cmcfarlen commented on code in PR #13063:
URL: https://github.com/apache/trafficserver/pull/13063#discussion_r3972786621


##########
tools/changelog/changelog.py:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+#
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""Generate a changelog from merged PRs in a GitHub milestone.
+
+Usage:
+    uv run --project tools/changelog python tools/changelog/changelog.py \
+        -o apache -r trafficserver -m 10.2.0
+
+Output is written to stdout in the format used by CHANGELOG-* files:
+
+    Changes with Apache Traffic Server 10.2.0
+      #11945 - Make directory operations methods on `Directory`
+      #12026 - Static link opentelemetry-cpp libraries to otel_tracer plugin
+      ...
+
+To generate a changelog file for a release:
+
+    uv run --project tools/changelog python tools/changelog/changelog.py \
+        -o apache -r trafficserver -m 10.2.0 > CHANGELOG-10.2.0
+
+Use --doc to include extra metadata (merge commit SHA, PR body, labels) for 
each
+PR, useful for generating release documentation. With --from-git the body is 
the
+commit message body rather than a PR body:
+
+    uv run --project tools/changelog python tools/changelog/changelog.py \
+        -o apache -r trafficserver -m 10.2.0 --doc --format yaml > 
changelog.yaml
+
+For security releases whose fixes land directly on a release branch without
+public pull requests (and therefore never appear in a milestone), use
+--from-git to source the changelog from a git commit range. This is merged
+with the milestone PRs (deduplicated by PR number) so the result includes both
+the direct-to-branch commits and any milestone PRs. The -m value is still used
+as the version label in the output:
+
+    uv run --project tools/changelog python tools/changelog/changelog.py \
+        -o apache -r trafficserver -m 10.1.4 \
+        --from-git 10.1.3..upstream/10.1.x
+
+Requires a GitHub token via GH_TOKEN env var or -a flag to avoid rate limits.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+import httpx
+
+try:
+    import yaml
+except ImportError:
+    yaml = None
+

Review Comment:
   Fixed in `378b586bfe`, taking the "make it required" option. `httpx` is 
imported unconditionally and is equally a third-party dependency, so the 
guarded path was only reachable from an install that this `pyproject.toml` does 
not describe. An optional extra would have been worse: `--format yaml` is a 
documented mode, so it would have failed by default in the workflow the release 
guide gives.



##########
tools/changelog/changelog.py:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+#
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""Generate a changelog from merged PRs in a GitHub milestone.
+
+Usage:
+    uv run --project tools/changelog python tools/changelog/changelog.py \
+        -o apache -r trafficserver -m 10.2.0
+
+Output is written to stdout in the format used by CHANGELOG-* files:
+
+    Changes with Apache Traffic Server 10.2.0
+      #11945 - Make directory operations methods on `Directory`
+      #12026 - Static link opentelemetry-cpp libraries to otel_tracer plugin
+      ...
+
+To generate a changelog file for a release:
+
+    uv run --project tools/changelog python tools/changelog/changelog.py \
+        -o apache -r trafficserver -m 10.2.0 > CHANGELOG-10.2.0
+
+Use --doc to include extra metadata (merge commit SHA, PR body, labels) for 
each
+PR, useful for generating release documentation. With --from-git the body is 
the
+commit message body rather than a PR body:
+
+    uv run --project tools/changelog python tools/changelog/changelog.py \
+        -o apache -r trafficserver -m 10.2.0 --doc --format yaml > 
changelog.yaml
+
+For security releases whose fixes land directly on a release branch without
+public pull requests (and therefore never appear in a milestone), use
+--from-git to source the changelog from a git commit range. This is merged
+with the milestone PRs (deduplicated by PR number) so the result includes both
+the direct-to-branch commits and any milestone PRs. The -m value is still used
+as the version label in the output:
+
+    uv run --project tools/changelog python tools/changelog/changelog.py \
+        -o apache -r trafficserver -m 10.1.4 \
+        --from-git 10.1.3..upstream/10.1.x
+
+Requires a GitHub token via GH_TOKEN env var or -a flag to avoid rate limits.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+import httpx
+
+try:
+    import yaml
+except ImportError:
+    yaml = None
+
+API_URL = "https://api.github.com";
+
+
+def gh_cli_available() -> bool:
+    try:
+        subprocess.run(["gh", "--version"], capture_output=True, check=True)
+        return True
+    except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+        return False
+
+
+def changelog_via_gh(owner: str, repo: str, milestone: str, verbose: bool, 
doc: bool) -> list[dict]:
+    """Use the gh CLI to fetch milestone PRs (avoids API rate limits)."""
