Re: include directives in ledger 3.2.1 and ledger-reconcile

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Colin and all,

Colin Dean  writes:

> I'm using ledger 3.2.1-7build2 from ubuntu impish in the particular records 
> I'm looking at right now. My includes are using "!include" are relative 

Thanks, that's good to know.

To be clear, ledger itself still seems to read the included files (with
relative paths) just fine when I run it from the command line. I only
see the error when it is run via ledger-mode in emacs. But I do not see
the problem with ledger 3.1.2, so I suspect something changed in ledger
between 3.1.2 and 3.2.1 (or between the Debian build and the Guix build)
that ledger-mode was implicitly relying on.

I am suspicious of the fact that ".path()" was dropped in the last
part of the diff here:

https://github.com/emin63/ledger/commit/9c1a7b1b1dbad11196571b1114ddaf23ae5345ff

I don't know exactly what .path() does, but could that have something to do
with this issue? It would be great if someone familiar with the source
code could chime in on this.

Thanks in advance!

-- 
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Richard

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include directives in ledger 3.2.1 and ledger-reconcile

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi everyone,

I recently switched from ledger 3.1.22-20190205 (in Debian oldstable) to
3.2.1-20200518 (in GNU Guix) and I'm encountering the following issue.
At the top of my ledger file are two include directives:

include strict.db
include prices.db

The two included files are in the same directory as the ledger file.
But after upgrading, when I try to reconcile an account using
ledger-reconcile in Emacs' ledger-mode, I get the following errors:

While parsing file "", line 1:
Error: File to include was not found: "strict.db"
While parsing file "", line 2:
Error: File to include was not found: "prices.db"

I'm not sure exactly what the cause of this is, but I did confirm that
the issue does not occur if I switch back to ledger 3.1.2.
It also goes away if I enter full absolute paths for the files, but not
relative paths like "./prices.db".

I also found this issue about include directives:

https://github.com/ledger/ledger/issues/1659

which resulted in this change:

https://github.com/emin63/ledger/commit/9c1a7b1b1dbad11196571b1114ddaf23ae5345ff

Could this be related to the problem? Is it now required to specify
absolute paths in include directives?

Many thanks for your insights?

-- 
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Richard

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Re: prices & pricedb Reporting Commands

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi lipp,

lipp f  writes:

> Thank you for your answer  Richard. For me, it makes no difference if I use 
> a real jurnal or an empty one. Absolutely nothing on the screen.
>
> Can you please explain what each command does and how are they different? 
> Maybe to show how you run them, what parameters are you using and what the 
> output is?

The command 'ledger pricedb' outputs prices in a format that can be read
back in by ledger, like:

P 2021/09/29 00:00:00 VBTLX $11.269182911655
P 2021/10/04 00:00:00 VBTLX $11.29
P 2021/10/11 00:00:00 VBTLX $11.19
P 2021/10/18 00:00:00 VBTLX $11.24

'ledger prices' basically outputs the same information but not in the
format of a ledger price declaration, and only one price per day, like: 

2021/09/29 VBTLX$11.269182911655
2021/10/04 VBTLX  $11.29
2021/10/11 VBTLX  $11.19
2021/10/18 VBTLX  $11.24

As you can see, there is very little difference here in my case (VBTLX
has a price at most once a day anyway) but the pricedb format above
starts with "P" and has a slot for the seconds. Note also that both
commands output prices calculated by ledger (the first line in both
cases), as well as those explicitly recorded in the price database.

The entries in my prices.db file, which I just include in my main ledger
file with the line

include prices.db

look like this:

P 2021/10/18 VBTLX $11.24

(I have a custom script that I use to fetch these periodically and
append them to the prices.db file.)

Thus, both of these commands require specifying the ledger file, which I
do implicitly via the LEDGER_FILE environment variable, but you can do
explicitly with e.g.

ledger -f path/to/file prices
ledger -f path/to/file pricedb

and the price declarations are then pulled in from the separate
prices.db file via the include line. 

Of course, there are transactions involving these commodities in my main
ledger file, which look like

2021/09/29 * Broker
assets:Retirement:Roth IRA10. VBTLX @@ $112.69
revenues:Investments:Dividends   -$112.69

Again, without any transactions that actually the commodities which have
prices, you probably won't see any output.

So that's my setup. Does that help?

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Richard

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Re: prices & pricedb Reporting Commands

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi lipp,

lipp f  writes:

> My understanding is that these commands are supposed to somehow show 
> records from the price database.
>
> I have tried the following commands
>
>   $ ledger --args-only --price-db prices-db.j -f empty.j pricedb
>
>   $ ledger --args-only --price-db prices-db.j -f empty.j prices
>
> ..., eventually followed by a commodity name or a commodity filter like -l 
> 'commodity=~/USD/'and I don't get anything.

I suspect this is because you are using an empty journal file (based on
the name you've given here). Is that the case?

These commands work fine for me if I use my regular journal file. If I
use an empty one, I get no output.

I'm not sure what you'd expect ledger to report for an empty journal
file, since there are no transactions from which prices can be
calculated. (Are you just expecting it to echo your prices-db.j? If so,
I'd recommend a different command for that ;) 

-- 
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Richard

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Re: Feasability of using ledger an co. for small business accounting automation

[Richard Lawrence]

Tomás de Almeida  writes:

> I was thinking about doing something very simple and barebones. Akin to
> having job that extracts and parses daily transaction reports from the
> company's bank account into the main ledger data file.
>
> I imagine some of the transactions would be easy to automate as writing
> them into the proper category: repeat customers, periodic fees of
> subscribed services, etc.
>
> The "new" transactions would always be a mistery on which category they
> should be parsed, so they would go into a "to insert manually later" file
> that we would hsve to take a look from time to time.

I don't have any experience using ledger to manage a business, but I
thought it would be useful to add here that you shouldn't underestimate
the power of a good text editor to help with this automation.
Customizing your editor to help with data entry can save you a lot of
time and effort without taking a human who has all the necessary context
out of the loop.

For example, I use ledger-mode for Emacs, which provides great features
like completion of account names. I also have various abbrevs setup for
common transactions, so that I can just type e.g. "atm" and get a
transaction filled out for a typical ATM withdrawal, for which I can
then adjust the amount if necessary. I have written custom commands to
automate other things too, like adding the exchange rate on a certain
date. You can go really far with this kind of
mostly-automated-but-human-adjusted data entry.

Writing custom scripts can be a lot of work (depending on what the
incoming data looks like) and as you note, there will probably be many
cases where more context is needed to categorize something properly. At
least for me personally, it works better to start with editor
customization, and only move to a fully-automated script in cases where
I'm sure I will not need to do any manual review.

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Re: Arithmetic

[Richard Lawrence]

Dan Sladden  writes:

> Why does this do what I expect:
>
> 2020/01/01 Works
> Assets:Cash(£10*(3 -1))
> Equity
>
> but this (without the space before the minus sign) doesn't:
>
> 2020/01/01 Doesn't work
> Assets:Cash(£10*(3-1))
> Equity

Whoa, strange. I think this is probably a bug. I can confirm that the
first transaction puts £20 in Assets:Cash, but the second does not,
on ledger 3.1.2. (I realize this version is a bit old; I'm on Debian
stable.)

Dan, what version are you running? Can anyone test on a more recent version?

It's also strange that ledger does not throw an error or complain or
anything about the second transaction. It's as if it's simply blind to
it.

-- 
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Richard

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Retrieving and inserting exchange rates in ledger-mode

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi all,

In case there are ledger-mode users here who might find this useful, I
wanted to share a snippet of code I wrote as I was doing my end-of-year
journal file tidying. It scrapes the USD-EUR exchange rate from
exchange-rates.org for the date of the transaction at point, then enters
it as a price declaration for the same date on the line before the
transaction.

Thus it transforms something like

2020/12/29 * Salary
assets:Checking €10
revenues:Income

into

P 2020/12/29 € $1.2255
2020/12/29 * Salary
assets:Checking €10
revenues:Income

Useful if, like me, you have to report overseas earnings on your US
taxes!

