] == 1.0 ? 0.5 : 
0.0;
+          double interpolatedWeight = (_centroidWeights[i] + 
_centroidWeights[i + 1]) / 2.0
+              - leftExcludedWeight - rightExcludedWeight;
+          double base = weightSoFar + _centroidWeights[i] / 2.0 + 
leftExcludedWeight;
+          return (base + interpolatedWeight * (value - _centroidMeans[i])
+              / (_centroidMeans[i + 1] - _centroidMeans[i])) / _totalWeight;
+        }
+        double width = _centroidMeans[i + 1] - _centroidMeans[i];
+        if (width > 0.0) {
+          double leftExcludedWeight = getPointMassHalfWeight(i);
+          double rightExcludedWeight = getPointMassHalfWeight(i + 1);
+          double halfWeight = (_centroidWeights[i] + _centroidWeights[i + 1]) 
/ 2.0;
+          double interpolatedWeight = halfWeight - leftExcludedWeight - 
rightExcludedWeight;
+          double base = weightSoFar + _centroidWeights[i] / 2.0 + 
leftExcludedWeight;
+          return (base + interpolatedWeight * (value - _centroidMeans[i]) / 
width) / _totalWeight;
+        }
+        return (weightSoFar + (_centroidWeights[i] + _centroidWeights[i + 1]) 
/ 2.0) / _totalWeight;
+      }
+      weightSoFar += _centroidWeights[i];
+    }
+    if (value == _centroidMeans[lastIndex]) {
+      return 1.0 - Math.min(1.0, _centroidWeights[lastIndex]) / 2.0 / 
_totalWeight;
+    }
+    throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to compute TDigest CDF");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public double quantile(double quantile) {
+    if (Double.isNaN(quantile) || quantile < 0.0 || quantile > 1.0) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("q should be in [0,1], got " + 
quantile);
+    }
+    if (_legacyDegraded) {
+      return Double.NaN;
+    }
+    materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+    flush();
+    if (_numCentroids == 0) {
+      return Double.NaN;
+    }
+    if (_numCentroids == 1) {
+      return _centroidMeans[0];
+    }
+    if (quantile == 0.0) {
+      return _min;
+    }
+    if (quantile == 1.0) {
+      return _max;
+    }
+
+    double index = quantile * _totalWeight;
+    double firstWeight = _centroidWeights[0];
+    if (firstWeight < 1.0 && index < firstWeight / 2.0) {
+      return weightedAverage(_min, firstWeight / 2.0 - index, 
_centroidMeans[0], index);
+    }
+    if (firstWeight >= 1.0 && index < 1.0) {
+      return _min;
+    }
+    if (_centroidWeights[0] > 1.0 && index < _centroidWeights[0] / 2.0) {
+      return _min + (index - 1.0) / (_centroidWeights[0] / 2.0 - 1.0) * 
(_centroidMeans[0] - _min);
+    }
+    int lastIndex = _numCentroids - 1;
+    double lastWeight = _centroidWeights[lastIndex];
+    if (lastWeight < 1.0 && index >= _totalWeight - lastWeight / 2.0) {
+      return weightedAverage(_centroidMeans[lastIndex], _totalWeight - index, 
_max,
+          index - (_totalWeight - lastWeight / 2.0));
+    }
+    if (lastWeight >= 1.0 && index > _totalWeight - 1.0) {
+      return _max;
+    }
+    if (_centroidWeights[lastIndex] > 1.0
+        && _totalWeight - index <= _centroidWeights[lastIndex] / 2.0) {
+      return _max - (_totalWeight - index - 1.0) / 
(_centroidWeights[lastIndex] / 2.0 - 1.0)
+          * (_max - _centroidMeans[lastIndex]);
+    }
+
+    double weightSoFar = _centroidWeights[0] / 2.0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < lastIndex; i++) {
+      double halfWeight = (_centroidWeights[i] + _centroidWeights[i + 1]) / 
2.0;
+      if (weightSoFar + halfWeight > index) {
+        double leftExcludedWeight = getPointMassHalfWeight(i);
+        if (index - weightSoFar < leftExcludedWeight) {
+          return _centroidMeans[i];
+        }
+        double rightExcludedWeight = getPointMassHalfWeight(i + 1);
+        if (weightSoFar + halfWeight - index <= rightExcludedWeight) {
+          return _centroidMeans[i + 1];
+        }
+        double leftWeight = index - weightSoFar - leftExcludedWeight;
+        double rightWeight = weightSoFar + halfWeight - index - 
rightExcludedWeight;
+        return weightedAverage(_centroidMeans[i], rightWeight, 
_centroidMeans[i + 1], leftWeight);
+      }
+      weightSoFar += halfWeight;
+    }
+    // Rounded cumulative weights can leave a small gap before the directly 
computed last centroid center.
+    double weightToMax = Math.max(0.0, index - (_totalWeight - lastWeight / 
2.0));
+    double weightFromLastCentroid = lastWeight / 2.0 - weightToMax;
+    return weightedAverage(_centroidMeans[lastIndex], weightFromLastCentroid, 
_max, weightToMax);
+  }
+
+  private double getPointMassHalfWeight(int index) {
+    // Adjacent equal means establish a repeated-value plateau. Keep its 
complete mass out of interpolation at
+    // either edge; an isolated weighted centroid still represents an unknown 
distribution around its mean.