+    milestone_id = None
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ["gh", "api", f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/milestones?state=all", 
"--paginate"],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        print(f"gh api error: {result.stderr}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    milestones = json.loads(result.stdout)
+    for ms in milestones:
+        if ms["title"] == milestone:
+            milestone_id = ms["number"]
+            break
+
+    if milestone_id is None:
+        print(f"Milestone not found: {milestone}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    print(f"Looking for issues from Milestone {milestone}", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    changelog = []
+    page = 1
+    while True:
+        print(f"Page {page}", file=sys.stderr)
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            [
+                "gh",
+                "api",
+                
f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues?milestone={milestone_id}&state=closed&page={page}&per_page=100",
+            ],
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+        )
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            print(f"gh api error: {result.stderr}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        issues = json.loads(result.stdout)
+        if not issues:
+            break
+
+        for issue in issues:
+            number = issue["number"]
+            title = issue["title"]
+            if verbose:
+                print(f"Issue #{number} - {title} ", end="", file=sys.stderr)
+
+            if "pull_request" not in issue:
+                if verbose:
+                    print("not a PR.", file=sys.stderr)
+                continue
+
+            if not _gh_is_merged(owner, repo, number):
+                if verbose:
+                    print("not merged.", file=sys.stderr)
+                continue
+
+            if verbose:
+                print("added.", file=sys.stderr)
+
+            entry: dict = {"number": number, "title": title}
+            if doc:
+                labels = [label["name"] for label in issue.get("labels", [])]
+                entry["labels"] = labels
+                pr_detail = subprocess.run(
+                    ["gh", "api", f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/pulls/{number}"],
+                    capture_output=True,
+                    text=True,
+                )
+                if pr_detail.returncode != 0:
+                    print(f"gh api error fetching PR #{number}: 
{pr_detail.stderr.strip()}", file=sys.stderr)
+                    sys.exit(1)
+                pr_data = json.loads(pr_detail.stdout)
+                entry["sha"] = pr_data.get("merge_commit_sha", "")
+                entry["body"] = pr_data.get("body", "") or ""
+            changelog.append(entry)
+
+        page += 1
+
+    return changelog
+
+
+def changelog_via_api(
+    owner: str,
+    repo: str,
+    milestone: str,
+    token: str | None,
+    verbose: bool,
+    doc: bool,
+) -> list[dict]:
+    """Use httpx to call the GitHub REST API directly."""
+    headers = {
+        "Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json",
+        "User-Agent": "ATS-Changelog-Tool",
+    }
+    if token:
+        headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {token}"
+
+    with httpx.Client(base_url=API_URL, headers=headers, timeout=30) as client:
+        milestone_id = _lookup_milestone(client, owner, repo, milestone)
+        if milestone_id is None:
+            print(f"Milestone not found: {milestone}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        print(f"Looking for issues from Milestone {milestone}", 
file=sys.stderr)
+
+        changelog = []
+        page = 1
+        while True:
+            print(f"Page {page}", file=sys.stderr)
+            resp = client.get(
+                f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues",
+                params={
+                    "milestone": milestone_id,
+                    "state": "closed",
+                    "page": page,
+                    "per_page": 100,
+                },
+            )
+            _check_rate_limit(resp)
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            issues = resp.json()
+
+            if not issues:
+                break
+
+            for issue in issues:
+                number = issue["number"]
+                title = issue["title"]
+                if verbose:
+                    print(f"Issue #{number} - {title} ", end="", 
file=sys.stderr)
+
+                if "pull_request" not in issue:
+                    if verbose:
+                        print("not a PR.", file=sys.stderr)
+                    continue
+
+                if not _is_merged(client, owner, repo, number):
+                    if verbose:
+                        print("not merged.", file=sys.stderr)
+                    continue
+
+                if verbose:
+                    print("added.", file=sys.stderr)
+
+                entry: dict = {"number": number, "title": title}
+                if doc:
+                    labels = [label["name"] for label in issue.get("labels", 
[])]
+                    entry["labels"] = labels
+                    pr_resp = 
client.get(f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/pulls/{number}")
+                    _check_rate_limit(pr_resp)
+                    pr_resp.raise_for_status()
+                    pr_data = pr_resp.json()
+                    entry["sha"] = pr_data.get("merge_commit_sha", "")
+                    entry["body"] = pr_data.get("body", "") or ""
+                changelog.append(entry)
+
+            page += 1
+
+    return changelog
+
+
+def changelog_via_git(git_range: str, verbose: bool, doc: bool) -> list[dict]:
+    """Build the changelog from a git commit range.