I have ledger-insert-exchange-rate bound to C-c X in ledger-mode.

The currency names and symbols are hardcoded but they'd be easy to adapt
to your own needs. Improvements welcome. Happy New Year!

Best,
Richard



(defun parse-EUR-USD-exchange-rate ()
"Find and parse the exchange rate out of a buffer containing the HTML
from exchange-rates.org"
(goto-char (point-min))
(if (re-search-forward
"1 Euro in US Dollars is \\([[:digit:]]+\\.[[:digit:]]+\\)"
(point-max) t)
(match-string 1)
(error "Exchange rate not found in HTML")))

(defun fetch-exchange-rate-on (month day year)
"Return the exchange rate from exchange-rates.org on a given date"
(let* ((url (format "https://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/EUR/USD/%s-%s-%s;
month day year)))
(with-current-buffer (url-retrieve-synchronously url t t)
(parse-EUR-USD-exchange-rate

(defun ledger-insert-exchange-rate ()
  "Add the exchange rate on a certain date as a price declaration to the line 
before point"
  (interactive)
  (save-excursion
(goto-char (car (ledger-navigate-find-xact-extents (point
(when (looking-at ledger-iso-date-regexp)
  (let* ((year (match-string 2))
 (month (match-string 3))
 (day (match-string 4))
 (date-str (match-string 0))
 (ex-rate (fetch-exchange-rate-on month day year))
 (price-str (format "P %s € $%s\n" date-str ex-rate)))
(insert price-str)

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Re: Question

[Richard Lawrence]

o1bigtenor  writes:

> On Sun, Dec 22, 2019 at 9:47 AM Richard Lawrence  wrote:

>> But at least in this case you can fake it with regexps:
>>
>> ledger reg --limit 'account =~ /9795\.00\.[0-9][0-8]\.(([0-4][0-9])|50)/'
>>

> Could you possible explain the part from  the first '/' - - - - or - -
> - -point me
> to a reasonably decent guide on how to do this?

I'm not quite sure I understand the question.

'account =~ /something/' is ledger's syntax for an expression that is
true if the account name in a posting matches the regular expression
"something" (the regular expression is everything between the '/'
characters). See section 11.4, "Complex expressions", in the manual.

Basically, the regular expression I gave you says: match any account name

  - that starts exactly with '9795.00.'
  - followed by two digits, where the second digit maxes out at '8'
  - followed by '.'
  - followed by two digits, where either the two match exactly '50', or
the first maxes out at '4' and the second maxes out at '9'

Is that the explanation you're looking for?

If you don't know how to write regular expressions like this, there are
zillions of guides out there -- you can search the web for one that
works well for you.

This is a pretty cumbersome way to filter on account names, though! If I
were you, I would use human-readable strings as account names, because
it's much easier to filter text with regular expressions (which is
pretty much the only way ledger has to filter by account, as far as I
know).

If you really want to filter using the numbering system you've
developed, you might consider putting those numbers in a metadata field
where you can actually use them as numbers. For example, if you put the
number as the value of a tag in a posting, like

2019/12/12 Some postings
expenses:Something  €3.00 ; AcctNum: 9795006948
expenses:Something  €4.00 ; AcctNum: 9795006928
assets:Cash
 
then you can use a value expression like

to_int(tag("AcctNum")) > 9795006929

as the argument to --limit, which will in this case show you just the
first posting for €3.00. I'd recommend looking over the EXPRESSIONS
section in the ledger manual page to see what other possibilities might
work for you.

Hope that's helpful!

-- 
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Richard

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Re: Question

[Richard Lawrence]

o1bigtenor  writes:

> My record keeping system is a little complex and I have lots of levels
> of sub-accounts. As I'm doing my 'do the taxes trick' life would be
> quite a bit simpler if I could total the amounts in all the levels of
> sub-accounts under a particular account.
> 
> Now 9795.00.66.01 is a sub-account in a group that starts at
> 9795.00.00.00 (The major sub-account) and runs to 9795.00.98.50 with
> presently 57 sub-accounts.
>
> Is there some way to ask ledger to print and sum all the transactions
> from 9795.00.00.00 to 9795.00.98.50?

The best way I know to do this would be to use the --limit flag with an
expression that matches just the accounts you want to sum.

I don't know that ledger has a good way of treating account names as
numbers inside an expression, and I suspect that you will end up
fighting with ledger a lot if your accounts tree is based on assuming
that it can.

But at least in this case you can fake it with regexps:

ledger reg --limit 'account =~ /9795\.00\.[0-9][0-8]\.(([0-4][0-9])|50)/'

Hope that helps!

-- 
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Richard

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Re: Auto-completion on Tab in Emacs?

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Oscar,

Oscar  writes:

> I can't seem to have auto-completion to work when I press tab in 
> ledger-mode in Emacs . 
>
> Previous versions I never had this problem. Is this a bug? It does indent 
> but pressing tab doesn't do the autocomplete.

This was changed recently; I noticed it too when I recently upgraded
ledger-mode.  Discussion here: https://github.com/ledger/ledger-mode/pull/174

To get (something like) the old behavior back, you can do:

  (add-hook 'ledger-mode-hook
(lambda ()
  (setq-local tab-always-indent 'complete)
  (setq-local completion-cycle-threshold t)
  (setq-local ledger-complete-in-steps t)))

I found that this solution was not quite satisfying; whatever the old
version did to guess the ordering of completions was better. But I also
recently decided to try out Ivy for completion; with ivy-mode on, I find
this is enough:

  (add-hook 'ledger-mode-hook
(lambda ()
  (setq-local tab-always-indent 'complete)
  (setq-local completion-cycle-threshold t)))


-- 
HTH,
Richard

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Re: Data Entry GUI - Cashier

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Alen and all,

Interesting idea!

Alen Šiljak  writes:

> Sure. If there is a quick way of entering transactions on the phone, I'm 
> all ears! It would save me a lot of time of reinventing the wheel, then. ;) 

I too would like a better way to capture transactions on my phone when
I'm on the go.

For me, it's not important to see balances or other reports on the
phone.  But it would be really great to have a quick way to enter data
at the moment that I make the transaction, so I don't have to carry the
receipt home (or remember the amount if I don't get a receipt).

Most of my daily transactions are in cash, so it's particularly
important to capture these things before I forget.

I have a separate file that defines my accounts for ledger's --strict
option.  It would be great to pass this file to an app so that it could
help me quickly select the right accounts to define the transaction.

The tricky part is then getting that data into a ledger file on my
computer.  I would be somewhat reluctant to trust yet another
third-party server for this.  It would be great if I could e.g. copy and
paste it from an email (or an IMAP-based "Note", available on iOS) on a
server I already have to trust, or if the app could briefly upload data
to a server I run from my local computer when I want to sync.

-- 
Best,
Richard

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Possible bug: Re: How does --unrealized work?

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi all,

I never got a reply, so since it's possible there's a bug here, I
thought I would bump this message.  Does anyone have any insights about
my Example 3?