+    double mean = _centroidMeans[index];
+    boolean pointMass = _centroidWeights[index] == 1.0 || index > 0 && 
_centroidMeans[index - 1] == mean
+        || index + 1 < _numCentroids && _centroidMeans[index + 1] == mean;
+    return pointMass ? _centroidWeights[index] / 2.0 : 0.0;
+  }
+
+  private static double weightedAverage(double firstValue, double firstWeight, 
double secondValue,
+      double secondWeight) {
+    if (firstValue > secondValue) {
+      return weightedAverage(secondValue, secondWeight, firstValue, 
firstWeight);
+    }
+    if (firstWeight == 0.0) {
+      return secondValue;
+    }
+    if (secondWeight == 0.0 || firstValue == secondValue) {
+      return firstValue;
+    }
+    if (!Double.isFinite(firstValue)) {
+      return firstValue;
+    }
+    if (!Double.isFinite(secondValue)) {
+      return secondValue;
+    }
+    double average = (firstValue * firstWeight + secondValue * secondWeight) / 
(firstWeight + secondWeight);
+    return Math.max(firstValue, Math.min(average, secondValue));
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Collection<Centroid> centroids() {
+    if (_legacyDegraded) {
+      byte[] bytes = serialize();
+      ByteBuffer encoded = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes);
+      SerializedTDigestMetadata metadata = 
TDigestCodec.readSerializedHeader(encoded);
+      encoded.position(metadata.centroidOffset());
+      List<Centroid> centroids = new ArrayList<>(metadata.centroidCount());
+      // Expose degraded historical centroids verbatim, without the healthy 
decoder's endpoint clamp.
+      // Their original bytes and NaN statistics must remain intact instead of 
implying a repaired distribution.
+      for (int i = 0; i < metadata.centroidCount(); i++) {
+        double weight = metadata.centroidSize() == 
TDigestCodec.VERBOSE_CENTROID_SIZE
+            ? encoded.getDouble() : encoded.getFloat();
+        double mean = metadata.centroidSize() == 
TDigestCodec.VERBOSE_CENTROID_SIZE
+            ? encoded.getDouble() : encoded.getFloat();
+        centroids.add(new Centroid(mean, weight));
+      }
+      return centroids;
+    }
+    materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+    flush();
+    List<Centroid> centroids = new ArrayList<>(_numCentroids);
+    for (int i = 0; i < _numCentroids; i++) {
+      centroids.add(new Centroid(_centroidMeans[i], _centroidWeights[i]));
+    }
+    return centroids;
+  }
+
+  /// Copies a valid distribution's primitive centroid arrays after flushing 
buffered inputs. This does not apply
+  /// public compression or serialize a finite sub-distribution; callers can 
include surrounding infinity mass.
+  public void copyCentroids(double[] means, double[] weights, int offset) {
+    if (_legacyDegraded) {
+      throw corruptedMutation();
+    }
+    materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+    flush();
+    if (means == weights || offset < 0 || offset > means.length - _numCentroids
+        || offset > weights.length - _numCentroids) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Insufficient distinct TDigest 
centroid arrays");
+    }
+    if (_numCentroids == 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    System.arraycopy(_centroidMeans, 0, means, offset, _numCentroids);
+    System.arraycopy(_centroidWeights, 0, weights, offset, _numCentroids);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public double compression() {
+    return _compression;
+  }
+
+  /// Bounds compatible output without flushing. Unchanged historical bytes 
and retained pending payloads can
+  /// exceed the newly encoded legacy-capacity bound and retain their actual 
length.
+  @Override
+  public int maxSerializedByteSize() {
+    if (_legacyDegraded) {
+      return _pendingSerializedTDigest.length;
+    }
+    if (_originalFractionalBytes != null) {
+      return _originalFractionalBytes.length;
+    }
+    if (_originalBoundaryBytes != null) {
+      return _originalBoundaryBytes.length;
+    }
+    long centroidCount = getCentroidCountUpperBound();
+    if (!_hasFractionalWeights) {
+      centroidCount = (long) Math.min(centroidCount, 
Math.ceil(getTotalWeight()));
+    }
+    int maximumBytes = 
TDigestCodec.getMaxLegacyCompatibleByteSize(_compression, centroidCount);
+    return _pendingSerializedTDigest != null ? Math.max(maximumBytes, 
_pendingSerializedTDigest.length) : maximumBytes;
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the centroid view's count, including repaired endpoints and 
excluding zero-mass serialized entries.