+
+    Used for security releases whose fixes are committed directly to a release
+    branch without public PRs, so they never appear in a GitHub milestone. Each
+    commit becomes an entry; a trailing "(#N)" in the subject is captured as 
the
+    PR number when present, but is not required.
+    """
+    field_sep = "\x1f"
+    record_sep = "\x1e"
+    fmt = f"%H{field_sep}%s{field_sep}%b{record_sep}"
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ["git", "log", "--no-merges", "--reverse", f"--pretty=format:{fmt}", 
git_range],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        print(f"git log error: {result.stderr.strip()}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    print(f"Reading commits from git range {git_range}", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    changelog = []
+    for record in result.stdout.split(record_sep):
+        record = record.strip("\n")
+        if not record:
+            continue
+        sha, subject, body = record.split(field_sep, 2)
+        # Only a trailing "(#N)" is a PR number. A bare "#N" anywhere in the 
subject
+        # is usually an issue reference, and treating it as a PR number would 
merge
+        # unrelated entries in merge_changelogs().
+        match = re.search(r"\(#(\d+)\)$", subject)
+        number = int(match.group(1)) if match else None
+        if verbose:
+            label = f"#{number}" if number else sha[:12]
+            print(f"{label} - {subject} added.", file=sys.stderr)
+
+        entry: dict = {"number": number, "title": subject}
+        if doc:
+            entry["sha"] = sha
+            entry["body"] = body.strip()
+        changelog.append(entry)
+
+    return changelog
+
+
+def merge_changelogs(milestone_entries: list[dict], git_entries: list[dict]) 
-> list[dict]:
+    """Union the milestone-sourced and git-sourced entries, deduplicated by PR 
number.
+
+    Git commits keep their chronological order and carry commit-derived 
metadata.
+    Where a git commit's PR number matches a milestone PR, the milestone 
labels are
+    grafted onto the git entry. Milestone PRs with no corresponding commit in 
the
+    git range (e.g. folded into a combined backport) are appended, sorted by 
number.
+    """
+    ms_by_number = {e["number"]: e for e in milestone_entries}
+    git_numbers = {e["number"] for e in git_entries if e.get("number")}
+
+    for ge in git_entries:
+        num = ge.get("number")
+        if num in ms_by_number and ms_by_number[num].get("labels") and 
"labels" not in ge:
+            ge["labels"] = ms_by_number[num]["labels"]
+
+    extras = [e for e in milestone_entries if e["number"] not in git_numbers]
+    extras.sort(key=lambda x: x["number"])
+
+    return git_entries + extras
+
+
+def _lookup_milestone(client: httpx.Client, owner: str, repo: str, title: str) 
-> int | None:
+    page = 1
+    while True:
+        resp = client.get(f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/milestones", 
params={"state": "all", "per_page": 100, "page": page})
+        _check_rate_limit(resp)
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+        data = resp.json()
+        if not data:
+            break
+        for ms in data:
+            if ms["title"] == title:
+                return ms["number"]
+        page += 1
+    return None
+
+
+def _http_status(response: str) -> int | None:
+    """Status code from the status line that `gh api --include` prints 
first."""