Best,
Richard

Richard Lawrence  writes:

> Hi everyone,
>
> In trying to answer Chary's question, I have realized I do not have a
> very good grip on how to think about "unrealized" gains and losses, and
> how ledger calculates them.  So I wrote a few test cases to help explain
> it to myself.  (Can you tell I'm procrastinating a little bit? ;) I am
> not sure, but I *may* have discovered a bug: see Example 3.  Can someone
> explain this to me?
>
> Example 1: you hold a certain quantity of stock throughout the
> entire period, during which its value fluctuates.  Say you hold 2
> shares of AAPL.  At the beginning of the period, each is worth $500.
> At the end, each is worth $525.
>
> 2018/12/31 Opening Balances
> Assets:Stocks  2 AAPL @ $500
> Equity:Opening Balances
>
> P 2019/01/01 AAPL $500
> P 2019/02/01 AAPL $515
> P 2019/03/01 AAPL $525
>
> The unrealized gain is then:
>   (2 AAPL * $525) - (2 AAPL * $500) = $1050 - $1000 = $50
> i.e.,
>   (end quantity * end price) - (beginning quantity * beginning price) 
>
> That is exactly what ledger reports, with --unrealized:
>
> ledger -f test.journal bal Assets:Stocks -X '$' --unrealized
>
>$1050  Assets:Stocks
> $-50  Equity:Unrealized Gains
> 
>$1000
>
> ==
> Example 2: you hold a certain quantity of stock throughout the
> entire period, but you also acquire more at some point in the
> middle.  Say you hold 2 AAPL at the beginning of the period, each
> worth $500. At some later point, when AAPL is up to $510, you buy
> one more share.  At the end of the period, all three shares are
> worth $525.  
>
> 2018/12/31 Opening Balances
> Assets:Stocks  2 AAPL @ $500
> Assets:Checking $1000.00
> Equity:Opening Balances
>
> P 2019/01/01 AAPL $500
>
> P 2019/02/01 AAPL $510
>
> 2019/02/02 Broker
> Assets:Stocks  1 AAPL @ $510.00
> Assets:Checking
> 
> P 2019/03/01 AAPL $525
>
> I would then expect the unrealized gain to be:
>   (3 AAPL * $525) - (2 AAPL * $500 + 1 AAPL * $510) = $65
>
> Again, this is just what ledger says:
>
> ledger -f test.journal bal Assets:Stocks -X '$' --unrealized 
> $1575.00  Assets:Stocks
>  $-65.00  Equity:Unrealized Gains
> 
> $1510.00
>
> ==
> Now for the problematic example:
>
> Example 3: you sell some stock at one point when the price
> rises, and reacquire it when the price drops.  Say you start holding
> 2 shares of AAPL, each worth $500.  Then, when the price is up to
> $540, you sell one share, resulting in a realized gain of $40.
> Later, the price drops to $490 and you buy another share.  At the
> end of the period, the price is $525, and you also have $50 in the bank.
>
> 2018/12/31 Opening Balances
> Assets:Stocks  2 AAPL @ $500
> Equity:Opening Balances
>
> P 2019/02/01 AAPL $540
>
> 2019/02/02 Broker
> Assets:Stocks -1 AAPL @ $540.00
> Assets:Checking
>
> P 2019/02/10 AAPL $490
>
> 2019/02/10 Broker
> Assets:Stocks  1 AAPL @ $490
> Assets:Checking
>   
> P 2019/03/01 AAPL $525
>
> Now, what is the unrealized gain here?  First of all, it's not clear how
> this should be calculated.  I thought of two reasonable ways to
> calculate it, which give different results. From one perspective, this
> example is the same as Example 1: you started and ended the period with
> 2 shares of AAPL, worth $500 each at the beginning and $525 at the end,
> for an unrealized gain of $50.  But following the logic of Example 2,
> counting unrealized gains only from the first time the share is
> acquired, we'd get:
>   $525 - $500 = $25 unrealized gain for Share #1 (held the whole period)
>   $525 - $490 = $35 unrealized gain for Share #3 (bought on 2019/02/10)
> leading to a total of $60 of unrealized gain.   
>
> Ledger actually does it differently.  It says we have $150 in
> unrealized gains, and $50 in unrealized losses:
>
> ledger -f test.journal bal Assets:Stocks -X '$' --unrealized 
> $1050.00  Assets:Stocks
> $-100.00  Equity
> $-150.00Unrealized Gains
>   

Re: Income Statement" aka "Profit/Loss Statement" with unrealized gain due to changes in stock and currency exchange rate

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Chary and all,

I don't have time for a long reply but here are some quick thoughts:

Chary Chary  writes:


> The approach is quite simple
>
>1. 
>
>Expenses are tracked at the historical exchange rate (e.i. at the 
>exchange rate, available during transaction). When exchange rate changes, 
>Expenses and Income do not get re-calculated.  


> This is believed to be inline with conventional wisdom , that if you have 
> consumed pizza for 10 USD, there is no reason to re-calculate how much this 
> pizza is worth now in EUR, when USD/EUR exchange rate changed. It only 
> makes sense to know how much that pizza was worth in EUR, when you consumed 
> it.

This sounds like ledger's -H/--historical flag.

>1. 
>
>Assets and Liabilities on the other side are recalculated with every 
>event of exchange rate change.  
>
> This is also inline with conventional wisdom. If you own 1000 of Currency / 
> stock XYZ and all of a sudden this currency became more expensive (just 
> think of Bitcoin), this means you actually got reacher and you want to see 
> it. 

This sounds like ledger's -X/--exchange flag, in combination with price
declarations. 

>1. 
>
>The exchange rate changes are taken care in the following way:
>
> A special Commodity Revaluation transaction is logged. Following the 
> principle of double-entry accounting 
>
>- 
>
>one shoulder of transaction is logged to corresponding Asset and / or 
>Liability accounts to adjust these accounts to new exchange rate. 
>- 
>
>another shoulder is logged to special Gain due to commodity price change 
> (trading 
>account, using Peter Selinger’s terminology). 


I *think* these commodity revaluation transactions are the same as those
generated automatically (which you can see in the register report) when
you run with -X.  (If not, you may need to do something to model these
transactions in your journal file the way you want them, perhaps with
some combination of costs ('@' syntax), lot prices ('{ }' syntax), and
(real or virtual) accounts to track the gains and losses.)

So do the following commands show you the answers to the questions that
you're looking for?

1) ledger reg -H Expenses Income
2) ledger reg Assets Liabilities -X 'USD' # or whatever currency

I realize that these are not balance reports where the totals are
grouped by account (but then again, neither is your spreadsheet).  But
do they give you all the information you need to see how you got from
one balance sheet to a later one?

It would be helpful if you could enter the data in your spreadsheet into
a ledger journal file and then see if/how these reports from ledger
differ from what you expect, based on your own spreadsheet.

-- 
Best,
Richard

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How does --unrealized work?

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi everyone,

In trying to answer Chary's question, I have realized I do not have a
very good grip on how to think about "unrealized" gains and losses, and
how ledger calculates them.  So I wrote a few test cases to help explain
it to myself.  (Can you tell I'm procrastinating a little bit? ;) I am
not sure, but I *may* have discovered a bug: see Example 3.  Can someone
explain this to me?

Example 1: you hold a certain quantity of stock throughout the
entire period, during which its value fluctuates.  Say you hold 2
shares of AAPL.  At the beginning of the period, each is worth $500.
At the end, each is worth $525.

2018/12/31 Opening Balances
Assets:Stocks  2 AAPL @ $500
Equity:Opening Balances

P 2019/01/01 AAPL $500
P 2019/02/01 AAPL $515
P 2019/03/01 AAPL $525

The unrealized gain is then:
  (2 AAPL * $525) - (2 AAPL * $500) = $1050 - $1000 = $50
i.e.,
  (end quantity * end price) - (beginning quantity * beginning price) 

That is exactly what ledger reports, with --unrealized:

ledger -f test.journal bal Assets:Stocks -X '$' --unrealized

   $1050  Assets:Stocks
$-50  Equity:Unrealized Gains

   $1000

==
Example 2: you hold a certain quantity of stock throughout the
entire period, but you also acquire more at some point in the
middle.  Say you hold 2 AAPL at the beginning of the period, each
worth $500. At some later point, when AAPL is up to $510, you buy
one more share.  At the end of the period, all three shares are
worth $525.  

2018/12/31 Opening Balances
Assets:Stocks  2 AAPL @ $500
Assets:Checking $1000.00
Equity:Opening Balances

P 2019/01/01 AAPL $500

P 2019/02/01 AAPL $510

2019/02/02 Broker
Assets:Stocks  1 AAPL @ $510.00
Assets:Checking

P 2019/03/01 AAPL $525

I would then expect the unrealized gain to be:
  (3 AAPL * $525) - (2 AAPL * $500 + 1 AAPL * $510) = $65

Again, this is just what ledger says:

ledger -f test.journal bal Assets:Stocks -X '$' --unrealized 
$1575.00  Assets:Stocks
 $-65.00  Equity:Unrealized Gains

$1510.00

==
Now for the problematic example:

Example 3: you sell some stock at one point when the price
rises, and reacquire it when the price drops.  Say you start holding
2 shares of AAPL, each worth $500.  Then, when the price is up to
$540, you sell one share, resulting in a realized gain of $40.
Later, the price drops to $490 and you buy another share.  At the
end of the period, the price is $525, and you also have $50 in the bank.