+  @Override
+  public int centroidCount() {
+    if (_pendingSerializedTDigest != null) {
+      if (_legacyDegraded) {
+        return _pendingSerializedMetadata.centroidCount();
+      }
+      if (_pendingSerializedMetadata.isCanonicalPayload()) {
+        return _pendingSerializedMetadata.centroidCount();
+      }
+      materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+    }
+    flush();
+    return _numCentroids;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public double getMin() {
+    if (_pendingSerializedTDigest != null) {
+      return !_legacyDegraded && _pendingSerializedMetadata.totalWeight() == 
0.0
+          ? Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY : _pendingSerializedMetadata.min();
+    }
+    flush();
+    return _min;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public double getMax() {
+    if (_pendingSerializedTDigest != null) {
+      return !_legacyDegraded && _pendingSerializedMetadata.totalWeight() == 
0.0
+          ? Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY : _pendingSerializedMetadata.max();
+    }
+    flush();
+    return _max;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public byte[] serialize() {
+    if (_legacyDegraded) {
+      return _pendingSerializedTDigest.clone();
+    }
+    if (_originalFractionalBytes != null) {
+      return _originalFractionalBytes.clone();
+    }
+    if (_originalBoundaryBytes != null) {
+      return _originalBoundaryBytes.clone();
+    }
+    if (_pendingSerializedTDigest != null) {
+      if (!_pendingSerializedMetadata.isCanonicalPayload()) {
+        materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+      } else {
+        if (ByteBuffer.wrap(_pendingSerializedTDigest).getInt() == 
TDigestCodec.VERBOSE_ENCODING) {
+          byte[] serialized = 
TDigestCodec.makeLegacyCompatible(_pendingSerializedTDigest, 
_pendingSerializedMetadata);
+          return serialized == _pendingSerializedTDigest ? serialized.clone() 
: serialized;
+        }
+        return _pendingSerializedTDigest.clone();
+      }
+    }
+    if (_originalBoundaryBytes != null) {
+      return _originalBoundaryBytes.clone();
+    }
+    compress();
+    normalizeBoundaryCentroids();
+    checkFractionalBoundaryEncoding();
+    return TDigestCodec.serializeCompatibleCentroids(_compression, _min, _max, 
_centroidMeans, _centroidWeights,
+        _numCentroids, hasInheritedFractionalBoundaryEncoding());
+  }
+
+  private void recompressCentroids(double compression) {
+    normalizeBoundaryCentroids();
+    double[] means = _centroidMeans;
+    double[] weights = _centroidWeights;
+    int numCentroids = _numCentroids;
+    double totalWeight = _totalWeight;
+    _numCentroids = 0;
+    _totalWeight = 0.0;
+    boolean runBackwards = (_mergeCount++ & 1) != 0;
+    if (!mergeSorted(means, weights, numCentroids, totalWeight, compression, 
runBackwards)) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot recompress an empty TDigest");
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void checkFractionalBoundaryEncoding() {
+    if (_numCentroids > 0 && !hasInheritedFractionalBoundaryEncoding()) {
+      TDigestCodec.checkLegacyBoundaryWeights(_numCentroids, 
_centroidWeights[0], _centroidWeights[_numCentroids - 1]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean hasInheritedFractionalBoundaryEncoding() {
+    return hasInheritedFractionalBoundaryEncoding(_centroidMeans, 
_centroidWeights, _numCentroids);
+  }
+
+  /// Applies the canonical inherited-endpoint check to a complete digest's 
sorted centroid view. Enclosing writers
+  /// use this after adding their infinity tails; unsupported fresh global 
endpoints never inherit permission.
+  boolean hasInheritedFractionalBoundaryEncoding(double[] means, double[] 
weights, int count) {
+    if (count < 0 || count > 0 && (count > means.length || count > 
weights.length)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid TDigest centroid count: " + 
count);
+    }
+    if (count == 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return TDigestCodec.hasInheritedFractionalBoundaryEncoding(this, count, 
means[0], weights[0],
+        means[count - 1], weights[count - 1]);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  double getHistoricalFractionalBoundaryMean(boolean lowerBoundary) {
+    return lowerBoundary ? _historicalFractionalMinMean : 
_historicalFractionalMaxMean;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  double getFreshFractionalBoundaryMean(boolean lowerBoundary) {
+    return lowerBoundary ? _freshFractionalMinMean : _freshFractionalMaxMean;
+  }
+
+  void recordFreshFractionalMean(double mean, double weight) {
+    if (weight != Math.rint(weight)) {
+      inheritFreshFractionalMeans(mean, mean);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void inheritFreshFractionalMeans(double minMean, double maxMean) {
+    if (!Double.isNaN(minMean)) {
+      _freshFractionalMinMean = Double.isNaN(_freshFractionalMinMean) ? minMean
+          : Math.min(_freshFractionalMinMean, minMean);
+    }
+    if (!Double.isNaN(maxMean)) {
+      _freshFractionalMaxMean = Double.isNaN(_freshFractionalMaxMean) ? maxMean
+          : Math.max(_freshFractionalMaxMean, maxMean);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Propagates provenance from a validated source without exposing arbitrary 
endpoint setters.
+  void inheritHistoricalFractionalBoundaries(TDigest source) {
+    requireMutable();
+    inheritFreshFractionalMeans(source.getFreshFractionalBoundaryMean(true),
+        source.getFreshFractionalBoundaryMean(false));
+    
inheritHistoricalFractionalBoundaries(source.getHistoricalFractionalBoundaryMean(true),
+        source.getHistoricalFractionalBoundaryMean(false));
+  }
+
+  void inheritHistoricalFractionalBoundaries(double minMean, double maxMean) {
+    if (!Double.isNaN(minMean)) {
+      _historicalFractionalMinMean = 
Double.isNaN(_historicalFractionalMinMean) ? minMean
+          : Math.min(_historicalFractionalMinMean, minMean);
+    }
+    if (!Double.isNaN(maxMean)) {
+      _historicalFractionalMaxMean = 
Double.isNaN(_historicalFractionalMaxMean) ? maxMean
+          : Math.max(_historicalFractionalMaxMean, maxMean);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void flush() {
+    // SQL accumulators merge raw inputs incrementally at configured 
compression. General digest aggregation keeps
+    // the legacy two-level raw merge, preserving sparse Star-tree query 
accuracy. Incremental buffer exhaustion or
+    // centroid/statistics reads use working compression for reducer inputs; 
final serialization bypasses that pass.
+    flush(_numIncomingCentroids == 0 && !_useTwoLevelRawCompression
+        ? getIncrementalCompression()
+        : _workingCompression);
+  }
+
+  private double getIncrementalCompression() {
+    // Very low compression leaves too little centroid headroom for 
incremental public-compression merges to retain
+    // t-digest 3.3's accuracy. Keep the two-level strategy for those uncommon 
configurations.
