> On Aug 26, 2026, at 23:35, Patrick Bond via groups.io
> <[email protected]> wrote:
>
> the initial (and subsequent) adoption of some of this terminology was not
> claiming the subimperial sites of capitalism had 'empires.' It was whether
> the subimperial 'practices' (writ large) of states and capitalists in places
> like Brazil - as Ruy Mauro Marini observed them first in 1965 - were
> “collaborating actively with imperialist expansion, assuming in this
> expansion the position of a key nation,” while still acknowledging
> “antagonistic cooperation between the bourgeoisie of the underdeveloped
> countries and imperialism.”
I recently looked up the origin of the term "super-exploitation," which some
date to Marini's 1973 work.
https://monthlyreview.org/articles/superexploitation-and-the-imperialist-drive-of-capitalism-how-marinis-dialectics-of-dependency-goes-beyond-marxs-capital/.
Super-exploitation is not about a high rate of exploitation in Marx's sense of
s/v in absolute or relative terms but by robbing the workers of the value of
labor reproduction. I understand it to be a third form of exploitation in
addition to relative and absolute exploitation.
> That bourgeoisie is distorted, however: “The form which dependent capital
> assumes upon reaching the stage of monopolies and finance capital.”
> Stagnation occurs due to overaccumulation of capital, resulting in so-called
> ‘premature deindustrialisation,’ in turn due to local capitalist
> ‘super-exploitation’ (which limits buying power) and the accompanying
> repression of poor and working people that is required to sustain extreme
> inequality:
There is also "overexploitation" in the literature
(https://monthlyreview.org/articles/introduction-to-the-updated-edition-of-arghiri-emmanuels-unequal-exchange/),
but I don't know what that is.
...
> If you like, I can send more on the way subsequent Marxists have written
> about subimperialism, e.g. here in South Africa both before and after 1994,
> and in the BRICS:
> • Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems ‘semi-periphery’ (1975)
> • Ibbo Mandaza’s warning about subimperialism practices of the apartheid-era
> South African state and capital (1980)
> • David Harvey’s application of the subimperialism concept to post-1970s
> footloose capital’s ‘spatial fix’ (2003)
> • Sam Moyo’s and Paris Yeros’ application of Marini’s theory to the BRICS
> (2013)
> • Samir Amin’s labelling of post-apartheid South Africa as ‘subimperialist’
> (2019)
> • Gorden Moyo’s confirmation that in the African economy, BRICS are
> subimperial (2024)
Please do.
thanks, Mark
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