2018/12/31 Opening Balances
Assets:Stocks  2 AAPL @ $500
Equity:Opening Balances

P 2019/02/01 AAPL $540

2019/02/02 Broker
Assets:Stocks -1 AAPL @ $540.00
Assets:Checking

P 2019/02/10 AAPL $490

2019/02/10 Broker
Assets:Stocks  1 AAPL @ $490
Assets:Checking
  
P 2019/03/01 AAPL $525

Now, what is the unrealized gain here?  First of all, it's not clear how
this should be calculated.  I thought of two reasonable ways to
calculate it, which give different results. From one perspective, this
example is the same as Example 1: you started and ended the period with
2 shares of AAPL, worth $500 each at the beginning and $525 at the end,
for an unrealized gain of $50.  But following the logic of Example 2,
counting unrealized gains only from the first time the share is
acquired, we'd get:
  $525 - $500 = $25 unrealized gain for Share #1 (held the whole period)
  $525 - $490 = $35 unrealized gain for Share #3 (bought on 2019/02/10)
leading to a total of $60 of unrealized gain.   

Ledger actually does it differently.  It says we have $150 in
unrealized gains, and $50 in unrealized losses:

ledger -f test.journal bal Assets:Stocks -X '$' --unrealized 
$1050.00  Assets:Stocks
$-100.00  Equity
$-150.00Unrealized Gains
  $50.00Unrealized Losses

 $950.00

Huh?  Here's what I think is going on:

Consider Share #1, held for the whole period.
It first gained $40 in value, lost $50, and then gained $35.
So, $75 in unrealized gains, $50 in unrealized losses.

Share #3 was bought at $490 and then moved to $525 at the end of the period.
So, that's another $35 in unrealized gains.
Together with Share #1's unrealized gains, that's a total of $110.

Share #2 was sold at the first price move, on 2019/02/02.  As far as I
can see, it should have *no* unrealized gains or losses.  (It has,
instead, a *realized* gain of $40.)

Ledger reports $150 in unrealized gains rather than $110, so it must be
including that $40 from Share #2 as unrealized gains.  That 

Re: Income Statement" aka "Profit/Loss Statement" with unrealized gain due to changes in stock and currency exchange rate

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Chary and all,

Chary Chary  writes:

> yes, thanks for your patience. Sorry if I did not express myself correctly
> initially. You got me right with small corrections. I want:
>
> - a single report
>
> - that shows the change in your assets and Liabilities between two points
> in time
>
> - grouped into Accounts (line with the balance) command
>
> - which includes unrealized gains and losses
>
> - where the total reflects the overall change

OK, after thinking through this a bunch more, and getting myself fairly
confused, I believe I have convinced myself that what you're looking for
doesn't make sense yet.

Here's the problem.  You want a report that lumps together two kinds of
changes during a specific time period: actual transactions, recorded in
a specific currency (say, USD) and potential gains/losses due to changes
of prices in commodities during that period, including alternate
currencies (say, EUR).  But these two kinds of changes are orthogonal to
one another and it's not yet clear how they should interact.

For example, say you gain 1000 USD in income during that period.  What's
the right way to understand that change in terms of EUR?  Should we
value the 1000 in EUR on the date that you took it in, and use that
number in a running total of EUR gained and lost throughout the period?
Or should we continue to think of it as 1000 USD until the very end of
the period in question, and then convert the running total to EUR using
the exchange rate at the end of the period?

It seems that you can *either* ask the question:

(1) How did my *actual* assets change during a specific *period* in time?

or:

(2) Given my actual assets at a specific *point* in time, what potential
gains/losses would I incur by converting those assets to another
commodity (say, another currency) *at that point in time*?

but I don't think it makes sense to ask:

(3) How did my assets, including *unrealized* (i.e., potential)
gains/losses due to currency conversions, change during a specific
period?

In other words, I don't think it makes sense to talk about how the
*unrealized* value of assets *changed* over a period in time.  Or at
least, it doesn't make sense until you make some decisions about how to
define the non-actual value of assets at different points in time.

You can answer question (1) in a variety of ways.  The easiest one is
just:

ledger bal Assets -b begin_date -e end_date

(Note: begin_date must be some time *after* your opening balances, if
you only want to see changes, not the full total for the account on the
day before end_date.)

If you want a breakdown of where those changes come from, you might find
this version more helpful:

ledger reg Assets -b begin_date -e end_date --related --subtotal

On the other hand, using -b/-e with -X and --unrealized doesn't seem to
make sense, as I explained above (although ledger happily accepts them
both, probably because it uses one of the specific interpretations I
mentioned to understand your non-actual assets across a given period).
To answer question (2), you need something like:

ledger bal Assets --unrealized -X some_commodity

perhaps adding --now=... or -e end_date if you want to know your
unrealized gains/losses in some_commodity at a point in time other than
right now.

Does this make sense?

-- 
Best,
Richard

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Re: Income Statement" aka "Profit/Loss Statement" with unrealized gain due to changes in stock and currency exchange rate

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Chary and all,

Chary Chary  writes:

> Ok, I am not an accountant, so  am expressing this from my personal point 
> of view and personal needs

Me too. :)

To be honest, I don't approach ledger by thinking in terms of reports.
Instead, I just have a bunch of questions I like to ask of my finances,
some of them regularly, some of them only once in a while.  For the
former kind of question, I have a few pre-defined commands.  For the
latter kind of question, I usually just figure out how to query ledger
for the information I want on the fly.  I don't worry about how the
output looks, as long as it contains the information I'm looking for.

You seem to be thinking about ledger more in terms of predefined
reports.  That's fine!  These reports exist, after all, because they're
useful ways of organizing and conceptualizing financial data.  But I
would suggest that you might find it more helpful to think in terms of
"What kind of questions do I need ledger to answer?" My experience,
anyway, is that it's usually more straightforward to think in these
terms than in terms of "How can I use ledger to generate report X?"
(mostly because that question gets you thinking more about formatting,
rather than the information itself, and formatting can get complicated).

If you need reports in a specific format -- e.g. because you are running
a business -- ledger can probably produce them (possibly in combination
with other tools).  But I'm not the best person to help with that,
unfortunately. :)

> I must say though, I have a feeling, that I am still missing something. I 
> just don't understand how people, who do investments, own stock can live 
> without such report. Is't it logical to be able to explain a delta in your 
> financial net worth between 2 periods of time?

> So much salary
> so much expenses
> so much increase due to company XXX shared change
>
> Overall change 
>
> Without such report you would look at 2 balance sheet reports (A and B) but 
> would not know how exactly you came from A to B.

OK, I think I see more clearly what you're looking for now: you want

- a single report
- that shows the change in your assets between two points in time
- grouped into positive and negative changes (i.e., Income and Expenses)
- which includes unrealized gains and losses 
- where the total reflects the overall change

Is that right?  If so, I don't think it's super trivial but I believe it
is possible, so let's figure out how to do it.  (Hopefully other people
can chime in here, because as I said, reports are not my strong point.)

A reasonable first approximation is something like:

ledger -f your_file reg Assets --group-by='amount < 0' --related -X EUR 

though that doesn't show the total, and has one transaction (rather than
one account) per line. 

-- 
Best,
Richard

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Re: Income Statement" aka "Profit/Loss Statement" with unrealized gain due to changes in stock and currency exchange rate

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Chary and all,

Here's a few more thoughts.