+    match = re.match(r"HTTP/[\d.]+\s+(\d{3})", response.split("\n", 1)[0])
+    return int(match.group(1)) if match else None
+
+
+def _gh_is_merged(owner: str, repo: str, pr_number: int) -> bool:
+    """Whether pr_number is merged, via the gh CLI.
+
+    gh exits non-zero for any HTTP error, so without the status line --include
+    supplies, a real 404 is indistinguishable from 403 rate limiting or a 5xx.
+    Anything but 204/404 is fatal; skipping would drop merged PRs and still 
exit 0.
+    """
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ["gh", "api", "--include", 
f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/pulls/{pr_number}/merge"],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    status = _http_status(result.stdout)
+    if status == 204:
+        return True
+    if status == 404:
+        return False
+
+    print(
+        f"gh api error checking whether PR #{pr_number} is merged "
+        f"(HTTP {status if status else 'unknown'}): {result.stderr.strip()}",
+        file=sys.stderr,
+    )
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def _is_merged(client: httpx.Client, owner: str, repo: str, pr_number: int) -> 
bool:
+    resp = client.get(f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/pulls/{pr_number}/merge")
+    if resp.status_code == 204:
+        return True
+    if resp.status_code == 404:
+        return False
+    _check_rate_limit(resp)
+    resp.raise_for_status()
+    return False
+
+
+def _check_rate_limit(resp: httpx.Response) -> None:
+    """Exit if @a resp is a rate-limit response, leaving other errors to the 
caller.
+
+    A 403 alone does not identify a rate limit -- GitHub also uses it for a 
missing
+    token or insufficient scopes, where "try using an auth token" is wrong and 
hides
+    the real cause. A primary limit zeroes x-ratelimit-remaining, a secondary 
limit
+    sends retry-after, and a 429 is always a limit. Everything else falls 
through to
+    the raise_for_status() that follows each call site.
+    """
+    if resp.status_code not in (403, 429):
+        return
+    if (resp.status_code == 429 or resp.headers.get("x-ratelimit-remaining") 
== "0" or "retry-after" in resp.headers):
+        print(
+            "You have exceeded your rate limit. Try using an auth token.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(2)
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Generate changelog from 
merged PRs in a GitHub milestone.")
+    parser.add_argument("-o", "--owner", required=True, help="Repository 
owner")
+    parser.add_argument("-r", "--repo", required=True, help="Repository name")
+    parser.add_argument("-m", "--milestone", required=True, help="Milestone 
title")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-a",
+        "--auth",
+        default=None,
+        help="GitHub auth token. Discouraged: it is visible in ps output and 
shell history. Prefer GH_TOKEN.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", help="Verbose 
output")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--doc",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Include extra metadata (merge SHA, PR body, labels) for 
documentation",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--format",
+        choices=["text", "yaml"],
+        default="text",
+        help="Output format (default: text)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--use-gh",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Use gh CLI instead of direct API calls (avoids rate limits)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--from-git",
+        metavar="RANGE",
+        default=None,
+        help="Also source commits from a git range (e.g. 
10.1.3..upstream/10.1.x) and merge them "
+        "with the milestone PRs, deduplicated by PR number. Use for security 
releases whose fixes "
+        "land directly on a branch without public PRs. -m is still used as the 
version label.",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    token = args.auth or os.environ.get("GH_TOKEN")
+
+    if not token and not args.use_gh:
+        print(
+            "WARNING: No GitHub token provided. Unauthenticated requests are 
limited\n"
+            "to 60 per hour, which is usually not enough to generate a full 
changelog.\n"
+            "\n"
+            "Provide a token via -a or the GH_TOKEN environment variable.\n"
+            "\n"
+            "To create a token:\n"
+            "  1. Go to https://github.com/settings/tokens\n";
+            "  2. Click 'Generate new token' -> 'Generate new token 
(classic)'\n"
+            "  3. Select the 'public_repo' scope (sufficient for public 
repositories)\n"
+            "  4. For fine-grained tokens, grant read-only access to Issues 
and\n"
+            "     Pull Requests on the target repository\n"
+            "\n"
+            "Alternatively, use --use-gh to use the gh CLI with its existing 
auth.\n",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+
+    if args.use_gh:
+        if not gh_cli_available():
+            print("gh CLI not found. Install it or omit --use-gh.", 
file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+        changelog = changelog_via_gh(args.owner, args.repo, args.milestone, 
args.verbose, args.doc)
+    else:
+        changelog = changelog_via_api(
+            args.owner,
+            args.repo,
+            args.milestone,
+            token,
+            args.verbose,
+            args.doc,
+        )
+
+    if args.from_git:
+        git_changelog = changelog_via_git(args.from_git, args.verbose, 
args.doc)
+        changelog = merge_changelogs(changelog, git_changelog)
+
+    if changelog:
+        # Milestone-only entries all carry a PR number and sort by it. A merged
+        # (--from-git) result preserves git's chronological order with 
milestone-only
+        # PRs appended, so it must not be re-sorted.