+    return _compression >= MIN_INCREMENTAL_COMPRESSION ? _compression : 
_workingCompression;
+  }
+
+  private void flush(double compression) {
+    if (_numIncomingCentroids > 0) {
+      flushIncoming(compression);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (_numRawValues == 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    Arrays.sort(_rawValues, 0, _numRawValues);
+    double rawMin = _rawValues[0];
+    double rawMax = _rawValues[_numRawValues - 1];
+    boolean runBackwards = (_mergeCount++ & 1) != 0;
+    mergeSorted(_rawValues, null, _numRawValues, _numRawValues, compression, 
runBackwards);
+    _numRawValues = 0;
+    _min = Math.min(_min, rawMin);
+    _max = Math.max(_max, rawMax);
+  }
+
+  private void flushIncoming(double compression) {
+    // Match mergeSorted's association before rearranging raw or paired 
centroid buffers.
+    checkTotalWeight(_totalWeight + (_incomingWeight + _numRawValues));
+    double rawMin = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    double rawMax = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+    if (_numRawValues > 0) {
+      Arrays.sort(_rawValues, 0, _numRawValues);
+      rawMin = _rawValues[0];
+      rawMax = _rawValues[_numRawValues - 1];
+      ensureIncomingCapacity(Math.addExact(_numIncomingCentroids, 
_numRawValues));
+      System.arraycopy(_incomingMeans, 0, _incomingMeans, _numRawValues, 
_numIncomingCentroids);
+      System.arraycopy(_incomingWeights, 0, _incomingWeights, _numRawValues, 
_numIncomingCentroids);
+      for (int i = 0; i < _numRawValues; i++) {
+        _incomingMeans[i] = _rawValues[i];
+        _incomingWeights[i] = 1.0;
+      }
+      _numIncomingCentroids += _numRawValues;
+      _incomingWeight += _numRawValues;
+      _numRawValues = 0;
+      _incomingCentroidsSorted = false;
+    }
+
+    int incomingCount = _numIncomingCentroids;
+    double incomingWeight = _incomingWeight;
+    double[] incomingMeans = _incomingMeans;
+    double[] incomingWeights = _incomingWeights;
+    if (!_incomingCentroidsSorted) {
+      ensureSortedIncomingCapacity(incomingCount);
+      stableSortIncoming(incomingCount);
+      incomingMeans = _incomingMeans;
+      incomingWeights = _incomingWeights;
+      _incomingCentroidsSorted = true;
+    }
+    boolean runBackwards = (_mergeCount & 1) != 0;
+    if (!mergeSorted(incomingMeans, incomingWeights, incomingCount, 
incomingWeight, compression, runBackwards)) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot flush an empty TDigest input 
buffer");
+    }
+    _mergeCount++;
+    _numIncomingCentroids = 0;
+    _incomingWeight = 0.0;
+    _incomingCentroidsSorted = true;
+    _min = Math.min(_min, rawMin);
+    _max = Math.max(_max, rawMax);
+  }
+
+  private boolean mergeSorted(double[] incomingMeans, double[] 
incomingWeights, int incomingCount,
+      double incomingWeight, double compression, boolean runBackwards) {
+    if (incomingWeight == 0.0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    double newTotalWeight = _totalWeight + incomingWeight;
+    checkTotalWeight(newTotalWeight);
+    normalizeBoundaryCentroids();
+    int preferredOutputCapacity = getPreferredOutputCapacity(incomingCount);
+    ensureOutputCapacity(1);
+    double totalWeightNormalizer = 1.0 / newTotalWeight;
+    double weightNormalizer = totalWeightNormalizer / 
getK1MaxWeightScale(compression);
+    int incomingIndex = runBackwards ? incomingCount - 1 : 0;
+    int centroidIndex = runBackwards ? _numCentroids - 1 : 0;
+    int incomingLimit = runBackwards ? -1 : incomingCount;
+    int centroidLimit = runBackwards ? -1 : _numCentroids;
+    int direction = runBackwards ? -1 : 1;
+    int numInputs = incomingCount + _numCentroids;
+    int inputIndex = 0;
+    int numOutputCentroids = 0;
+    double weightSoFar = 0.0;
+    double firstInputMean = _numCentroids == 0 ? incomingMeans[0]
+        : Math.min(incomingMeans[0], _centroidMeans[0]);
+    double lastInputMean = _numCentroids == 0 ? incomingMeans[incomingCount - 
1]
+        : Math.max(incomingMeans[incomingCount - 1], 
_centroidMeans[_numCentroids - 1]);
+    boolean allFiniteMeans = Double.isFinite(firstInputMean) && 
Double.isFinite(lastInputMean);
+    boolean sameSignMeans = firstInputMean > 0.0 || lastInputMean < 0.0;
+    while (incomingIndex != incomingLimit || centroidIndex != centroidLimit) {
+      double mean;
+      double weight;
+      boolean takeIncoming = centroidIndex == centroidLimit || (incomingIndex 
!= incomingLimit
+          && (runBackwards ? incomingMeans[incomingIndex] > 
_centroidMeans[centroidIndex]
+              : incomingMeans[incomingIndex] <= 
_centroidMeans[centroidIndex]));
+      if (takeIncoming) {
+        mean = incomingMeans[incomingIndex];
+        weight = incomingWeights == null ? 1.0 : 
incomingWeights[incomingIndex];
+        incomingIndex += direction;
+      } else {
+        mean = _centroidMeans[centroidIndex];
+        weight = _centroidWeights[centroidIndex];
+        centroidIndex += direction;
+      }
+      if (numOutputCentroids == 0) {
+        _outputMeans[0] = mean;
+        _outputWeights[0] = weight;
+        numOutputCentroids = 1;
+      } else {
+        int currentIndex = numOutputCentroids - 1;
+        double proposedWeight = _outputWeights[currentIndex] + weight;
+        double q0 = weightSoFar * totalWeightNormalizer;
+        double q2 = (weightSoFar + proposedWeight) * totalWeightNormalizer;
+        double normalizedWeight = proposedWeight * weightNormalizer;
+        double normalizedWeightSquared = normalizedWeight * normalizedWeight;