Chary Chary  writes:

> ok, thanks, it works indeed! Great!  It also works if I run report on 
> assets all together
>
> ledger -f ledger.txt bal Assets  -X EUR --now 2018-12-31 --unrealized
>
> But I am just thinking aloud here.
>
> Unrealized gains can only happen against assets, they cannot happen against 
> expenses or income. Correct?  So, to see all unrealized gains one just 
> needs to mention
>   
> bal Assets

Yes, that makes sense to me.

> However unrealized gains only make sense to show in "Income statement-like 
> report", hence in report, which contains Income and Expenses, but not 
> Assets, however I am forced to include Assets.

Here, I don't follow you.  (Maybe I don't understand what an "income
statement-like" report is?)

Conceptually, it seems to me that unrealized gains or losses have
nothing to do with income and expenses.  Income and expenses seem like
*realized* gains and losses, pretty much by definition, right?  If
you're in the context of asking about unrealized gains and losses,
you're not asking about income and expenses you actually had -- you're
asking about what income or expenses you *could potentially* have, if
you were to make a transaction that realizes them.

> Ledger does calculate unrealized gain correctly
>
> ledger -f ledger.txt bal Assets  -X EUR --now 2018-12-31 --unrealized
>  EUR1500  Assets:Checking
>  EUR-500  Equity:Unrealized Gains
> 
>  EUR1000
>
> But what is the meaning of these EUR1000 below the line?
> What Ledger is trying to tell me?
> Does it make any sense to add together Assets and unrealized gains? 
> I don't think these 1000 EUR have any sense

Well, as you recognize, the 1000 EUR you see here is just the sum of the
lines above.  Here's how I'd think about this report:

(potential assets) - (unrealized gains) = (actual assets)

>From that perspective, it makes sense.  The 1500 EUR on the first line
does not represent your actual current assets (according to your example
file, you don't *actually* have *any* euros!), but your potential
assets.  I guess the question is in what sense 1000 EUR represents your
"actual assets" here, but that has a pretty straightforward answer: it
represents the value in euros of the actual dollars in your account, at
the time they entered that account.

If you were to realize these gains by exchanging currencies, then you
could record the gains as Income.  I *think* this would be the right way
to do that:

2018-01-01  Opening Balance
Assets:Checking 1000.00 USD
Equity:Opening Balances

2018-07-10 My Currency Broker
; cash in on a sweet exchange rate!
Assets:Checking  1500.00 EUR
Assets:Checking -1000.00 USD {1 EUR} @ 1.5 EUR
Income:Realized Currency Gains

This uses ledger's notion of "lot price" to track the gains, following
the example with stocks in the manual.  Basically, the second
transaction says: I exchanged 1000 USD, which were valued at 1 EUR at
the time I acquired them, for 1500 EUR, at a rate of 1.5 EUR/USD.  The
unbalanced 500 EUR is realized as income, as you'll see if you run the
balance report.

Can someone with more experience confirm that this is the right way to
do it?  I'm also interested in this question.

-- 
Best,
Richard

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Re: Income Statement" aka "Profit/Loss Statement" with unrealized gain due to changes in stock and currency exchange rate

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Chary,

Chary Chary  writes:

> But I can't find any report, which would show me why assets have increased 
> 2 times. Option --unrealized  does not have any effect in this case
>
> I would expect some report, which would say something like 
>
> -1000 EUR Unrealized gain
> -1000 EURUnrealized gain due to EUR/USD changes
>
> So, how can it be done?

I think John answered without seeing that you had already tried
--unrealized, so let me try to help:

There is something sort of subtle going on with --unrealized.  If you
just run the balance report with --unrealized, but without specifying
any account like you did here:

> C:\_code\ledger>ledger -f ledger.txt balance -X EUR --now 2018-12-31
>  EUR2000  Assets:Checking
> EUR-2000  Equity:Opening Balances
> 
>0

then you won't see any unrealized gains.  But if you specifically ask
for the balance of the Checking account in EUR, you'll see the
unrealized gains:

ledger -f ledger.txt bal Checking  -X EUR --now 2018-12-31 --unrealized
 EUR2000  Assets:Checking
EUR-1000  Equity:Unrealized Gains

 EUR1000

I don't know exactly why this is, or even whether it's expected
(vs. being a bug), but maybe it makes some sense: when you're getting
the balance of all accounts together, including Equity, there are no
"unrealized" gains (the gains are "realized" in Equity, or at least
reflected in the balance of the Equity account, as you noticed).  But
when you are just getting the balance of Checking, and you're getting it
in a currency other than the amount actually inside that account, then
there are unrealized gains in that account, which ledger notices.

Hope that helps!

-- 
Best,
Richard

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Re: Need Ledger Information

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Megha,

megha g  writes:

> That's Great Richard,

(Please reply to the whole list, not just to me!  That way, the
conversation also helps other people getting started.)

> it's working fine and i ran few Reports as well.
>
> 1) How can i create a New journal to my existing project.
>
> 2) Do i need to create new Journal or i can modify the existing file.

A journal is just a text file.  You can create a new journal, or edit an
existing one, using any text editor you like.  If you don't have one
yet, I recommend Emacs.  It has a very nice mode for editing ledger
journals.

To install (a graphical version of) Emacs on Ubuntu, as well as the
support for ledger (called "ledger-mode"), run:

sudo apt-get install emacs-gtk ledger-el

I would also recommend installing the Emacs documentation:

sudo apt-get install emacs-common-non-dfsg

Of course, there's a lot to learn about Emacs, too!  To learn the
basics, start Emacs and then type "C-h t" (that's "Control-h" followed
by "t").  To read the manuals that come with Emacs, type "C-h i".  If
you need more help, you should ask on the Emacs mailing list; that's
off-topic for this mailing list.

Here's the manual for ledger-mode:

https://www.ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger-mode.html

That should get you started with editing ledger journals in Emacs.

-- 
Best,
Richard

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Re: Need Ledger Information

[Richard Lawrence]

megha g  writes:

> Thank you for the information.
>
> 1) And, i am using *Ubuntu *operating system.

Great!

> 2) Shell is *command prompt.*

OK, so your shell is probably bash, then.  (Run the command "echo $SHELL"
to be sure.)  That should be fine.

> 3) Path is /home/megha/ledger

Hmm.  I think you mean that's the path to your ledger executable.  How
did you install it?

If you're using Ubuntu, ledger is available through the package manager,
so you don't need to install it in a special location like your home
directory.  You can type:

sudo apt-get install ledger

in your shell (and then enter your password) to install ledger.  After
you do that, the program should be available.  To check, run the command:

which ledger

You should see something like "/usr/bin/ledger".  If you then run

ledger --help

you'll see the system help file (i.e., the "man page") for ledger.  Type
"q" to exit and get back to your command line.

If all that works as expect, congratulations!  You have a working ledger
installation.  The next step is to create a journal file, and use ledger
to run some reports.  You can read about how to do that in the manual,
starting in section 2.

-- 
Best,
Richard

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Re: Income Statement" aka "Profit/Loss Statement" with unrealized gain due to changes in stock and currency exchange rate

[Richard Lawrence]

Dear Chary,

Chary Chary  writes:

> So, I want to be able to explain a delta between a balance sheet at the 
> beginning of the ear and at the end. 
>
> E.g.: 
>
> I got so much salary 
> I paid so much costs 
>
> But also: 
> Lost so much due to exchange rate change 
> Gained to much due to stock price increase etc. 

The short answer to your question is yes, ledger can do that.

The long answer as to *how* exactly you get it to do that depends
somewhat on your needs.  It's straightforward to do things like show how
much salary you earned.  It's also pretty straightforward to find out
how much you lost or gained due to currency exchanges or stock gains,
though these depend on you representing your data in the right way.  I'd
suggest that you install ledger and then read the first few sections of
the manual:

https://www.ledger-cli.org/docs.html

Section 4.5 ("Currency and commodities") and Section 5 ("Transactions")
will be especially relevant for you.  I suggest you play around with
representing your data after reading these sections, then ask again here
if you need help building reports with exactly the output you want.