+        if not args.from_git:
+            changelog.sort(key=lambda x: x["number"])
+
+        if args.format == "yaml":
+            output = {
+                "milestone": args.milestone,
+                "owner": args.owner,
+                "repo": args.repo,
+                "entries": changelog,
+            }
+            if yaml is None:
+                print("ERROR: --format yaml requires PyYAML. Install it with: 
pip install pyyaml", file=sys.stderr)
+                sys.exit(1)
+            yaml.dump(output, sys.stdout, default_flow_style=False, 
sort_keys=False, allow_unicode=True)

Review Comment:
   Fixed in `378b586bfe`, taking the "make it required" option. `httpx` is 
imported unconditionally and is equally a third-party dependency, so the 
guarded path was only reachable from an install that this `pyproject.toml` does 
not describe. An optional extra would have been worse: `--format yaml` is a 
documented mode, so it would have failed by default in the workflow the release 
guide gives.



##########
tools/changelog/pyproject.toml:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+[project]
+name = "changelog"
+version = "0.1.0"
+description = "Generate changelog from GitHub milestones for Apache Traffic 
Server"
+requires-python = ">=3.11"
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+dependencies = [
+    "httpx>=0.27",

Review Comment:
   Fixed in `378b586bfe`, taking the "make it required" option. `httpx` is 
imported unconditionally and is equally a third-party dependency, so the 
guarded path was only reachable from an install that this `pyproject.toml` does 
not describe. An optional extra would have been worse: `--format yaml` is a 
documented mode, so it would have failed by default in the workflow the release 
guide gives.



##########
tools/changelog/changelog.py:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+#
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""Generate a changelog from merged PRs in a GitHub milestone.
+
+Usage:
+    uv run --project tools/changelog python tools/changelog/changelog.py \
+        -o apache -r trafficserver -m 10.2.0
+
+Output is written to stdout in the format used by CHANGELOG-* files:
+
+    Changes with Apache Traffic Server 10.2.0
+      #11945 - Make directory operations methods on `Directory`
+      #12026 - Static link opentelemetry-cpp libraries to otel_tracer plugin
+      ...
+
+To generate a changelog file for a release:
+
+    uv run --project tools/changelog python tools/changelog/changelog.py \
+        -o apache -r trafficserver -m 10.2.0 > CHANGELOG-10.2.0
+
+Use --doc to include extra metadata (merge commit SHA, PR body, labels) for 
each
+PR, useful for generating release documentation. With --from-git the body is 
the
+commit message body rather than a PR body:
+
+    uv run --project tools/changelog python tools/changelog/changelog.py \
+        -o apache -r trafficserver -m 10.2.0 --doc --format yaml > 
changelog.yaml
+
+For security releases whose fixes land directly on a release branch without
+public pull requests (and therefore never appear in a milestone), use
+--from-git to source the changelog from a git commit range. This is merged
+with the milestone PRs (deduplicated by PR number) so the result includes both
+the direct-to-branch commits and any milestone PRs. The -m value is still used
+as the version label in the output:
+
+    uv run --project tools/changelog python tools/changelog/changelog.py \
+        -o apache -r trafficserver -m 10.1.4 \
+        --from-git 10.1.3..upstream/10.1.x
+
+Requires a GitHub token via GH_TOKEN env var or -a flag to avoid rate limits.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+import httpx
+
+try:
+    import yaml
+except ImportError:
+    yaml = None
+
+API_URL = "https://api.github.com";
+
+
+def gh_cli_available() -> bool:
+    try:
+        subprocess.run(["gh", "--version"], capture_output=True, check=True)
+        return True
+    except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+        return False
+
+
+def changelog_via_gh(owner: str, repo: str, milestone: str, verbose: bool, 
doc: bool) -> list[dict]:
+    """Use the gh CLI to fetch milestone PRs (avoids API rate limits)."""