+        boolean canMerge = (allFiniteMeans || 
canMergeMeans(_outputMeans[currentIndex], mean))
+            && normalizedWeightSquared <= q0 * (1.0 - q0)
+            && normalizedWeightSquared <= q2 * (1.0 - q2);
+        if (inputIndex == 1 || inputIndex == numInputs - 1) {
+          canMerge = false;
+        }
+        if (canMerge) {
+          _outputWeights[currentIndex] = proposedWeight;
+          _outputMeans[currentIndex] =
+              TDigestCodec.weightedMean(_outputMeans[currentIndex], 
proposedWeight - weight, mean, weight,
+                  proposedWeight, sameSignMeans);
+        } else {
+          weightSoFar += _outputWeights[currentIndex];
+          ensureOutputCapacity(Math.max(preferredOutputCapacity, 
numOutputCentroids + 1));
+          _outputMeans[numOutputCentroids] = mean;
+          _outputWeights[numOutputCentroids] = weight;
+          numOutputCentroids++;
+        }
+      }
+      inputIndex++;
+    }
+    if (runBackwards) {
+      reverse(_outputMeans, numOutputCentroids);
+      reverse(_outputWeights, numOutputCentroids);
+    }
+    finishMerge(numOutputCentroids, newTotalWeight, compression);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private void finishMerge(int numOutputCentroids, double totalWeight, double 
compression) {
+    double[] temporary = _centroidMeans;
+    _centroidMeans = _outputMeans;
+    _outputMeans = temporary;
+    temporary = _centroidWeights;
+    _centroidWeights = _outputWeights;
+    _outputWeights = temporary;
+    _numCentroids = numOutputCentroids;
+    _totalWeight = totalWeight;
+    _publiclyCompressed = compression == _compression;
+  }
+
+  private void ensureIncomingCapacity(int capacity) {
+    if (_incomingMeans == null || capacity > _incomingMeans.length) {
+      int newCapacity = _incomingMeans == null
+          ? Math.max(capacity, Math.min(_centroidCapacity, 
_pendingCentroidCapacity))
+          : Math.max(capacity, (int) Math.min(_pendingCentroidCapacity,
+              (long) _incomingMeans.length * 
TDigestCodec.DEFAULT_MERGE_BUFFER_MULTIPLIER));
+      _incomingMeans = _incomingMeans == null ? new double[newCapacity] : 
Arrays.copyOf(_incomingMeans, newCapacity);
+      _incomingWeights =
+          _incomingWeights == null ? new double[newCapacity] : 
Arrays.copyOf(_incomingWeights, newCapacity);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void stableSortIncoming(int count) {
+    if (stableSortCentroids(_incomingMeans, _incomingWeights, 
_sortedIncomingMeans, _sortedIncomingWeights, count,
+        false)) {
+      double[] temporary = _incomingMeans;
+      _incomingMeans = _sortedIncomingMeans;
+      _sortedIncomingMeans = temporary;
+      temporary = _incomingWeights;
+      _incomingWeights = _sortedIncomingWeights;
+      _sortedIncomingWeights = temporary;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Returns whether the result is in the scratch arrays. The hot merge path 
retains numeric-equal input order,
+  // including signed zeros; stored payload repair requires Double.compare's 
total ordering (including NaNs).
+  private static boolean stableSortCentroids(double[] means, double[] weights, 
double[] scratchMeans,
+      double[] scratchWeights, int count, boolean totalOrder) {
+    double[] sourceMeans = means;
+    double[] sourceWeights = weights;
+    double[] destinationMeans = scratchMeans;
+    double[] destinationWeights = scratchWeights;
+    for (int width = 1; width < count; width *= 2) {
+      for (int start = 0; start < count; start += 2 * width) {
+        int middle = Math.min(start + width, count);
+        int end = Math.min(start + 2 * width, count);
+        int left = start;
+        int right = middle;
+        int output = start;
+        while (left < middle && right < end) {
+          boolean leftFirst = totalOrder ? Double.compare(sourceMeans[left], 
sourceMeans[right]) <= 0
+              : sourceMeans[left] <= sourceMeans[right];
+          int source = leftFirst ? left++ : right++;
+          destinationMeans[output] = sourceMeans[source];
+          destinationWeights[output++] = sourceWeights[source];
+        }
+        int remaining = left < middle ? middle - left : end - right;
+        int source = left < middle ? left : right;
+        System.arraycopy(sourceMeans, source, destinationMeans, output, 
remaining);
+        System.arraycopy(sourceWeights, source, destinationWeights, output, 
remaining);
+      }
+      double[] temporary = sourceMeans;
+      sourceMeans = destinationMeans;
+      destinationMeans = temporary;
+      temporary = sourceWeights;
+      sourceWeights = destinationWeights;
+      destinationWeights = temporary;
+    }
+    return sourceMeans != means;
+  }
+
+  private void ensureSortedIncomingCapacity(int capacity) {
+    if (_sortedIncomingMeans == null || capacity > 
_sortedIncomingMeans.length) {
+      int newCapacity = _sortedIncomingMeans == null
+          ? Math.max(capacity, Math.min(_centroidCapacity, 
_pendingCentroidCapacity))
+          : Math.max(capacity, Math.multiplyExact(_sortedIncomingMeans.length, 
2));
+      _sortedIncomingMeans = new double[newCapacity];
+      _sortedIncomingWeights = new double[newCapacity];
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void bufferIncomingCentroid(double mean, double weight) {
+    checkTotalWeight(_totalWeight + _incomingWeight + _numRawValues + weight);
+    // The caller will widen global extrema after buffering. Repair 
materialized endpoints against their own
+    // existing bounds first, so a later merge cannot move old point mass to a 
newly introduced extreme.