-- 
Best,
Richard

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Re: Need Ledger Information

[Richard Lawrence]

Dear Megha,

megha g  writes:

> As i am new to this Ledger topic. I am not getting proper idea about 
> ledger, From where it will run, where i need to do changes in order to get 
> the ledger output, can anybody please help me out to understand  the  
> details of the ledger. Please guide me.

Well, a good place to start is with the manual:

https://www.ledger-cli.org/docs.html
https://www.ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger3.html

As for where and how it will run, we'd need to know more about your
environment.  In general, you run ledger from the command line, so you
must install it in a location where your shell (your command line
program) can find it.  This is usually straightforward, especially if
you install it using a package manager on an operating system like
GNU/Linux.  But to help you with this we'd need more information about
your operating system and shell.  Can you answer these questions?

1) What operating system are you using?

2) What shell are you using?

3) Where does your shell look for the programs it runs, i.e., what is
your $PATH?

-- 
Best,
Richard

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Re: Backup and cloud-storage

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Daniel and all,

Dániel Fancsali  writes:

> Long story short, I was just wondering, what others do to back-up their
> work? Do you use version control? Do you back-up to a cloud storage; or
> even sync it to multiple machines? What about encryption?

I keep my ledger files in a dedicated git repository, with a script to
auto-commit them every hour via cron, and push to one of the major git
hosting services.  That's my backup solution.  I don't have more than
one machine where I need to work with this repository, but if I did it
would be trivial to use git to sync, too.

I use git-crypt [1] in a commit hook to keep the unencrypted data off
the servers.

HTH!

-- 
Best,
Richard

[1] https://www.agwa.name/projects/git-crypt/

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Re: Transaction date vs statement date

[Richard Lawrence]

Budiman Snowman  writes:

> I want to be able to produce report of monthly expenses as 
> they are incurred (tuition fee in Aug and doctor visit in Oct) and also 
> want to record my cash flow (reimburse my wife in Jan). ... 
> Is there a shorter way, e.g. if ledger lets me put in transaction date and 
> statement date in one entry.

Well, there are auxiliary dates:

https://www.ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger3.html#Auxiliary-dates

Those are useful for this kind of thing, if you don't need both dates in
the same report.  But if you do, then the way you have already
represented it seems like the best way to me, though perhaps others have
better ideas.

-- 
Best,
Richard

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Re: Unclear on monthly average balances

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Norman,

Norman Walsh  writes:

> I've been happily using ledger-cli for years, but I'm sure I hardly scratch 
> the surface of what it can do. Every now and then, I get an idea to see if 
> I can learn to use more of it. Today's thought was "would having a budget 
> be useful?"
>
> So I go digging through the docs and I come to this example of how to get 
> the current monthly average expenses:
>
> $ ledger -p "this year" --monthly --average balance ^expenses
>
> But the numbers don't make any sense. My average rent is apparently $99.55!?

The short answer is that --average doesn't work with the balance
command; it only works with the register command.

Do you get more sensible results with a command like this?

ledger -p "this year" --monthly --average reg 'expenses:Groceries$' 

(Another gotcha: --average also seems to interact badly with
subaccounts, which is why I have the '$' in there.)

FWIW, I think hledger is able to do averages with the balance command,
and I find its output much more intuitive and useful, so you could try
that.

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Re: Monthly balance position

[Richard Lawrence]

John Wiegley <jwieg...@gmail.com> writes:

"RL" == Richard Lawrence <wyle...@gmail.com> writes: 


RL> I don't think so, at least not with regular ledger. I'd be 
happy to be RL> proven wrong, though! I have also wanted this 
feature. 

You can use: 

ledger --group-by 'format_date(date, "%Y/%m")' bal 


Ah, that's helpful!  Thanks!

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Re: Monthly balance position

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Klauss,

Klauss Hass  writes:

Is there any way to use the argument —monthly or --weekly for 
bal transactions?  I value my assets weekly and it would be 
useful to see the month ending value variation of my 
assets:investments accounts along with the -V argument.


I don't think so, at least not with regular ledger.  I'd be happy 
to be proven wrong, though! I have also wanted this feature.


hledger (hledger.org), however, does allow --monthly (and similar 
flags) with the balance command.  You might want to check that 
out.


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Re: Cannot get ledger-mode to run properly

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Nikolai,

Nikolai Stenfors  writes:

1. Debian GNU/Linux 9.3 (stretch), xfce4 2.  M-x list-packages, 
marked ledger-mode,  Install 
3. PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games 
No, I cannot find ledger in any of these directories.  


Ah.  Do you have ledger itself installed?  (Try 'which ledger' in 
a shell.)  You will need ledger to use ledger-mode.


If not, you can install it on Debian with

# aptitude install ledger 


(or apt-get, etc.).

Looking at *exec-path,* I also see 
"/usr/lib/emacs/25.1/x86_64-linux-gnu"  listed. Should I 
add/insert "~/Dropbox/.emacs.d/elpa/" to *exec-path?* (all  my 
installed packages are listed in this directory) 


No, I don't think that will help: I suspect the problem is that 
the ledger binary is not on your PATH. That binary isn't included 
in the ledger-mode package, so it won't help to add your elpa 
directory to exec-path.


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Re: Cannot get ledger-mode to run properly

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Nikolai,

Nikolai Stenfors  writes:

When I invoke ledger mode, M-x ledger-mode, I get the error 
(translation from Swedish): Searching for program: File or 
catalog does not exist, ledger 


This sounds to me like a problem with your PATH.  What platform 
are you on?  How and where did you install ledger? 


In Emacs, try evaluating the following (via M-:)

(getenv "PATH")

You should see a list of directories. Do you see the directory 
where the ledger binary is installed there?


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Re: how to strip dollar sign in reports

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Alan,

Alan  writes:

What's the new way to ask for the amounts as plain, unadorned 
numbers? 


Well, I don't know how to do this with ledger, but if you're on 
some flavor of unix you can always do:


ledger (whatever) | tr -d '$' 


Hope that helps!

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Re: Referring to account in automated transactions

[Richard Lawrence]

cesar.m...@gmail.com writes:

Justin St-Amant  writes: 

Is there a way to refer to the tail-end of the matched account 
in an automated transaction, using a variable such as 
'$account_base' or similar?  The ledger manual has a section 
that shows how to refer to the matching posting's account, by 
using '$account', but that expands to the full account name, 
rather than just the end. 


i was looking for something similar. as per this article: 

  https://frdmtoplay.com/envelope-budgeting-with-ledger/ 

it seems one needs to create an automated transaction for each 
type of budgeted expense. 


I read the same article, and this is one reason that I don't use 
very fine-grained "envelopes".  Instead, I have just three budget 
categories: Fixed (stuff I have no choice about whether or how 
much to pay, like rent and utilities), Discretionary (stuff I have 
choices about, like groceries or restaurants) and Savings.  I find 
this system more useful for budgeting than putting every 
individual kind of expense in its own account/"envelope". 

To implement this system, I use a regexp matching specific Expense 
accounts to trigger automatic transactions that should go under 
Fixed or Savings.  Then, every other transaction in Expenses gets 
deducted from the Discretionary budget category.  My setup looks 
like this:


= expr 'account =~ 
/expenses:(Rent|Utilities|Medical|Phone|Financial||Taxes)/' 
   ; :FIXED: [assets:Budget:Fixed]   -1.0 
   [assets:Checking]1.0 

= expr 'account =~ /expenses/ and not has_tag("FIXED") and not 
(account =~ /Reimbursable/)' 
   ; :DISCRETIONARY: [assets:Budget:Discretionary]   -1.0 
   [assets:Checking]1.0 

= expr 'account =~ /assets:(Retirement|Emergency)/ and 
has_tag("contribution")' 
   ; :SAVINGS: [assets:Budget:Savings] (cost * -1.0) 
   [assets:Checking]   (cost * 1.0) 

I then use the tags in these automated transactions to produce a 
custom balance report for my budget:


$ ledger balance budget -e 'next month' 

will show how much is remaining in each assets:Budget account for 
the month. 