+    milestone_id = None
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ["gh", "api", f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/milestones?state=all", 
"--paginate"],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        print(f"gh api error: {result.stderr}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    milestones = json.loads(result.stdout)
+    for ms in milestones:
+        if ms["title"] == milestone:
+            milestone_id = ms["number"]
+            break
+
+    if milestone_id is None:
+        print(f"Milestone not found: {milestone}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    print(f"Looking for issues from Milestone {milestone}", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    changelog = []
+    page = 1
+    while True:
+        print(f"Page {page}", file=sys.stderr)
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            [
+                "gh",
+                "api",
+                
f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues?milestone={milestone_id}&state=closed&page={page}&per_page=100",
+            ],
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+        )
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            print(f"gh api error: {result.stderr}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        issues = json.loads(result.stdout)
+        if not issues:
+            break
+
+        for issue in issues:
+            number = issue["number"]
+            title = issue["title"]
+            if verbose:
+                print(f"Issue #{number} - {title} ", end="", file=sys.stderr)
+
+            if "pull_request" not in issue:
+                if verbose:
+                    print("not a PR.", file=sys.stderr)
+                continue
+
+            if not _gh_is_merged(owner, repo, number):
+                if verbose:
+                    print("not merged.", file=sys.stderr)
+                continue
+
+            if verbose:
+                print("added.", file=sys.stderr)
+
+            entry: dict = {"number": number, "title": title}
+            if doc:
+                labels = [label["name"] for label in issue.get("labels", [])]
+                entry["labels"] = labels
+                pr_detail = subprocess.run(
+                    ["gh", "api", f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/pulls/{number}"],
+                    capture_output=True,
+                    text=True,
+                )
+                if pr_detail.returncode != 0:
+                    print(f"gh api error fetching PR #{number}: 
{pr_detail.stderr.strip()}", file=sys.stderr)
+                    sys.exit(1)
+                pr_data = json.loads(pr_detail.stdout)
+                entry["sha"] = pr_data.get("merge_commit_sha", "")
+                entry["body"] = pr_data.get("body", "") or ""
+            changelog.append(entry)
+
+        page += 1
+
+    return changelog
+
+
+def changelog_via_api(
+    owner: str,
+    repo: str,
+    milestone: str,
+    token: str | None,
+    verbose: bool,
+    doc: bool,
+) -> list[dict]:
+    """Use httpx to call the GitHub REST API directly."""