+    normalizeBoundaryCentroids();
+    flushIfBuffersFull(false);
+    ensureIncomingCapacity(_numIncomingCentroids + 1);
+    if (_incomingCentroidsSorted && _numIncomingCentroids > 0
+        && mean < _incomingMeans[_numIncomingCentroids - 1]) {
+      _incomingCentroidsSorted = false;
+    }
+    _incomingMeans[_numIncomingCentroids] = mean;
+    _incomingWeights[_numIncomingCentroids] = weight;
+    _numIncomingCentroids++;
+    _incomingWeight += weight;
+  }
+
+  private void bufferIncomingCentroids(double[] means, double[] weights, int 
count, double totalWeight,
+      double min, double max) {
+    if (count == 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    checkTotalWeight(_totalWeight + (_incomingWeight + _numRawValues + 
totalWeight));
+    normalizeBoundaryCentroids();
+    boolean canSplitSource = count <= getPendingInputLimit() && weights[0] == 
1.0 && weights[count - 1] == 1.0
+        && means[0] == min && means[count - 1] == max;
+    if (!canSplitSource && count > getPendingInputLimit() - _numRawValues - 
_numIncomingCentroids) {
+      // Sources without identifiable unit endpoints, or larger than a whole 
batch, are merged in one pass.
+      flush();
+      if (count > getPendingInputLimit()) {
+        boolean runBackwards = (_mergeCount++ & 1) != 0;
+        mergeSorted(means, weights, count, totalWeight,
+            _useTwoLevelRawCompression ? _workingCompression : 
getIncrementalCompression(), runBackwards);
+        _min = Math.min(_min, min);
+        _max = Math.max(_max, max);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    int offset = 0;
+    while (offset < count) {
+      flushIfBuffersFull(false);
+      // A previous prefix can end inside a weighted source. Repair it using 
only its consumed bounds before
+      // the next prefix widens those bounds; the source's full extrema are 
used only at its actual endpoints.
+      normalizeBoundaryCentroids();
+      int copied = Math.min(count - offset,
+          getPendingInputLimit() - _numRawValues - _numIncomingCentroids);
+      int existingCount = _numIncomingCentroids;
+      int combinedCount = Math.addExact(existingCount, copied);
+      ensureIncomingCapacity(combinedCount);
+      if (existingCount == 0 || !_incomingCentroidsSorted) {
+        System.arraycopy(means, offset, _incomingMeans, existingCount, copied);
+        System.arraycopy(weights, offset, _incomingWeights, existingCount, 
copied);
+      } else {
+        int existingIndex = existingCount - 1;
+        int addedIndex = offset + copied - 1;
+        int outputIndex = combinedCount - 1;
+        while (existingIndex >= 0 && addedIndex >= offset) {
+          if (_incomingMeans[existingIndex] > means[addedIndex]) {
+            _incomingMeans[outputIndex] = _incomingMeans[existingIndex];
+            _incomingWeights[outputIndex--] = 
_incomingWeights[existingIndex--];
+          } else {
+            _incomingMeans[outputIndex] = means[addedIndex];
+            _incomingWeights[outputIndex--] = weights[addedIndex--];
+          }
+        }
+        if (addedIndex >= offset) {
+          int remaining = addedIndex - offset + 1;
+          System.arraycopy(means, offset, _incomingMeans, 0, remaining);
+          System.arraycopy(weights, offset, _incomingWeights, 0, remaining);
+        }
+      }
+      for (int i = 0; i < copied; i++) {
+        _incomingWeight += weights[offset + i];
+      }
+      _min = Math.min(_min, offset == 0 ? min : means[offset]);
+      offset += copied;
+      _max = Math.max(_max, offset == count ? max : means[offset - 1]);
+      _numIncomingCentroids = combinedCount;
+    }
+  }
+
+  static void sortCentroids(double[] means, double[] weights, int count) {
+    if (count < 2) {
+      return;
+    }
+    double[] scratchMeans = new double[count];
+    double[] scratchWeights = new double[count];
+    if (stableSortCentroids(means, weights, scratchMeans, scratchWeights, 
count, true)) {
+      System.arraycopy(scratchMeans, 0, means, 0, count);
+      System.arraycopy(scratchWeights, 0, weights, 0, count);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void materializePendingSerializedTDigest() {
+    if (_pendingSerializedTDigest != null && !_legacyDegraded) {
+      byte[] bytes = _pendingSerializedTDigest;
+      SerializedTDigestMetadata metadata = _pendingSerializedMetadata;
+      _pendingSerializedTDigest = null;
+      _pendingSerializedMetadata = null;
+      SerializedTDigestInput input = getSerializedTDigestInput();
+      input.reset(bytes, metadata);
+      input._retainedBytes = bytes;
+      input.decode();
+      if (!_deferBoundaryNormalization
+          && !canNormalizeBoundaries(input._means, input._weights, 
input._numCentroids, metadata.min(),
+          metadata.max())) {
+        _originalBoundaryBytes = bytes;
+      }
+      mergeSerializedTDigest(input, false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Defers local endpoint repair when an owning wrapper supplies the 
complete distribution's infinity tails.
+  void deferBoundaryNormalization() {
+    _deferBoundaryNormalization = true;
+  }
+
+  /// Restores standalone endpoint checks when an enclosing merge failed 
before adding its infinity tails.