Hope that helps!

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Re: Recording real balances in the presence of virtual transactions

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi John,

John Lee  writes:

However, I guess I can't do this: 

2017-10-01 * Opening Balance 
Assets:CurrentAccount   $1000 Equity:OpeningBalances 

2017-10-02 * Savings 
Assets:CurrentAccount:Savings   $100 Assets:CurrentAccount 

Because then if I go on to do this: 

2017-10-03 * Adjustment 
Assets:CurrentAccount   = $1005 Equity:Adjustments 

then this balance command tells me I have made $100 out of thin 
air ($1105 total): 

ledger b Assets:CurrentAccount 

That's because in that final txn I'm actually setting not the 
summed-up total of everything in *or under* 
Assets:CurrentAccount, as appears in the balance output, but the 
amount that lives in that *exact* location (which you might 
write in a balance command as '^Assets:CurrentAccount$').  I'm 
not sure there's any way to fix that final txn to say that it's 
actually the *total* "descendant-or-self" value I want to set 
equal to $1005? 


Hmm, I see.  I'm surprised by this, but I don't use balance 
assignments myself.  If you need balance assignments like this, I 
guess subaccounts are not the way to go.  (Unless this is a bug?) 

Personally, I want every transaction recorded -- independently, so 
I can check my record against my bank's.  Thus, I avoid what 
you're trying to do here: automatic adjustments via balance 
assertions.  But I realize that "don't do that" is not very 
helpful advice. :)


Can anyone else lend some insights?   


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Re: Opening Balances problem

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Filipo,

Filipo V  writes:

Hi all, I'm new to ledger and I'm frustrated I can't figure out 
what I've  done wrong to begin with. 

Here is part of my file: 

2015/05/27 * Opening Balance 
Assets:BankA:Current 482.40 Equity:Opening Balances 

Now, when I try to run the basic balance command, I get this: 

While parsing file "myledger.dat", line 6: Error: Posting with 
null amount's account may be misspelled: 
  "Assets:BankA:Current 482.40" 

Can anyone help? 


Looks like the problem here is that you only have one space 
between the account name and the amount.  Since spaces are allowed 
in account names, you must have at least two spaces between the 
account name and the amount.


Hope that helps!

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Re: Conversion nightmares: gnucash to ledger-cli

[Richard Lawrence]

Dear Rushad,

Rushad Faridi  writes:

> Firs I tried  ledger 2.x approach  since 3.x can not do the conversion.  I 
>  had not much of a problem installing 2.x  but after I issued the command " 
> ledger -f   myfile.gnucash  print > myfile.txt"  it spitted out 27 lines of 
> error with something " invalid date string".  I had a cursory look at my 
> account entries but did not find anything wrong. Any suggestions on how  to 
> fix that? 

What were the errors that you saw?  Probably someone here can help you with 
this, but we'd need more information about what went wrong.

> Anyway, I went ahead 
> and ran the python script  "gnucash2ledger.py" downloaded from 
> "https://github.com/MatzeB/pygnucash;  in the following manner:
>
> python2.7  gnucash2ledger.py myfile.gnucash print > test.txt

(It does not look like you should have "print" in this command line invocation, 
though probably the Python program is just ignoring it.)

> The error came through is as follows:
>
> Traceback (most recent call last):
>   File "gnucash2ledger.py", line 35, in 
> data = gnucash.read_file(sys.argv[1])
> AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'read_file'

This is a strange error to see, if you are indeed using the code from that 
repository.  Python is complaining that it can't find the read_file function in 
the gnucash module.  But the gnucash module from that repository does contain 
such a function.  So either you're importing a *different* module named 
"gnucash", or something very weird is happening in the gnucash2ledger module 
that messes up the attributes of its own gnucash module.  I suspect the former.

Try this:

1) Run a Python interpreter from a directory *outside* the repository you 
referenced (so that the pygnucash code is not on Python's search path).

2) Type 'import gnucash' at the prompt.  You should see an ImportError.

3) If you do *not* see an ImportError, your Python is importing some other 
module named 'gnucash' (perhaps this comes with GnuCash itself?).  Try typing:

gnucash.__file__
gnucash.__path__

at the Python prompt.  This will tell you where the conflicting gnucash module 
is located. 

4) If you *do* see an ImportError, quit Python, and try these steps again, but 
this time run Python from *inside* the pygnucash repository.  This time, you 
should *not* see an ImportError.  In that case, make sure that gnucash.__file__ 
and gnucash.__path__ are what you'd expect, and then try

hasattr(gnucash, 'read_file')

This should return True.
 
Let us know what you see!

Best,
Richard

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Reconciling and virtual accounts

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi everyone,

I recently tried to set up "envelope" budgeting, following this guide:

https://frdmtoplay.com/envelope-budgeting-with-ledger/

One important aspect of this system is that money is moved from a (real)
checking account to a virtual budget account at the start of the budget
period, and expense transactions then "return" money from the virtual
budget account to the real checking account.  The overall result is that
expenses are really covered by the checking account, but are virtually
covered by a particular budget account.

The setup works fine for budgeting, but there's one major problem: it
breaks the Reconciliation mode in Ledger mode for Emacs.  The problem
seems to be that Ledger includes all virtual transactions on an account
by default, unless the --real option is passed.  Because there are
virtual budget transactions "returning" money to the checking account,
this screws up the balances in Reconciliation mode for the checking
account.  

In short: I always want to reconcile with the real balance, not the
virtual balance, but I can't figure out how to pass --real to the
commands used by Reconciliation mode.  I tried adding this flag to the
register report command in the ledger-reports variable, but it didn't
seem to have any effect.

Is there a way to pass --real to the reconciliation commands?  Or is
there another workaround that I haven't thought of?  How do others deal
with reconciliation under envelope budgeting?

Thanks for your help!

Best,
Richard

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Re: Combining within entries in a single posting

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Kumar,

Kumar Appaiah  writes:

> Now, I'd like to view a register containing ONLY the total of Incomes. For 
> example:
>
> # ledger -f test.dat reg Income
>
> This will display the Income:Salary and Income:Allowances separately. Is 
> there a way that I can get them combined? In other words, a register that 
> would display -10,000, -8,000 and -9,000? 

It looks like the -n (--collapse) option does what you want here:

# ledger -f test.dat reg -n Income

With your file, this gives:

16-Jan-01 Salary-10,000.00 INR 
-10,000.00 INR
16-Feb-01 Salary-8,000.00 INR -18,000.00 
INR
16-Mar-01 Salary-9,000.00 INR -27,000.00 
INR

Note that this option is only documented in the man page under the
balance report, not the register report.  So I'm not sure if this is
intended behavior, but it works!

Hope that helps!

Best,
Richard

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Re: Annual Averages Report

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Brian,

Brian Exelbierd  writes:

> I am not seeing a report command line that will give me a list of all
> accounts and their average amounts for a given period.
>
> For example, this will give me one account:
>
> ledger -f all.ledger --empty register Expense:Food -M --average -p "last
> 12 months"
>
> but I don't see way to see every Expense account.  I would expect
> something like this to work:
>
> ledger -f all.ledger --empty register Expense -M --average -p "last 12
> months"
>
> Any suggestions?

I don't have a good way to do this with standard ledger.  The ledger
--average option is a little opaque; at least, it does not behave the
way I would expect.  Maybe there's a straightforward way to do this with
the balance report using a format string (e.g., divide the total for
each account by the number of periods)?  I hope someone else can give a
better answer to this question!

But I wanted to say that one reason I have both ledger and hledger
installed is that hledger handles this kind of thing very nicely.  In
hledger,

hledger -f all.ledger bal Expense -p monthly --average

does exactly what you want, I think.  In general, I find the behavior of
--average in hledger a lot more intuitive.

HTH,
Richard

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Re: Feature idea: custom named reports!