+    headers = {
+        "Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json",
+        "User-Agent": "ATS-Changelog-Tool",
+    }
+    if token:
+        headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {token}"
+
+    with httpx.Client(base_url=API_URL, headers=headers, timeout=30) as client:
+        milestone_id = _lookup_milestone(client, owner, repo, milestone)
+        if milestone_id is None:
+            print(f"Milestone not found: {milestone}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        print(f"Looking for issues from Milestone {milestone}", 
file=sys.stderr)
+
+        changelog = []
+        page = 1
+        while True:
+            print(f"Page {page}", file=sys.stderr)
+            resp = client.get(
+                f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues",
+                params={
+                    "milestone": milestone_id,
+                    "state": "closed",
+                    "page": page,
+                    "per_page": 100,
+                },
+            )
+            _check_rate_limit(resp)
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            issues = resp.json()
+
+            if not issues:
+                break
+
+            for issue in issues:
+                number = issue["number"]
+                title = issue["title"]
+                if verbose:
+                    print(f"Issue #{number} - {title} ", end="", 
file=sys.stderr)
+
+                if "pull_request" not in issue:
+                    if verbose:
+                        print("not a PR.", file=sys.stderr)
+                    continue
+
+                if not _is_merged(client, owner, repo, number):
+                    if verbose:
+                        print("not merged.", file=sys.stderr)
+                    continue
+
+                if verbose:
+                    print("added.", file=sys.stderr)
+
+                entry: dict = {"number": number, "title": title}
+                if doc:
+                    labels = [label["name"] for label in issue.get("labels", 
[])]
+                    entry["labels"] = labels
+                    pr_resp = 
client.get(f"/repos/{owner}/{repo}/pulls/{number}")
+                    _check_rate_limit(pr_resp)
+                    pr_resp.raise_for_status()
+                    pr_data = pr_resp.json()
+                    entry["sha"] = pr_data.get("merge_commit_sha", "")
+                    entry["body"] = pr_data.get("body", "") or ""
+                changelog.append(entry)
+
+            page += 1
+
+    return changelog
+
+
+def changelog_via_git(git_range: str, verbose: bool, doc: bool) -> list[dict]:
+    """Build the changelog from a git commit range.
+
+    Used for security releases whose fixes are committed directly to a release
+    branch without public PRs, so they never appear in a GitHub milestone. Each
+    commit becomes an entry; a trailing "(#N)" in the subject is captured as 
the
+    PR number when present, but is not required.
+    """
+    field_sep = "\x1f"
+    record_sep = "\x1e"
+    fmt = f"%H{field_sep}%s{field_sep}%b{record_sep}"
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ["git", "log", "--no-merges", "--reverse", f"--pretty=format:{fmt}", 
git_range],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        print(f"git log error: {result.stderr.strip()}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    print(f"Reading commits from git range {git_range}", file=sys.stderr)
+
+    changelog = []
+    for record in result.stdout.split(record_sep):
+        record = record.strip("\n")
+        if not record:
+            continue
+        sha, subject, body = record.split(field_sep, 2)
+        # Only a trailing "(#N)" is a PR number. A bare "#N" anywhere in the 
subject
+        # is usually an issue reference, and treating it as a PR number would 
merge
+        # unrelated entries in merge_changelogs().
+        match = re.search(r"\(#(\d+)\)$", subject)
+        number = int(match.group(1)) if match else None
+        if verbose:
+            label = f"#{number}" if number else sha[:12]
+            print(f"{label} - {subject} added.", file=sys.stderr)
+
+        entry: dict = {"number": number, "title": subject}
+        if doc:
+            entry["sha"] = sha
+            entry["body"] = body.strip()
+        changelog.append(entry)
+
+    return changelog
+
+
+def merge_changelogs(milestone_entries: list[dict], git_entries: list[dict]) 
-> list[dict]:
+    """Union the milestone-sourced and git-sourced entries, deduplicated by PR 
number.
+
+    Git commits keep their chronological order and carry commit-derived 
metadata.
+    Where a git commit's PR number matches a milestone PR, the milestone 
labels are
+    grafted onto the git entry. Milestone PRs with no corresponding commit in 
the
+    git range (e.g. folded into a combined backport) are appended, sorted by 
number.
+    """
+    ms_by_number = {e["number"]: e for e in milestone_entries}
+    git_numbers = {e["number"] for e in git_entries if e.get("number")}
+
+    for ge in git_entries:
+        num = ge.get("number")
+        if num in ms_by_number and ms_by_number[num].get("labels") and 
"labels" not in ge:
+            ge["labels"] = ms_by_number[num]["labels"]
+
+    extras = [e for e in milestone_entries if e["number"] not in git_numbers]
+    extras.sort(key=lambda x: x["number"])
+
+    return git_entries + extras

Review Comment:
   Fixed in `378b586bfe`. Deduplicated on the git side too, keeping the first 
occurrence so the surviving entry stays chronological. Tested the 
revert-and-reapply shape directly: one entry per PR number, milestone labels 
grafted onto the survivor, and unnumbered direct-to-branch commits left intact 
since they have no number to collide on.



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