+  void resetBoundaryNormalization() {
+    _deferBoundaryNormalization = false;
+  }
+
+  /// Materializes a pure historical view to identify distributions that must 
retain their original bytes.
+  boolean hasUnrepresentableBoundaryPayload() {
+    materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+    return _originalBoundaryBytes != null;
+  }
+
+  void prepareForMutation() {
+    materializePendingSerializedTDigest();
+    requireMutable();
+    normalizeBoundaryCentroids();
+  }
+
+  private void ensureCentroidCapacity(int capacity) {
+    if (capacity > 0 && (_centroidMeans == null || capacity > 
_centroidMeans.length)) {
+      _centroidMeans = new double[capacity];
+      _centroidWeights = new double[capacity];
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void normalizeBoundaryCentroids() {
+    if (_deferBoundaryNormalization || _numCentroids == 0 || 
(_centroidWeights[0] == 1.0
+        && _centroidWeights[_numCentroids - 1] == 1.0)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    int requiredCapacity = Math.addExact(_numCentroids, 2);
+    if (_centroidMeans.length < requiredCapacity) {
+      _centroidMeans = Arrays.copyOf(_centroidMeans, requiredCapacity);
+      _centroidWeights = Arrays.copyOf(_centroidWeights, requiredCapacity);
+    }
+    _numCentroids = normalizeBoundaries(_centroidMeans, _centroidWeights, 
_numCentroids, _min, _max);
+  }
+
+  /// Repairs unit endpoints in an enclosing serialized distribution using the 
same kernel as native digests.
+  /// The caller owns sorted, numerically validated arrays, their exact 
extrema, and at least two spare entries.
+  /// Returns the new live count; fractional endpoints below one remain 
unchanged and require the normal provenance
+  /// check at the complete writer. This can split a fractional singleton when 
a surrounding tail provides mass.
+  static int normalizeSerializedBoundaries(double[] means, double[] weights, 
int count, double min, double max) {
+    if (count < 0 || Math.addExact(count, 2) > means.length || count + 2 > 
weights.length) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("TDigest boundary repair requires two 
spare centroid entries");
+    }
+    return normalizeBoundaries(means, weights, count, min, max);
+  }
+
+  static boolean canNormalizeBoundaries(double[] means, double[] weights, int 
count, double min, double max) {
+    try {
+      checkBoundaryRepair(means, weights, count, min, max);
+      return true;
+    } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Checks both endpoint splits before changing any centroid, including the 
residual-free two-point case.
+  private static void checkBoundaryRepair(double[] means, double[] weights, 
int count, double min, double max) {
+    if (count == 0 || (weights[0] == 1.0 && weights[count - 1] == 1.0)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (count == 1) {
+      if (weights[0] == 2.0) {
+        double midpoint = min / 2.0 + max / 2.0;
+        // Incremental legacy averaging can round differently, especially when 
opposite signs cancel.
+        double roundingTolerance = Math.ulp(min / 2.0) + Math.ulp(max / 2.0);
+        if (means[0] != midpoint && !(means[0] == min && means[0] == max)
+            && !(Double.isFinite(midpoint) && Math.abs(means[0] - midpoint) <= 
roundingTolerance)) {
+          throw unrepresentableBoundaryMutation();
+        }
+      } else if (weights[0] > 2.0) {
+        residualMean(means[0], weights[0], min, max, 
checkedResidualWeight(weights[0], 2.0), min, max);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    double lowerNeighbor = means[count - 2];
+    if (weights[0] > 1.0) {
+      double firstResidual =
+          residualMean(means[0], weights[0], min, 0.0, 
checkedResidualWeight(weights[0], 1.0), min, means[1]);
+      if (count == 2) {
+        lowerNeighbor = firstResidual;
+      }
+    }
+    if (weights[count - 1] > 1.0) {
+      residualMean(means[count - 1], weights[count - 1], max, 0.0, 
checkedResidualWeight(weights[count - 1], 1.0),
+          lowerNeighbor, max);
+    }
+  }
+
+  static double checkedResidualWeight(double weight, double removedWeight) {
+    double residual = weight - removedWeight;
+    if (weight - residual != removedWeight) {
+      throw unrepresentableBoundaryMutation();
+    }
+    return residual;
+  }
+
+  private static int normalizeBoundaries(double[] means, double[] weights, int 
count, double min, double max) {
+    checkBoundaryRepair(means, weights, count, min, max);
+    if (count == 0 || (weights[0] == 1.0 && weights[count - 1] == 1.0)) {
+      return count;
+    }
+    if (count == 1) {
+      double weight = weights[0];
+      if (weight < 2.0) {
+        return count;
+      }
+      double mean = means[0];
+      means[0] = min;
+      weights[0] = 1.0;
+      if (weight == 2.0) {
+        means[1] = max;
+        weights[1] = 1.0;
+        return 2;
+      }
+      means[1] = residualMean(mean, weight, min, max, weight - 2.0, min, max);
+      weights[1] = weight - 2.0;
+      means[2] = max;
+      weights[2] = 1.0;
+      return 3;
+    }
+
+    if (weights[0] > 1.0) {
+      System.arraycopy(means, 1, means, 2, count - 1);
+      System.arraycopy(weights, 1, weights, 2, count - 1);
+      double weight = weights[0];
+      double mean = means[0];
+      means[0] = min;
+      weights[0] = 1.0;
+      means[1] = residualMean(mean, weight, min, 0.0, weight - 1.0, min, 
means[2]);
+      weights[1] = weight - 1.0;
+      count++;
+    }
+    int lastIndex = count - 1;
+    if (weights[lastIndex] > 1.0) {
+      double weight = weights[lastIndex];
+      double mean = means[lastIndex];
+      means[lastIndex] = residualMean(mean, weight, max, 0.0, weight - 1.0, 
means[lastIndex - 1], max);
+      weights[lastIndex] = weight - 1.0;
+      means[count] = max;
+      weights[count] = 1.0;
+      count++;
+    }
+    return count;
+  }
+
+  private void ensureRawBuffer() {
+    if (_rawValues == null) {
+      _rawValues = new double[getInitialRawBufferSize((long) 
Math.ceil(_compression))];
+    } else if (_useTwoLevelRawCompression && _numRawValues == _rawValues.length
+        && _rawValues.length < _pendingCentroidCapacity) {
+      int capacity = (int) Math.min(_pendingCentroidCapacity, 2L * 
_rawValues.length);
+      _rawValues = Arrays.copyOf(_rawValues, capacity);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private int getInitialRawBufferSize(long roundedCompression) {
+    if (_useTwoLevelRawCompression) {
+      // Keep extreme legacy settings lazy too. The buffer grows toward the 
historical 5x main capacity
+      // only when actual raw inputs require it; ordinary settings start with 
that historical capacity.