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Josh,

Josh Hanson  writes:

> Since I don't have every detail of Ledger's syntax memorized, and there are 
> a few standard reports that I run regularly, I have several ledger command 
> lines recorded as comments in my journal that I can copy and paste as 
> needed.
>
> I'd really like to be able to run those automatically. Here's an easy, 
> straightforward implementation that feels very "ledger-y" to me: add a 
> "report" directive to save named reports in the journal, and a "report" 
> command to run those reports.
>
> The syntax for the directive might be: 
> *report  *To run the report, 
> you'd run at the command line: *ledger report *

I like this idea.  It might be especially useful for very complex reports.

I do wonder if ledger itself is the best place to implement it, though.
You can already mostly achieve what you want with shell aliases.  That's
what I do.  I have a bunch of lines like this in my .bashrc:

alias ldg="ledger --no-color"
alias regcc="ldg register --aux-date -S 'date' 'liabilities:Richard:Chase CC'"
alias cash="ldg bal --limit 'account =~ /Savings$|Checking$|Cash$/'"

So the alias command acts as the name for a report.  It doesn't have the
advantage of recording the report in your journal file, but at least it
means you don't have to copy and paste!

HTH,
Richard

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Re: Question about Automated transactions

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Phil,

'Phil Gee' via Ledger  writes:

> I'm back again with a question. I really, really love what I can do with 
> automated transactions. However, I run into one problem: Suppose I have a 
> credit card whose debt I track in Liabilities:CreditCard. Generally its 
> rather nice to see how my equity is in the current month. That I can do 
> with ledger assets liabilities. Each month I pay my current credit card 
> debt, i.e. I know that after this payments that Liabilities:CreditCard 
> won't affect this months' equity. However, running ledger assets liabilities 
> would be affected by all credit card payments done afterwards. I would like 
> to split Liabilities:CreditCard in Liabilities:CreditCard:Current and 
> Liabilities:CreditCard:Next. In Liabilities:CreditCard:Current I would have 
> all payments which are due this month, in Liabilities:CreditCard:Next all 
> payments due next month. 

> It would be great to have an automated transaction which transfers the 
> content of Liabilities:CreditCard:Next to Liabilities:CreditCard:Current 
> when my paycheck arrives.

Not sure if this helps, but here's what I do to solve a similar problem,
without automated transactions or splitting the account.

When I schedule a payment for a CC account, I use the auxiliary date
field to back-date the payment to the date of the bill.  For example, if
the billing cycle ends on 4/13, the payment is due 5/13, and I schedule
the payment for 5/9, the transaction looks like:

2016/05/09=2016/04/13 CC payment
Liabilities:CreditCard $200.00
Assets:Checking

Then I run credit card reports with the --effective/--aux-date flag.
This has the effect, in the register report for the CC account, of
showing the balance going to zero at the billing cycle boundaries
(assuming I pay the full balance).  Thus, the running total at the end
of this report shows the correct balance on the card for every
transaction since the billing cycle turned over, even though the payment
is technically in the future.

Meanwhile, the balance and register reports for the checking account
(without the --effective flag) reflect the scheduled payment, unless I
set an end date that is not in the future.  This makes it easy to tell
how much money I actually have in the account (via -e today), and also
how much money in the account is not already allocated (no end date),
i.e., what my equity is.

Hope that helps!

Best,
Richard

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Re: Related accounts and running totals

[Richard Lawrence]

John Wiegley <jo...@newartisans.com> writes:

>>>>>> Richard Lawrence <wyle...@gmail.com> writes:
>
>> I think what I'd like to do is limit transactions by the *related* account,
>> something like
>
>> ledger --limit 'related =~ /assets:Me/' reg expenses:shared
>
> One reason this doesn't exist is because there can be multiple related
> accounts.

Right, good point.  

> I suppose that "related" could become the textual sum of all the
> related accounts?
 
After thinking about this, I'm not sure it would work in my current
setup.  I have transactions like this:

2015/08/07 Shared credit card payment
liabilities:shared:CC $1000.00
assets:Me:Checking$-600.00
assets:Roommate   $-400.00

I'd like to be able to use two different expressions here to generate
two reports, for Me and for Roommate.  The first report would include my
$600 payment in the running total of what I've paid toward the shared
account; the second report would include my roommate's $400 payment in
her running total.

So, given my current setup, I guess what I would need is a way to limit
by individual related accounts within a transaction, not just their
textual sum.  I was envisioning "related =~ /assets:Me/" in the
pseudo-command above as selecting just my `side' of transactions like
this for inclusion into the report.  I have no idea if that's compatible
with the way ledger actually works internally, though.

(This may not be the best way to record such payments, though it does
make it easy to see at a glance that the correct total amount was paid,
while recording the different contributions.  But I'm willing to switch
to separate transactions if it makes the reporting easier.)

Best,
Richard

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Re: Related accounts and running totals

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi John and all,

John Wiegley <jo...@newartisans.com> writes:

>>>>>> Richard Lawrence <wyle...@gmail.com> writes:
>
>> So my question is, is there some way to get a correct running total when
>> using --related and limiting to a subset of transactions? Perhaps by using
>> --limit instead of --display, or some kind of fancy format string...?
>> Nothing I have been able to come up with seems to work.
>
> The only way to affect the running total is either to use --total or
> --display-total to change how it's computed (or displayed), or to use --amount
> to change the component values that make it up. --display especially will lead
> to mismatched running totals; in fact, its ability to do so is originally why
> it was added, so that I could query for data subsets within the context of an
> entire report.
 
Thanks for your reply!  Yes, I think that --display is not really what I
want.

I think what I'd like to do is limit transactions by the *related*
account, something like

ledger --limit 'related =~ /assets:Me/' reg expenses:shared

I don't see a way to do this using the available expressions, but I'm
pretty new to this; maybe I've overlooked something?

Best,
Richard

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Related accounts and running totals

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi all,

I have a question about related accounts.  I'm on ledger 3.1.0.  (I also
use hledger 0.27, which I'd be happy to employ here if it can answer
this question more easily.)

Here is my use case: I keep track of expenses shared with a roommate
under expenses:shared, and at the end of a given reporting period I want
to be able to ask, "How much did I pay to expenses:shared, and how much
did my roommate pay?" to see who owes money to the other.

>From the manual, I have gotten this far:  I can do

$ ledger --related --display 'account =~ /assets:Me/' reg expenses:shared 

to see transactions where I paid toward expenses shared, and similarly I
could use assets:Roommate in the display predicate to see what my
roommate paid.

But as the manual notes, "The running total...is off, however, since a
display expression is being used."  The running total reflects all
transactions on expenses:shared, not just the ones that are selected by
the display predicate.  So the above command is only useful for telling
me the amounts of the individual transactions displayed; I must tally
them up some other way before I can figure out who owes who, and how
much.

So my question is, is there some way to get a correct running total when
using --related and limiting to a subset of transactions?  Perhaps by
using --limit instead of --display, or some kind of fancy format
string...?  Nothing I have been able to come up with seems to work.

Thanks for any insights you can provide!

Best,
Richard

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Re: What to do next

[Richard Lawrence]

Hi Dee,

(Please reply to the list, not just me.)

o1bigtenor  writes:

>>> How do I get back to the # prompt (kill command isn't working)?
>>
>> Sounds like you are stuck in your pager (e.g., the `less' program).  Try
>> "q".
>>
> That works, thank you!
>
> Is there something that I can do so that this doesn't happen?

On my system, ledger automatically figures out whether it needs the
pager or not, and doesn't use it if its output is small enough to fit on
the screen.  Is your system different?

Why don't you want to use the pager?  I think you'd probably be better
off learning to use the pager if you are not familiar with it, rather
than trying to turn it off.

Best,
Richard

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Re: What to do next

[Richard Lawrence]

o1bigtenor  writes:

> When I use this command:
>
> ledger balance -f /some/file/20xx.dat
>
> if things are in balance the last line is:
>
> (END)
>
> How do I get back to the # prompt (kill command isn't working)?

Sounds like you are stuck in your pager (e.g., the `less' program).  Try
"q".

Best,
Richard

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