+      return Math.min(_pendingCentroidCapacity, MAX_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    }
+    return getRawBufferSize(roundedCompression);
+  }
+
+  private static int getRawBufferSize(long roundedCompression) {
+    return (int) Math.min(MAX_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE, Math.max(MIN_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE, 
2.0 * roundedCompression));
+  }
+
+  private static int getPendingCentroidCapacity(int centroidCapacity, boolean 
legacyAggregation) {
+    long capacity = (long) TDigestCodec.DEFAULT_MERGE_BUFFER_MULTIPLIER * 
centroidCapacity;
+    return legacyAggregation ? (int) Math.min(Integer.MAX_VALUE, capacity)
+        : (int) Math.min(MAX_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE, Math.max(MIN_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE, 
capacity));
+  }
+
+  private void flushIfBuffersFull(boolean flushFullRawBuffer) {
+    // Bulk raw input can leave a full two-level buffer available for growth; 
centroid input only needs pending space.
+    if (flushFullRawBuffer && _numRawValues == _rawValues.length
+        || _numRawValues + _numIncomingCentroids == getPendingInputLimit()) {
+      flush();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private int getPendingInputLimit() {
+    // Large compression can retain more centroids than this independent 
buffer's cap. Keep batching instead of
+    // shrinking to one new input per full merge as the accumulated centroid 
count grows.
+    if (!_useTwoLevelRawCompression && _pendingCentroidCapacity == 
MAX_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE) {
+      return MAX_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE;
+    }
+    return Math.max(1, _pendingCentroidCapacity - _numCentroids - 1);
+  }
+
+  private int getPreferredOutputCapacity(int incomingCount) {
+    return Math.min(_centroidCapacity, Math.addExact(_numCentroids, 
incomingCount));
+  }
+
+  private void ensureOutputCapacity(int capacity) {
+    if (_outputMeans == null) {
+      int newCapacity = Math.max(capacity, Math.min(_centroidCapacity, 
MIN_RAW_BUFFER_SIZE));
+      _outputMeans = new double[newCapacity];
+      _outputWeights = new double[newCapacity];
+    } else if (capacity > _outputMeans.length) {
+      int newCapacity = Math.max(capacity, 
Math.multiplyExact(_outputMeans.length, 2));
+      _outputMeans = Arrays.copyOf(_outputMeans, newCapacity);
+      _outputWeights = Arrays.copyOf(_outputWeights, newCapacity);
+    }
+  }
+
+  static void checkTotalWeight(double totalWeight) {
+    if (!(totalWeight >= 0.0) || !Double.isFinite(totalWeight)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid TDigest total weight: " + 
totalWeight);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void requireMutable() {
+    if (_legacyDegraded) {
+      throw corruptedMutation();
+    }
+    if (_originalBoundaryBytes != null) {
+      throw unrepresentableBoundaryMutation();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static IllegalArgumentException unrepresentableBoundaryMutation() {
+    return new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot merge or mutate a historical 
TDigest whose unit boundary repair "
+        + "cannot preserve its mass or first moment; rebuild stored digests 
from source data before merging");
+  }
+
+  static IllegalArgumentException corruptedMutation() {
+    return new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot merge or mutate a historically 
corrupted TDigest; "
+        + "rebuild stored digests from source data before merging");
+  }
+
+  private double getK1MaxWeightScale(double compression) {
+    return compression == _compression ? _publicMaxWeightScale : 
_workingMaxWeightScale;
+  }
+
+  private static double calculateK1MaxWeightScale(double compression) {
+    return 2.0 * Math.sin(Math.PI / compression);
+  }
+
+  // Keep centroid operations JDK-only for the isolated legacy compatibility 
reader.
+  private static void reverse(double[] values, int length) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < length / 2; i++) {
+      int otherIndex = length - i - 1;
+      double value = values[i];

Review Comment:
   Kept the small JDK-only helper for the isolated compatibility reader. The 
module has ArrayUtils transitively, but the actual old-reader probe loads only 
the Pinot classes/JDK; substituting ArrayUtils reproduces NoClassDefFoundError 
(round19 evidence). The existing adjacent comment records this constraint; 
adding dependency/classpath plumbing for this helper would increase scope.
   
   Validated at `3821623d46933dd233b8110e123ecb4f86ac1e96`: 554 affected tests, 
genuine 3.2/3.3 bidirectional byte checks, the 270-case oracle, applicable 
precommit checks and independent Pinot review pass. New-head CI and maintainer 
approval remain separate gates.



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